Wells v. Childers

RILEY, J. This original action involves the validity of allocations made under the act construed in Wells v. Childers, 196 Okla. 339, 165 P. 2d 358. Therein was tested constitutionality of House Bill 518, Title 74, S.L. 1945, ch. 1, p. 376, and upon consideration of the attack in whole on the specific grounds mentioned, the appropriation, except as to section 3 (by its terms transferring $200,000 to the fund, not then necessary to be decided) was sustained with approval of the legislative “policy and purpose to protect the state, in the interim between its sessions, from evil effects due to contingencies or emergencies which might happen, and which could not be provided against prior to their occurrence.” It was said: “The Legislature created the fund for a public purpose and defined its policy in caring for contingencies and emergencies which were not foreseeable by it.” Therein the court reserved matters such as now presented, saying the court was not then “concerned with any specific allocation of said funds . . . whether or not the Governor, in making a particular allocation, has acted within the purview of the legislative act, or whether or not, in a particular instance, *354 the ' Governor’s authority transcends constitutional restrictions:’’^ was noted that the authority of' allbcation was “capable of easy abuse.” The present action presents alleged abuses in gubernatorial allocations, under eleven causes of action: No. 1. Allocation of $1,317.50, to State Examiner and Inspector for extra help, to be used in audit of School Land Department, under contract (64 O.S. 1941 § 156, S. B. 233, S. L. 1945, p. 247). The Legislature, having the'matter before it, did not provide an emergency to S. B. 181, S. L. 1945, p. 465, and the legislative appropriation was not available until July 25, 1945 (90 days after legislative adjournment, April 26, 1945). The allocation seeks to supply funds for the interim — to do that which the Legislature did not do. Nos. 2 and 3. Allocations' of $403.50, to State Fire Marshal, for salaries and expenses of two liquefied petrbleum inspectors for 25 days from July 1, 1945, to July 25, 1945 (Title 52, O. S. 1941 § 422). By H. B. 507, S. L. 1945, p. 172, sec. 9, an appropriation was provided for the purpose, but it was not available until July 25, 1945. The allocations sought to supply funds for the interim —to do that which the Legislature did not do. No. 4. Allocation of $1,142.93, to State Board of Public Affairs, for expenses and salaries of employees to maintain and improve Cápitol and mansion grounds from July. 1, 1945, to July 25, 1945. By S. B. Í93, S. L. 1945, p. 468, an appropriation was made for the purpose, but it was not available until July - 25, 1945. The allocations sought .to supply funds' for the iterim— to do that which the Legislature did not do. No. 5. Allocation of $302.25, to State Insurance Commissioner, for salaries of three clerk-stenographers from July 1, 1945, to July 25, 1945. By S. B. 190, S. L. 1945, p. 467, an appropriation was provided for the purpose, but it was not available until July 25, 1945. The allocation sought to supply funds for the interim — to do that which the Legislature did not do. No. 6. Allocation of $2,000 to Oklahoma Confederate Home, Ardmore, Oklahoma, to be used for continuance of operation (maintenance) from July 1, 1945, to July'25, 1945, after which the Oklahoma Confederate Home would cease to exist, being transformed into Southern Oklahoma Hospital, an auxiliary to the University Hospital. (72 O. S. 1941 §§ 181 et seq.). By S. B. 2, S. L. 1943, p. 304, a biennial appropriation was made for the purpose and funds were available to June 30, 1945. By H. B. 200, ch. 32, S. L. 1945, p. 338, the Southern Oklahoma Hospital was created and all property of the Oklahoma Confederate Home was transferred to it, as an auxiliary of the University Hospital. The Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma was vested with control and management. 72 O.S. 1941 §§181 et seq. were repealed. However, the effective date of the act was not until July 25, 1945; while “maintenance cost” of the eleemosynary institution is provided as a contingency and emergency under item 8, sec. 5, Title 74, ch. 1, p. 377, S. L. 1945 (Governor’s Contingency Fund) and while the allocation sought to supply funds for the interim, nevertheless the purpose is not one “arising” as a contingency or emergency subsequent to legislative adjournment. The Legislature had the matter before it and that which the Legislature elected not to do may not be done as a contingency or emergency “arising” subsequent to legislative adjournment. No. 7. Allocation of $1,800. to State Board of Health for per diem and traveling expenses of its members. By H. B. 77, Title 63, ch. 1, S. L. 1945, p. 224; the State Board of Health was created, By section 1 it was provided “the members of such board shall receive as compensation . . . $10 per day . . . and their actual and necessary expenses while engaged in the performance of their official duties”, limited to $100 per year. The board may be entitled to *355 its compensation under the rule stated in Riley v. Carter, 165 Okla. 262, 25 P. 2d 666; Edwards v. Carter, 167 Okla. 287, 29 P. 2d 610; Telle v. Carter, 170 Okla. 50, 39 P. 2d 134. If so, no confine, gency or emergency existed. Otherwise, the Legislature had the matter before it and elected not to provide an appropriation for the purpose. The matter does not present a contingency or emergency “arising” subsequent to legislative adjournment. No. 8. Allocation of $810 to State Industrial Commission for employment of a reporter for six months from July 1, 1945, to December 31, 1945. S. B. 131, S. L. 1945, p. 416, effective July 25, 1945, authorized the State Industrial Commission to employ seven reporters, being one additional reporter to that previously authorized. However, by S. B. 9, S. L. 1945, p. 452, an appropriation was made for only six reporters. The allocation seeks to authorize employment of additional reporter for 25 days prior to the effective date of the act providing the employment (Shaw v. Grumbine, 137 Okla. 95, 278 P. 311) and to supplant the election of the Legislature not to appropriate for the position after the effective date of the act creating it. The matter was before the Legislature and it is not a contingency or emergency “arising” subsequent to legislative adjournment. It is urged that $67.50 of this allocation was paid on July 16, 1945, prior to commencement of action Wells v. Childers, 196 Okla. 339, 165 P. 2d 358. Pro tanto the cause of action is moot. That may not be prohibited which has already been done. Roper v. Bd. of Education, etc., 167 Okla. 382, 29 P. 2d 950. As to the balance allocated, the matter is not moot. No. 9. Allocation of $100 to Secretary of State, for extra help from July 1, 1945, to July 25, 1945. By S. B. 189, S. L. 1945, p. 465, an appropriation was made for the purpose, but. it was not available until July 25, 1945. The Legislature had the matter before it, did not provide an emergency to the appropriation. By the allocation it is sought to supply funds for the interim and to do do that which the Legislature did not do. This is not a contingency or emergency “arising” subsequent to legislative adjournment. Acts of the Legislature become effective 90 days after adjournment, art. 5, sec 58, Const., with exceptions enumerated (initiative, referendum, or general appropriation bill). By two-thirds vote of all members of each house, the Legislature is empowered to declare an emergency, in which event the act, when approved, becomes immediately effective. This is an extraordinary legislative power. It is not delegable. 59 C. J. 1143; State v. Williams (Ind.) 90 N. E. 754. The legislative omission to declare an emergency to any act indicates a legislative view of the lack of necessity. No. 10. Allocation of $1,000 to Textbook Commission, for per diem and expenses. 70 O. S. 1941 § 971 et seq., as amended, S. L. 1945, p. 333, by section 4 created a textbook committee to be appointed by the Textbook Commission. The Textbook Commission and-committee shall receive the same compensation and necessary expenses. Chapter 84, S. L. 1933, § 4, creates the Textbook Commission and by section 3, Id., the commission “shall receive, as the only compensation for their services, the sum of $7 per day while on duty, and actual traveling and living expenses incurred,” etc., which shall not exceed $6 per day. No maximum amount as to per diem or expenses is stated. Therefore it is doubtful if an appropriation was made by the act or that the rule in Riley v. Carter, supra, and kindred cases, applies. By S. B. 40, Title 70, S. L. 1945, p. 333, it is apparent that the Legislature had the matter before it and elected not to provide an appropriation for the purpose. The matter is not a contingency or emergency “arising” subsequent to legislative adjournment. No. 11. Allocation of $10,000 to House of Representatives of the Twentieth Legislature, to be used for expenses necessary for completion of House Jour *356 nal. Title 73, O.S. 1941 § 72, provides for preparation of journals to be a legislative expense. The section purports to allow salary and expenses to legislative officers after adjournment, as a part of the expense. Dixon v. Shaw, 122 Okla. 211, 253 P. 500, 50 A. L. R. 1232. By H. B. 352, S. L. 1943, p. 287, an appropriation for the purpose was made. It is said to be exhausted. By S. B. 39, S. L. 1945, p. 419, the Legislature made an appropriation for the purpose. The appropriation by the legislative act was made available for “such special or regular session or sessions of the Oklahoma Legislature” and for like sessions of the ensuing Legislature. By the allocation it is sought to supplant and to supplement legislative appropriations. This is not a contingency or emergency “arising” subsequent to legislative adjournment. The public interest is concerned as to expenditures from the funds allocated, or to be allocated, where no protest has been or may be made. The matter is “publici juris” and the law of the case may establish a rule and guide for allocations and expenditures from such funds. By H. B. 518, S. L. 145, ch. 1, p. 376, sec. 5, authority was vested in the Governor to: “use and expend any and all of the monies” “to defray expenses arising by reason of contingencies or •emergencies for which provision has not been made”. The following contingencies and emergencies were enumerated: 1. Necessary repair or replacement of public buildings destroyed by fire, etc. 2. Emergencies resulting from increase in cost of food, clothing, etc., for the operation of any state penal, charitable, or eleemosynary institution. 3. Supplemental allocation to the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education for emergency needs of the institutions, etc. 4. Necessary maintenance of National Guard when released from Federal service. 5. Necessary augmentation of any appropriation for any state function which may be reduced by failure in the revenues provided to finance such appropriation. 6. Food, clothing, maintenance cost, etc., at penal or eleemosynary institutions of the state. 7. Repair and replacement of highways and bridges destroyed or damaged by floods. The first, like the seventh enumeration, is extraordinary, arising by act of God, and comparable to extraordinary expenses stated in section 24, art. 10, Constitution, and therein limited “to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in war.” Into this class may fall enumeration 4 (necessary maintenance of National Guard when released from Federal service)— if it be considered as an agency to suppress insurrection. Enumeration 2 (emergencies resulting from increased cost of food to penal institutions and the like) and 6 (food, clothing, maintenance costs, etc., of penal and eleemosynary institutions) may constitute emergencies or contingencies as falling within the rule of the Smartt case, Smartt v. Bd. of County Com’rs of Craig County, 67 Okla. 141 169 P. 1101, under which cost of feeding prisoners was considered as a forced charge against county, without sufficient funds appropriated. Nevertheless, to be payable out of this fund, the contingency or emergency must have been such as “arising” and not foreseeable by the Legislature. Under enumeration 2, only the increase in cost of food, clothing, maintenance may be allocated and paid, and it being the duty of the Legislature to provide support for penal and eleemosynary institutions (arts. 13 and 21, Const.), under enumeration 6 as construed, the Governor’s Contingency Fund is limited by our previous construction to contingencies or emergencies not foreseeable by the Legislature. As to enumeration 3 (supplemental allocation to Oklahoma State Board of *357 Higher Education), it would seem that the ordinary need was foreseeable by the Legislature and was provided for by an appropriation and as such it is not subject to be augmented as a contingency or emergency unless relating to expenditures required under catastrophes such as considered in Prideaux v. Frohmiller, 47 Ariz. 347, 56 P. 2d 628, relating to contingencies and emergencies arising from invasion, riots, or insurrections, epidemics of diseases, acts of God, etc. Therein it was said: “If the Legislature has had an opportunity to act and has rejected the object as an emergency, or has failed to approve it by appropriating therefor, or the facts fail to show it to be an emergency, the Governor may not. . .” make the allocation. It was held, Prideaux v. Frohmiller, supra: “The Legislature is the only arm of the state that has any right or power to appropriate public moneys of the state, and also with it lies the power to designate the subjects or objects for which it will permit the expenditure of public moneys. It and it alone may select, define, and designate ‘emergencies’ or ‘contingencies’.” • Such was the view expressed in our former opinion. Consideration must be given to enumeration 8 of section 5, supra, by which the Governor is sought to be authorized to expend this appropriation for “any circumstance, condition or situation which, in the judgment of the Governor, requires the expenditure of money for the extraordinary protection of the state and for which expenditures specific appropriation has not been made; but not excluding any other contingencies or emergencies not specifically enumerated. Allocations must fall within contingencies and emergencies specifically enumerated, to be constitutional, or must be of extraordinary protection to the state and for which appropriation has not been made by legislative appropriation. “Extraordinary protection of the State” must be limited to the meaning well defined in law, by Constitution, statutes, and judicial decisions, i. e., “to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in war,” sec. 24, art. 10, Const., or the like. In State v. Davis, 113 Kan. 4, 213 P. 171, an extraordinary expense was distinguished from ordinary expense, such as incurred by the state for promotion of the general welfare. It was said to be that compelled by some unforeseen condition which is not regularly provided for by law, as floods, famine, fire, earthquake, pestilence, war, or other conditions that will compel the state to put forward its highest endeavor to protect the people, their property, liberty and lives. In re Appropriations by General Assembly of Colorado, 13 Colo. 316, 22 P. 464, it was said: “. . . Appropriations and expenditures which may be made or authorized by the general assembly are of two general classes: First, ordinary, which include all kinds of appropriations and expenditures necessary and proper for the support of the government and its institutions in time of peace; second, extraordinary, or such as are necessary to suppress insurrection, defend the state, or assist in defending the United States in time of war.” Thus limited, no allocation of the character here involved may be authorized nor the funds thereof expended without liability to the “public officials whose duties embrace the auditing and paying out of such allocated funds”. Wells v. Childers, supra. It is noted that section 6 of the act, supra, provides procedure for allocation of the fund, and the section also provides: “The Governor may also incur such obligations and expenses as he may. deem necessary by reason of any contingency or emergency and claim for payment of any such expenses or obligations shall, when approved by the Governor, be payable out of said Governor’s Contingency Fund in the manner as other claims.”- *358 And it is provided in the beginning of that section that: “The Governor may allocate and authorize the expenditure of monies as may in his discretion be necessary to defray any necessary expenses resulting from any contingency or emergency to any state officer, board, department, institution or commission in defraying expenses resulting from any such contingency or emergency.” That discretion and those contingencies and emergencies must be restricted to those previously enumerated, defined, and construed. Provisions of the section do not authorize the Governor to create at will contingencies or emergencies for which the fund may be expended. Such unenumerated but gu-bernatorially created objects of expenditures would constitute an appropriation, a function exclusively legislative, as a matter of fundamental principle, the Legislature may not create any fund, designate it an appropriation, and delegate determination of the objects of expenditure to any executive or administrative officer at his discretion. So to do not only would violate the Constitution (art. 5, § 55), requiring the distinct specification of the object to which it may be applied; additionally, such legislative authority sought to be delegated would violate section 1, art. 4, Constitution, by which the government is divided into three separate and distinct departments and in which it is provided that neither shall exercise the powers properly belonging to either of the others. Writ of injunction granted. GIBSON, C. J., HURST, V. C. J., and BAYLESS and ARNOLD, JJ., concur. OSBORN, WELCH, CORN, and DAVI-SON, JJ., dissent.