Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad v. Zwirtz

Opinion of the court by IewiN, J.: The first assignment of error is that the court erred in overruling the defendant’s objection to the introduction of evidence on the grounds that the petition fails to state a cause of action. In this count plaintiff seeks only to recover damages for the delay in delivering the butcher’s tools to him at Anadarko, resulting, so he alleges, in delaying him in starting and carrying on his business. This contention turns upon whether or not the articles contained in said trunk were or were not properly baggage. This is a subject which we think is a proper subject for legislative limitation, and one which the legislature of this territory have regulated by statute. Wilson’s Revised and Annotated Statute of Oklahoma, 1903, section 708, contains this provision: *414 “A common carrier,of persons, unless his vehicle is fitted for the reception of passengers exclusively, must receive and carry a reasonable amount of luggage for each passenger without any charge except for an excess of weight over one hundred pounds to a passenger.” Section TOO: “Luggage may consist of any^ articles intended for the use of a passenger while traveling, or for his personal equipment.” We take it that the term luggage is synonomous with baggage, the latter being in common use in this countay,, while the former seems to be almost exclusively used in England. They signify one and the same thing. The petition merely alleges that the plaintiff purchased the tickets, and upon them had the trunk checked as baggage. It is not alleged that defendant’s agent knew the contents of the trunk, or the purpose of plaintiff’s journey, and accepted the same with such knowledge; therefore, unless the tools mentioned in plaintiff’s petition come within the term luggage as defined by the statute, he has not stated a cause of’action. The legislature having defined luggage as baggage, the statute quoted limits the articles which common carriers may be required to carry to those which fall within the definition, and if at common law other articles might have been included, then this statute limits the common law, and governs the subject in this territory. It seems to us that the statute in determining of what items luggage may consist, uses the term may in the sense of must or shall, because to say: “Luggage may consist of any articles intended for the use of a passenger while traveling, or for his personal equipment,” would infer that any other article would not come within the definition of baggage. To come within the statute the tools for which rental value is sought to be re *415 covered in this case, must either have been intended for the use of the plaintiff while traveling, or for his personal equip-' ment. That they were not intended for his use while traveling is clear from the very nature of the articles themselves, and from the allegations of the petition, for the petition says they were articles necessary to carry on the plaintiff’s business as a butcher. This language does not bring them within the definition of section 709 of the statute, which is, articles intended for the use of the plaintiff while traveling, or for /the plaintiff’s personal equipment, but articles necessary for plaintiff’s business as a butcher. Now were they intended for his personal equipment? That is, the equipment of his person? The Century dictionary defines equipment as the act of equipping or fitting, or the state of being equipped, as for a voyage or an expedition. It will be seen by the same authority that the term equip is derived from words of similar meaning, and often similar sound in various other languages, all meaning or relating to a ship, voyage or expedition. Now the equipment here referred to is personal. The adjective personal is defined by "Webster as pertaining to the external or bodily appearance. It is defined in the Century dictionary as things of or pertaining to the person. It seems to us that a reasonable interpretation of the term “personal equipment” is that it only includes clothing, jewelry, and such things as are used in the protection or adornment of the person; it does not include the tools with which one may gain a livelihood after the journey is completed. It is true that some cases there are which hold that tools may be carried as baggage, but such cases are always within jurisdictions where no statute similar to ours is in force, and it will also *416 be seen upon examination of those cases that the tools there mentioned were shown to have been such as are usually carried by journeymen workmen in traveling, which is not one of the allegations in the petition in reference to the tools here involved. In the case of Oakes v. Northern. Pac. Ry. Co., decided by the supreme court of Oregon in. 1891, which was a case where the Oakes Comedy Company, an organization giving theatrical entertainments in the villages and cities on the line of the defendant’s road, checked seven trunks on five first class tickets from Hope, in the state of Idaho, to Thompsons Falls, Montana, and that said trunks were delivered to the said railroad company, and contained clothing, stage properties, costumes, musical instruments and theatrical property of the said comedy company. It was. further alleged in the petition in this case that through the negligence of the said company said train was wrecked, and a large part of said property was destroyed by fire, etc. Justice Lord, in deciding that case, uses this language: “In determining the question presented by this record it is necessary to understand the nature and extent of the obligation which a common carrier of passengers by rail assumes as respects the personal baggage of the passenger. That obligation requires it not only to carry the passenger, but also to carry a'reasonable amount of his personal baggage. The carriage of the baggage of the passenger, said Andrews, judge, under reasonable limitations as to amount, is the ordinary incident to the carriage of the passengers; and the duty arises on the part of the company to carry the baggage of the passenger as incident to the principal contract, without any specific agreement or separate compensation. (Isaacson v. Railroad Co., 94 N. Y. 278.) As respects such baggage a carrier of passengers is held to the same lia *417 bility as a common carrier of goods. For its loss or destruction save by the act of God or tbe public enemy, it must respond, though without fault on its part. To this extent it is an insurer and is responsible for the carriage and safe delivery of such baggage the same as goods entrusted to it as freight. But it is only to such articles as may be legally termed baggage that such liability attaches, no matter what may be the contents of the bag or trunk. As to what constitutes baggage in the legal sense, or ordinary baggage or personal baggage as commonly used in England, it has been found by the courts difficult, if not impossible, to define with accuracy within the meaning of the rule of the carrier’s liability. It is agreed on all hands, said Erie, Chief Justice, that it is impossible to draw any very well defined line as to what is and what is not necessary or ordinary baggage for a traveler. That which one traveler would consider indispensable would be deemed superfluous and unnecessary by another. But the general habits and wants of mankind must be taken to be in the mind of the carrier when, he receives a passenger for conveyance. (19 C. B. 321.) In a general sense it may be said to include such articles as it is usual for persons traveling to take with them, for their pleasure, convenience and comfort, according to the habits and wants of the class to which they belong. In Weeks v. R. R. Co., 9 Hun. 669, it is said that a passenger may carry with him such articles of necessity and convenience as are usually carried by passengers for their personal use and comfort, instruction and convenience or protection. In Jordan v. R. R. Co., 5 Cush. 69, the rule is stated to be that baggage includes such articles as are of necessity or convenience for personal use, and such as is usual for persons traveling to take with them. In Johnson v. Stone, 11 Humph. 419, the court said: Tt is not practical to state with precise accuracy what shall be included by the term baggage. It certainly includes articles of necessity and personal convenience usually carried by passengers for their personal use, and what these may be will very much *418 depend upon the habits, tastes and resources of the passenger/ In Railroad Company v. Smith, 12 Wall. 262, Justice Field said: 'That the contract to carry the person only implies an obligation to transport such a .limited quantity of articles are as ordinarily taken by travelers for personal use and -convenience, such quantity depending, of course, upon the station of the party, the object and length of his journey/ In Macrow v. R. R. Co., L. R. 6, Q. B. 612, Cockburn, Chief Justice, said: 'Whatever the passenger takes with him for his personal use and convenience, according to the habits or wants of the particular class to which he belongs, either with reference to the immediate necessities or to the ultimate purpose of the journey, must be considered as personal luggage. This would include not only articles of apparel, whether for use or ornament, but also the gun case or fishing apparatus, of the sportsman, the easel of the artist on a sketching tour, or the books of the student, and other articles of analagous character, the use of which is personal to the traveler, and the taking of which has arisen from the fact of his journeying. On the other hand, the term ordinary luggage, being thus confined to that which is personal to the passenger, and carried for his use and convenience, it follows that what is carried for the purpose of business, such as merchandise and the like, or for larger and ulterior purposes, such as articles of furniture or household goods, would not come within the description of ordinary luggage, unless accepted us such by the carrier. So that it would seem that baggage in the sense of the law may consist of such articles of apparel as, through necessity, convenience, comfort or recreation, the passenger may take for his personal use, according to the habits or wants of the particular class to which he belongs, either with reference to the immediate necessities, or ultimate purpose of the journey. The question what articles of propertjq as to quantity and value contained in a trunk may be deemed baggage within the rule is to be determined by the jury, according to the circumstances *419 of the ease, subject to the power of the court to correct any abuse. As the contract of a carrier of passengers is to carry a reasonable amount of baggage for the accommodation of the passenger, it follows from the nature and object of the contract, as observed by Appleton, C. J., that the right of the passenger is limited to the baggage required for his pleasure, convenience and necessity during the journey. (Wilson v. R. R. Co., 56 Me. 62.) Articles of whatever kind that do not properly come within the description of ordinary baggage are not included within the terms of such contract, nor is the carrier liable for their loss, or destruction in the absence of negligence. Stage properties, costumes, paraphernalia, advertising matter, etc., are not articles required for the pleasure or convenience or the necessity of the passenger during his journey, but are plainly intended for the larger or ulterior purposes of carrying on the theatrical business. They do not fall therefore under the denomination of baggage, and in the absence of negligence no liability can arise against the carrier for their loss or destruction, unless accepted as baggage by the carrier/ In the case of K. C., P. & G. R. Co. v. State of Ark., 41 L. R. A. 334, the court holds that the fact that a portion of the contents of the trunk were proper articles of baggage does not affect the tools in controversy. ‘Merchandise is often carried as baggage, but the carrier is not always liable for it as such. The general rule is that the carrier is not liable for merchandise shipped as baggage in the absence of conversion or gross negligence, unless it ■ had notice that such merchandise was being so shipped and accepted it as such. Where the trunk of a passenger contains both personal baggage and also merchandise, but the carrier has no notice that the merchandise is in the passenger’s trunk, it will be liable only for the loss of the personal baggage, and not for the merchandise.’ Where the passenger delivers to the carrier, without comment what appears to be personal baggage, the carrier is not put upon inquiry as to the nature *420 of the property, but may assume that it consists only of personal baggage, and is not answerable for articles not coming within the description. (Eay on Neg. of Imposed Duties, ■561.)” Now it seems to us the question in this case is: Do the butcher’s tools described in the petition come within what the legislature in section 709 has termed luggage? Were they such articles as are intended for the use of a passenger while traveling, or for his personal equipment? If they do not fall within either one of these rules, then they are not such as the laws of this territory. require railroad companies to carry as baggage. It seems to us that the answer in this case must be in the negative; that without discussing what might have been the effect of the delivering of such articles to a railroad company under the rules and regulations at common law, but under the rules and regulations of our statute, they are not baggage, and the railroad company is not required to carry them as such. If this contention is correct, then the objection of the defendant to the introduction of evidence on this count of the petition should have been sustained, and the failure to do so was error on the part of the court. The second assignment of error is that the court erred in permitting’ the plaintiff to prove the rental value, the value of the use of the tools, over the objection of the defendant. It will be observed that the only allegation of damages in the second count of the plaintiff’s petition, which is the only count on which the case was tried, is as follows: "That by the negligence of the company he was delayed in starting and carrying on his business, whereby he was-damaged three hundred dollars, for which he demands judgment against the defendant.’.’ *421 While the strict rules of the common law with reference to pleadings have been very much modified by our code, still it can hardly be said that even under our code a litigant can prove and recover a judgment for damages not claimed in his petition. The general rule, and one that has been followed in this territory, is that every fact necessary to be proven to entitle the plaintiff to recover, must be averred in his petition. (Church v. A., T. & S. F. R. R. Co., 1 Okla. 44.) . In this case we have carefully read over the second count in the petition, that being the count on which this action is based, and we fail to find that any claim is made for damages for the rental value of the use of the tools during the time the shipment was delayed. The record discloses that the court refused to permit plaintiff to prove loss to his business, but did permit him, over the defendant’s objection, to prove the value of the use of the tools, the rental value during the delay. The only allegation of damages is the allegation of damage by loss to business, and we are unable to see how, even under the liberal provisions of our code, the plaintiff could be permitted to prove the rental value of these tools without amending his petition in this particular. This we think was error on the part of the district court. The third assignment of error is that the court erred in overruling the demurrer to the plaintiff’s evidence filed by the defendant at the close of plaintiff’s evidence in the court below. If our view of the first assignment of error is correct, then it necessarily follows that this assignment of error is well taken. The fourth assignment of error is that the measure of damages stated by the court in his instruction number 2 is *422 not the proper measure of damage. The instruction referred to is as follows: “You are instructed, gentlemen of the jury, that if yon find from the evidence in this case and the instructions of the court here given that the plaintiff is entitled to recover in this action, the measure of damage upon which he is entitled to recover is the usual rental or usage value of said tools for the length of time that he has, by fault or neglect' of the defendant company, been deprived of the use thereof. While it is agreed between the plaintiff and defendant that said goods were shipped on the 5th day of August, 1901, and were delivered to the plaintiff on the 14th day of October, 1901, the lapse of time between said dates is not the length of time for which the plaintiff would be entitled to recover damages. The defendant, after the receipt of the goods, is entitled to a reasonable time within which to deliver the same at Ana-darlco, and you must determine from the evidence what would be a reasonable time, under the facts and circumstances of this case, giving to the defendant credit for that time within which to deliver the same." By this instruction the court tells the jury that the plaintiff is entitled to recover the usual rental value or usage value of said tools for the length of time he has by neglect or fault of the defendant company been deprived of the use thereof. We think this is erroneous, for the reasons assigned for sustaining plaintiff’s second assignment of error. We might add that in this case there is nothing either in the pleadings or in the evidence to show that the defendant or its baggage agent knew that the plaintiff was a butcher, or what the purpose of his journey was, or that his trunk contained butcher’s tools. This being true, the damages claimed for rental value could not possibly have been within the contemplation of the defendant at the time of the making *423 of tbe contract, and the only damages which conld have possibly been contemplated were those imposed by Wilson’s Revised Statutes of Oklahoma, see. 2746, which reads as follows : “The detriment caused by a carrier’s delay in the delivery of freight is deemed to be the depreciation in the intrinsic value of the freight during the delay, and also the depreciation, if any, in the market value thereof, otherwise than by reason of a depreciation in its intrinsic value, at the place where it ought to have been delivered, and between the day at which it ought to have been delivered and the day of its actual delivery.” This being the statutory provision as to the damage, it seems to us fair to presume that in the absence of any knowledge of any particular use to which the baggage checked was to be put, or any particular special value it might have, that the only damage contemplated by the .defendant railway company in ease of delay or destruction, would be the damage defined by statute. The fifth assignment of error is that the court erred in giving instruction number four. Instruction No. 4 is as follows: “You are instructed, gentlemen of the jury, that if the defendant company, being a common carrier of persons and baggage, offered to sell and did sell to plaintiff tickets for the transportation of himself and baggage to an amount of baggage within the limit for which baggage was received for transportation to a point beyond its line of road, and his, plaintiff’s, tickets so sold to him, purported to carry him over connecting lines of road, and defendant company took and received full compensation for the transportation of the plaintiff and his said baggage, without contract and agreement other than that he and his baggage should be so trans *424 ported, then I instruct you that connecting lines of road under such agreement would be the agents of defendant for the complete fulfillment of the contract, and' the defendant would be liable for unnecessary neglect or delay which might occur upon such connecting lines of road.” Wilson's Annotated Statutes, sec. 724, reads as follows: “If a common carrier accepts freight for a place beyond his usual route, he must, unless he stipulates otherwise, deliver it at the end of his route in that direction to some other competent carrier, carrying to the place of address, or connected with those who thus carry, and his liability ceases upon making such delivery.” It would seem that this instruction and this section of the statute, are in irreconcilable conflict. This being true, while this instruction might be good at common law, it must be held as a bad instruction under the terms of this particular statute. There is nothing in this record that indicates any stipulation on the part of the defendant to assume any liability greater than that imposed by statute. In fact, the ticket which is introduced in evidence, ánd appears on record, page 43, contains a limit on the liability on the part of the company to its own lines. There are some other assignments in error, but as we think the case must be reversed for the reasons already expressed in this opinion, we do hot deem it necessary to discuss them at this time. , The judgment of the lower court is hereby reversed, at the costs of the defendant in ^rror, and the cause remanded to the district court for such action as may be consistent with the views herein expressed. Gillette, J., who presided in the court below, not sitting; Burford,. C. J., absent; all the other Justices concurring.