Fant v. Campbell

Opinion of the court by Irwin, J.: Several assignments of error are presented by the plaintiff in error on which it is asked that this case be reversed, but we think it necessary to refer-• to but two, viz.: First. The error assigned on account of the third and fifth instructions given by the court to-the jury. The third instruction is as follows: “And before either defendant can be bound for the payment of ‘ said notes, or either of them, -or any portion thereof, the-plaintiff must show by a preponderance -of the evidence-.that such defendant either executed said note himself,, or authorized -and directed some one else to execute same for him; or that he, -subsequently to the execution of said notes, accepted a portion of the consideration for which they were given, and expressly ratified the act of some- *589 other person in signing the name of such defendant to said notes.” And the fifth instruction is as follows: “It must appear by a preponderance of the evidence that he authorized and directed said defendant J. Y. Campbell to sign his (Stovall’s) name to said notes, or that he, subsequently to the execution of said notes, accepted a portion of the proceeds derived by reason of the giving of - same, and .expressly ratified the act of isaid Campbell in signing his (Stovall’s) name thereto. But, on the other hand, if you believe that there is a balance still due and unpaid on said notes, or either of them, and further find from the evidence, by a preponderance thereof, that the said defendant Stovall either authorized and directed ■ said Campbell to execute said notes for him, said Stovall, or that he, subsequently to the execution thereof, accepted a portion of the consideration for which they were given, and expressly agreed to and with the plaintiff:, or -any duly and legally authorized agent of the plaintiff, that the act of the said Campbell in executing said notes for and on behalf of himself was ratified and approved by him, then your verdict should be for the plaintiff, • and against both defendants, for such sum as remained due and unpaid.” That part of the third instruction which reads: “Or that he, subsequently to the execution of said notes, ■accepted a portion of the consideration for which they were given, and expressly ratified the act of some other person in signing the name of the defendant to said note;” and the language in the fifth instruction: “And • expressly ratified the act of said Campbell in signing his (Stovall’s) name thereto,” — make these instructions bad, -as they take .away the element of an implied ratification *590 from the jury; and, if there remained any doubt in our-mind as to the instructions being bad, this doubt would be entirely removed' by the further language contained in the fifth instruction, to wit: “And expressly agreed to and with the plaintiff, or any duly and legally authorized agent of plaintiff, that- the act of the said Campbell in executing said notes for and on behalf of himself was ratified and approved by him,” — thus saying to the jury that the ratification of the act of Campbell in signing his (Stovall’s) name to said notes could not be-established except by -an express agreement to that >effect. This certainly is- not the law. In the ease of Waterson v. Rogers, 21 Kan. 529, Judge-Brewer, rendering the opinion of the court,-says: “One who» voluntarily accepts the proceeds of an act done by one-assuming, though without authority, to be his agent, ratifies the act, and takes it as his own, with its burdens, as ■ well as benefits. He may not take the benefits and reject the burdens, but he either accepts or rejects, them as- a whole.” In 1 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d Ed.) p. 1196, this doctrine is laid down, in which we fully" concur: “Implied ratification must frequently arise from acceptance of benefits which are the result of the unauthorized acts,for when one, with full knowledge, receives the profits, or benefits-, he may be presumed to have ratified and accepted the conditions by which they are effected.” This- doctrine is sustained by the courts of the United States and of Alabama, Arkansas., Colorado-, Connecticut,. Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa Kansas, Louisiana,. Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and, in fact, s-o far as we can ascertain, by all the states which have had occa *591 sion to pass upon the question. Now, the question presented' to the jury in this case was-, is it shown by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant Stovall,, with a full knowledge of the -facts, voluntarily accepted the proceeds of the notes in question? And this, it seems to us, the jury were not fairly permitted to pass upon and decide, as, we think, the instructions of the court on this point were clearly misleading, as by using the word “expressly” in the third, and by the language-used in the fifth, instruction, the jury might understand from the court, and reasonably infer, that under the law,, as given them by the court, the evidence, to constitute proof of a ratification, must show an express agreement to that effect; and under the fifth instruction we can readily see that the jury might understand from the court that, to constitute a ratification on the part of the defendant Stovall of the act of the defendant Campbell M signing his name to the notes, in question, the evidence must show an express agreement between the plaintiff, Fant, or his agent, and the -defendant Stovall, to that effect. This certainly is not the correct rule of law on the question of ratification of the acts of an agent. But it may be said, as the defense of payment was interposed by the'defendant Campbell, and the jury having-found in his favor upon .this issue, the issue of non est factum between the plaintiff, Fant, and the defendant Stovall was immaterial. This would, no doubt, be true if the verdict of the jury on this issue was necessarily conclusive. We are aware that this court has held the rule to be that on a question of fact, where there was a conflict of evidence, and there was evidence which would reasonably sustain the verdict, this court would not dis *592 turb the finding of the jury; but it must be borne in •mind that this rule is based upon the presumption that no error has been committed by the trial court in the admission or rejection of material testimony, or that the jury have not been misled as to the law of the issue on trial by any. instruction of the court. And this brings us to a consideration of the second assignment of error which we think material in this case, to wit, the ruling out of the evidence by the court of the .statement marked “Exhibit A,” 'attached to the deposition of David B. Brooks, who was the bookkeeper of Fish & Keck company. The effect of the first error assigned in this case (and which the court sustains) upon the verdict in this case depends largely upon the disposition of this second assignment of error. If this assignment of error is not well taken, the other is certainly immaterial; that is, if the plea of payment is properly and legally sustained, and the verdict of the jury is correct upon this, then it is immaterial whether the defendant Stovall authorized the defendant Campbell to sign his name to the notes in question or not, and in this particular the dealings and business transactions between the defendant Campbell and the firm of Fish & Keck company, so far as such transactions or dealings show payments on, or in . any way affect, the notes in question, constitute a very material part of this case. The record shows that the deposition of the witness Brooks was regularly taken. This exhibit was properly identified, and by the testimony of said witness was proven to be a true and correct copy of the books of Fish & Keck company, showing the condition of the account of the defendant Campbell with *593 that firm during the period when the payments are said to have been made on these notes through said Fish & Keck company. It is further shown by the evidence that the books of the firm of Fish & Keck company were outside and beyond the jurisdiction of this court, so they could not have been reached by process, being in the state of Missouri. As we understand it, it has always been the rule in taking depositions, where the question of the accuracy of an account is called in question, to attach to said depositions certified copies of said books, when, from their cumbersome character, or their remoteness from the court, or for any reason, it would be impracticable to have the originals produced; and we see nothing wrong in this practice. This copy was regularly attached, marked as an exhibit, and became a part of the deposition in question. Now, the only, objection that could- have -been raised to this -exhibit was- that it was not the original book of account, but the evidence shows that the -original books of account were beyond the jurisdiction -of this court, and could not have been brought in upon any order of this court, and said copy was the best evidence obtainable. Now, the objection that plaintiff’s counsel has had no opportunity to- examine the original books could easily have been obviated if this objection had been made at the time of the taking of this deposition, as the proof shows that the original books were present at that time, and could have been examined, if the request had been then made. We cannot say what the effect would have been if this exhibit had been admitted, or what the verdict of the jury would have been, but we do think it should have gone to the jury, and been considered by them for what it was worth, *594 as it contained matters of vital importance in deciding the issues in this case, and we think it was error to rule it out. For the errors above named, this case will be reversed,, and remanded for a new trial in the district court. All of the Justices concurring.