Gray v. Stiles, Treasurer

■Opinion of the court by McAtbk, J: Since the demurrer of the plaintiffs admits' as true the statements of fact contained in the defendants’' answer, which are well plead, it is by' the defendant contended that the the plaintiff had made no sufficient tender or averment of tender of the amount of taxes admitted to be due from them, and that they have, therefore, no standing in court and relief cannot be had here in the absence of such tender. Section 5671 of the statutes of Oklahoma, 1893, declares that: “Whenever any action or proceeding shall be commenced and maintained before any court or judge to prevent or restrain the collection of any tax or part thereof, or to recover-any such tax previously paid, or to recover the possession or title of any property, real of personal, sold for taxes, or to invalidate or cancel any deed or grant thereof for taxes, or to restrain, prevent, recover or delay any payment of 'taxes, the true and just amount of taxes due upon such property or by such person, if in dispute, must be ascertained and paid before the judgment prayed for.” * * And sec. 4009-declares that: *467 “When a tender of money is alleged in any pleading it shall not be necessary to deposit the money in court when the pleading is filed, but it shall be sufficient if the money is deposited in court at trial, or when ordered by the court.” When, therefore, the petitioners, as averred in the petition, had “tendered the amount admitted to be due, less said 45 per cent.,” and the defendant treasurer had “refused to recei\ e the said sum unless the amount claimed as due under said levy of 45 per cent, is also paid, and that he had notified the defendants that they need not make any further tender.and that he would refuse the tender, and would not accept payment except for the whole tax, or the one-half of the said whole tax, including said 45 per cent.,” and this averment is not denied by the answer, but it is admitted therein that, “the tender was made as alleged,” but that, “it was not kept good by bringing the money into court,” no legal or equitable issue is proffered by the defendant on this subject, because the statute does not require any such payment on the “true and just amount of taxes due” except “before the judgment prayed for,” and because, “when a tender of money is alleged in any pleading,” it is “not necessary to deposit the money in court when the pleading is filed, but it shall be sufficient if the money is deposited in court at trial, or when ordered by the court.” No judgment has been entered as prayed for, nor has any order of the court been passed whereby it has become incumbent upon the plaintiff to make or aver any tender other or further than that which, as admitted by the pleadings, the treasurer has refused “to receive unless the amount claimed by him as due under said levy of 45 per cent, is also *468 paid.” (Chicago Ry. Co. v. Board Comm’rs. [Kan.] 39 Pac. Rep. 1041; Dorsey v. Barber, 12 Amer. Decs. 296; Loughborough v. McNevin, 74 Cal. 250; Kortright v. Cady, 21 N. Y. 345-346.) And the positive refusal of the treasurer to receive that part of the taxes admitted by the plaintiffs to be due, unless the whole was paid, including the part claimed to be illegal, is a waiver of further tender.' It is sufficient under these circumstances for the plaintiff to deposit the money in court, when ordered by the' court. (Dorsey v. Barber, 12 Amer. Decs. 296; Brewer v. Fleming, 51 Penna. St. 102; Lacy v. Wilson, 24 Mich. 479.) It is also argued that the plaintiffs in error are too late with their proceeding, that they are guilty of laches, that their proper resort would have been a writ of prohibition directed against the county clerk to prevent him from obeying the order of the territorial board of equalization, and it is also argued that the remedy be injunction here sought should have coupled the sheriff as a defendant, in as much as the actual seizure of the property under the tax levy and upon warrants for the collection of unpaid taxes would have been in his hands for execution, and that therefore the plaintiffs in error are both too late, in as much as they have not proceeded against the county clerk to prohibit him from extending the taxes upon the rolls, which extension made the taxes complained of a lien upon the plaintiffs’ property, and too soon, in as much as the remedy by injunction as sought against the treasurer who is himself enforcing the payment of the taxes complained of in the manner of *469 an executive officer whose official duty and function it is to sell the land or property upon which taxes remain unpaid. Neither contention can be sustained. The statute is not capable of misinterpretation. Its language is explicit, declaring, as it does in sec. 4143 of the Statutes of Oklahoma, 1893, that: “An injunction may be granted to enjoin the illegal levy of any tax, charge or assessment, or the collection of any illegal tax, charge or assessment, or any proceeding to enforce the same.” When the taxes complained of were extended on the tax rolls of the county they became both a “charge” and an “assessment.” Since it is the duty of the sheriff to collect ihe taxes of the county, and the statute prohibits in specific terms “the collection of any illegal tax, charge or assessment, or any proceeding to enforce the same,”if the taxes complained of are illegal, and constitute, as they do, a “charge” and “assessment” upon the property of the plaintiffs, it is thus declared that such taxes may be enjoined on account of their illegality and because they are a charge and assessment, and if this is so, an injunction may lie against any officer in whose nands at the time the remedy by injunction is sought “the collection of the illegal taxes” is contemplated, or in whose hands the charge or assessment subsists. Not only so, but the treasurer himself failing to make the collection, the next step to be taken by him would be to issue his warrant to the sheriff undertaking to authorize the Collection, and the issuance of such a warrant would be “a proceeding to enforce the same” and such proceeding may, in the express language of the statute, be enjoined, so that-the *470 remedy of the'plaintiffs is rightfully against any officer who participates in the illegal levy of any tax, charge or assessment or in the collection of any such tax or in any proceeding to enforce the same, and may, therefore, be against the treasurer, while the matter is in his control, just as it would be against the sheriff if the matter had passed into his hands, and the remedy sought is, therefore, neither too early nor too late. (Cummings v. U. S. National Bank, 101 U. S. 156.) And the disposition of these questions brings us to the consideration of the case upon its merits, that is, as to the power of the territorial board of- equalization under the statutes to raise the values placed upon all the property in the Territory by the legal assessors and to increase thereby the total amount of the assessable property in the Territory, while sitting as a territorial board of equalization, and upon this proposition the case comes on upon a petition for rehearing, and upon this proposition this court held, by a majority of its members in the case of Wallace, et al. v. Bullen, et al., at the September, 1896, term of this court, in an elaborate opinion filed therein, that the territorial board of equalization had the power claimed for it by the defendants in error in this case, and thereupon determined this case also in accordance with those views. The judge who is now writing the opinion of the court upon the petition for rehearing in this case prepared and filed at the time an opinion dissenting from the views of the court, and will now proceed to discuss the question in accordance with the dissenting views then expressed, and substantially in the same terms. *471 To tbe statement of facts as tliey appear in the pleadings, it is but fair and necessary to the full comprehension of the issues involved in this case, of its origin, and to the far reaching importance of it, to add a fact not directly appearing in the pleadings or of record in this particular case, but appearing to the court in the record of the case of J. M. Lee, County Treasurer, and Mott, McDowell and Meek, County Commissioners of Kingfisher County v. A. Meheio, et al., involving the right of the board of county commissioners, while sitting as a board of equalization, to raise the aggregate valuations returned to them upon the assessment rolls of the townships of that county, respectively, which was argued and submitted in connection with this case. The fact referred to is, that the board of county commissioners of Kingfisher county, sitting as a board of equalization, in 1895, undertook to determine the aggregate amount of property in Kingfisher county, by adding to the aggregate amount-ascertained and returned by the various assessors of that county,, to the county clerk of Kingfisher county, an additional amount, made up by adding to the aggregate valuation, 45 per cent, thereof. The increased sum, so ascertained, was forwarded by the clerk of Kingfisher county to the auditor of the Territory of Oklahoma, and constituted the amount which the territorial board of equalization acted upon, when it undertook to ascertain the aggregate amount of property in the Territory ’ for the purposes of taxation. The valuation of property in Kingfisher county, as thus ascertained and returned by the board of equalization of that county, was the standard by which all the property in the Territory was by the territorial board estimated for the purposes of tax *472 ation, and upon which action of that board was taken. While, therefore, the result of the action of the board of equalization of the Territory was to raise the total valuation of the property in Logan county, for the purposes of taxation, 45 per cent., it did, in fact, act upon a standard of valuation ascertained by taking the aggregate values in Kingfisher county, which had already been raised 45 per cent, by the board of county commissioners of that county, and consequently adopting as a standard of valuation for the whole Territory the aggregate values as returned by the total sum of values as found by the various assessors of Kingfisher county and by adding thereto the increase of 45 per cent, made by the board of county commissioners of that county, and the additional increase of 45 per cent, made by the territorial board of equalization, or a total increase of 90 per cent, upon the amount ascertained by the assessors of Kingfisher county. While the action of the territorial board of equalization in adding, by these means, as they did, to the aggregate amount of all property in the Territory of Oklahoma, as ascertained by the assessors, namely, twenty-eight millions of dollars, the additional sum of more than eleven millions of dollars, which raised the total valuation of property in the Territory of Oklahoma, for the purposes of taxation, to the sum of thirty-nine millions, two hundred and seventy-nine thousand dollars, the territorial board of equalization took for a starting point, not the aggregate amount of values returned by the assessors in any one county of the Territory, but a starting point which had already been inflated by the action of the board of county commissioners of Kingfisher county to the extent of 45 per cent, of the aggregate assessment and *473 valuation of that county made by the assessors thereof. The result was, as is apparent, to raise the value, for the purposes of taxation, of all property in the Territory, not by the total sum of 45 per cent, upon the tax payers of Logan county and, indeed, upon the tax payers throughout the Territory, as fixed by the assessors, but to raise it in a much greater proportion, which there are no means of ascertaining by means of any figures or computations furnished to us in this case. The vast impoi'tance of the case to every tax payer in the Territory is thus apparent. I have examined a multitude of cases from many states in the Union, involving the question now under consideration, but have in no case found any exercise or attempted exercise of jurisdiction sought to be exercised by state or territorial board of equalization, to be compared in magnitude with the jurisdiction sought to be exercised by such boards of equalization with the one now under consideration. The proposition upon which this action is based and which has been sanctioned by the court is, that the territorial board of equalization is authorized and empowered, not only to “equalize” the aggregate values of property as returned from the various counties of the Territory and to bring them to a common standard or to establish a just relation between them, but that it may raise the aggregate valuation of all the property in the. Territory. We cannot give assent to this proposition. The different states of the Union have adopted systems of taxation and equalization, alike in their general features but unlike in their details. In some of the states the function of valuing is performed, not wholly *474 by local assessors who come in contact with the individual tax payer, receive his return of property and thus estimate its value, but by township boards to which their returns are made, and who co-operate with them or sit as boards of review and correction, with authority to make changes in values, but is shared also by the boards of county commissioners who are authorized to review and correct the returns of the local assessors and the township boards, and are charged with the duty of valuing as well as with the duty of equalizing values already ascertained. While in others still, the function and duty of valuing is confined to the township and city assessors, with appeal to the boards of equalization of the townships, respectively, who are authorized to finally value individual assessments. In this latter class, when the assessors have assessed the property of their respective townships or cities, and have returned their assessments to the township or city boards of equalization, and when the township and city boards of equalization and review have concluded their work, thenceforth the boards of county commissioners and state boards of equalization are charged with the function of equalizing, alone. The system established in this Territory belongs to the latter class. It is provided in sec. 6 of the Organic Act of the Territory, that: “All property subject to taxation shall be taxed in proportion to its value.”- And in the Statutes of Oklahoma, 1893, in sec. 6068, it is provided, that: “The several township and city assessors shall meet at the county seat of their respective counties on the sec *475 ond Monday of January, in each year, and agree upon an equalized cash basis of valuation of such property as they may be called upon to assess.” And in ch. 70, on revenue, of the Statutes, art. 2, it is provided, that: “Section 5580. The territorial auditor, treasurer and attorney general shall provide for the use of the assessor * * blank forms for the listing and assessments of all property, and such instructions as shall be needful to secure full and uniform assessment returns.” And that the assessor should be furnished with them. Section 5583 of the Statutes provides, that: “All taxable property, real and personal, shall be listed and assessed each year * * including all property owned on the first day of February on that year, and in caseof stocks of goods, wares and merchandise, and the personal property of banks and banking institutions, including money, loans, discounts and credits, the statement shall include the average amount of the same for the preceding year ending on February 1. And in order to make the assessment, such assessor shall demand from each person and firm, and from the president, cashier, treasurer or managing agent of each corporation, association or company -within his county, a statement, under oath or affirmation, of all the real estate within the county, and personal property owned by, claimed or in the use, possession or control of such person, firm, corporation, association or company, -whether held by the party sworn, for himself or as agent for another, and shall set out in such sworn statement an itemized account of all classes of property, by this act defined as subject to assessment, by him so held or controlled.” In case of the failure of such person, etc., to give under “oath or affirmation” the statement required by this sec *476 tion, the assessor shall ascertain and estimate the “amount, and cash value,” and list the same accordingly. It is further x>roAdded in sec. 5586, that: “The assessor may place a different A'alue on the property, if he is satisfied that the value so given is not correct; but in case he raise the assessment, he shall give to the person listing the same a copy of the schedule showing such increase; and the assessor shall seek to have assessed the same classes of property at a uniform value throughout the county.” It is provided in' sec, 5587, that: “The assessor shall take and subscribe an oath * * and attach it to the assessment roll * * swearing that the Aralue of all property, moneys and credits, of which a statement has been made and Arerified by the oath of the person required to list the same, is hereby truly returned * * and that,I have diligently and to the best means in my power endeavored to ascertain the true amount of value; and that,as I verily believe, the full value thereof is set forth in the above return.” It is provided in sec. 5588, that, “any person placing a false value thereon,” upon such taxable property “shall be deemed guilty of perjury.” ■ Section 5593 provides, that: “An assessor who assesses property at less than its cash value shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and punished by a fine of not less than five hundred dollars and by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than three months, nor more than six months.” Aside from the provisions contained in art. 2, thus recited, sec. 5618 provides, that, “on or before the first Monday of May, annually, the several county or township assessors shall make out and deliArer to the county clerks an assessment roll ” * * together with “the assessed value thereof.” *477 Under art. 6, “County and Township Boards of Equalization,” it is provided, secs. 5620-1, that: “Section 5620. The township assessor, or township clerk, and township treasurer, shall compose the board of equalization for each township; the town or city assessor, mayor or president of the, board of trustees, and the city clerk, shall compose the board of equalization for cities, towns and villages, and the said boards shall meet on the third Monday in April of each year to hear all complaints of persons who feel aggrieved by their assessments, and the decision of said boards shall be final as to individual assessments. “Section 5621. The board of county commissioners of each county shall constitute a board, or a majority of the members thereof, shall hold a session of not less than two days at the county seat, commencing on the first Monday of June in each year, for the purpose of equalizing the assessment roll in their county, between the different townships.” Under art. 7, “Territorial Board of Equalization,” sec. 5624, as amended by act of the legislature, approved March 8, 1895, it is provided, that: “The governor, territorial auditor and secretary, shall constitute the territorial board of equalization, and said board of equalization shall hold a session at the capital of the Territory, commencing on the third Monday of June in each year; and it shall be the duty of said board to examine the various county assessments and to equalize the same, and to decide upon the rate of territorial tax to be levied for the current year, together with any other general or special territorial taxes required by the law to be levied, and to equalize the levy of such taxes throughout the Territory. And shall therefrom find the percentage that must be added to or deducted from the assessed value of each county, and shall then order the percentage so found, to be added to or subtracted from *478 the assessed values of each M the various counties in the Territory, and shall notify the various county clerks of the percentage so ordered to be added or to be subtracted from the valuation of property in their respective counties. “It shall then be the duty of the various county clerks to add to or deduct from the tbtal value of the property assessed to each party the percentage so ordered and collect the taxes accordingly. Said board shall assess the rolling stock of railroads and all other property not otherwise provided for.” These are the provisions made in the statutes of the Territory for the purpose of ascertaining the value of property in the Territory for the purpose of taxation. If the county commissioners authorized to equalize the assessment roll of their various counties, and if the territorial board of equalization have any authority to raise the aggregate amount of property in the Territory over and above the amounts returned to the auditor of the Territory in the assessment rolls by the county clerks of the various counties, that power must be found in the two sections last cited, secs. 5621 and 5624, as amended. By sec. 5622 it is provided that the county clerk of the county shall be clerk of the board of equalization for the county; and by'sec. 5623, that “as soon as practicable after the assessment rolls are equalized and corrected, as provided in the two preceding sections, and before the third Monday in June next ensuing, the county clerk shall make out an abstract thereof containing:” (Here follows a description of the different kinds of property.) “Which abstract the clerk is directed to transmit without delay to the auditor of the Territory, and the county commis- *479 siouers are authorized to direct the clerk to add to the above list of items such other items as they may deem advisable.” It will be seen from the recitation of the statutes, thus made, that it is not only provided by the Organic Act that “property subject to taxation shall be taxed in proportion to its value,” but that an exact mode is prescribed by which that value shall be ascertained. The individual owner must, under the law, return “a sworn statement of an itemized account of all classes of his property, under oath.” The assessor is a local officer. He resides in the township or city where the tax payer and property are located; he is elected by the voters of the township; the purpose of the law, and the presumption is, that he is especially qualified to judge of and to estimate the value of property in his township; he is in a situation to be so informed. The law requires that, “he shall ascertain, and estimate from the best information that he can obtain, the amount and cash value of all the species of property required,” and it is his duty “to seek to have assessed the same classes of property at a uniform value throughout the county.” And before returning his assessment roll to the county clerk he must attach to it his oath, by which he has sworn “to ascertain the true amount of value and that he has returned the full value thereof, as set forth in the above returns.” If any person has wilfully returned under oath a “false list of his taxable property” or places “a false value thereon,” he is deemed guilty of perjury, and a heavy penalty is imposed upon an assessor “who shall have assessed property at less than its cash value.” To do that, is made *480 a criminal offense, punishable with fine and imprisonment. Values are thus ascertained, and no where in the statute can any provision be found by which the board of county commissioners or the territorial board of equalization, are charged with the duty, or in any way authorized or empower! d, to assume the function of fixi g values or of raising the aggregate values on the assessment rolls as returned to the county clerk by the local assessors, unless such authoritj'- is found in secs. 5621 and 5624, above recited. Under the statutes of this Territory, quoted above, the duty and power of assessment and valuation cease with the assessor and the review of his work by the township board. No means are provided to the board of county commissioners or to the territorial board of equalization, whereby values of property can be ascertained. When the local assessors, after discharging their duty, have made up their assessment rolls and returned them to the county clerks, they have, therefore, made out a prima facie case by which “the true cash value” has been ascertained, of all the property in their respective townships. The individual owner has returned and sworn to his property. The assessor has used the best local knowledge and information to ascertain and estimate the true cash value and has returned “the true amount of value,” in his township and the “full value thereof” under oath. Unless the board of county commissioners or the territorial board of equalization are authorized to call witnesses, and to take testimony, they can have no knowledge of the facts upon which to act, which would enable them to set aside the total sum of values thus ascertained. To undertake this jurisdiction the board sits for the dis *481 charge of the function in a room in the capital city of the Territory, and without any information furnished to them by any method prescribed by law, undertake to say, without evidence, that the individual tax payers of the Territory have sworn falsely in making out their lists- and returning them to the local assessors, and that the local assessors have individually and respectively sworn falsely in making out their returns. They have nothing before them upon which to act except an “abstract” of the “assessment rolls,” which has been transmitted to the auditor of the Territory. That abstract forms the subject of their consideration. To such information as they are thus furnished with, they are compelled to confine their attention, in the absence of testimony which the statutes does not enable them to take, and they have thus assumed to say, upon their individual and uninformed judgments, that all of the assessors of the Territory, and that all of the tax payers in the Territory, have been mistaken and have sworn falsely, and that the property of the Territory has not been truly assessed, and that they, the board of equalization, by the statute authorized no farther than to “examine the various county assessments and to equalize the same and to decide upon the rate of territorial taxes to be levied for the current year, and to equalize the levy of such taxes throughout the Territory, and to find the percentage that shall be added to, or deducted from, the assessed value of such county, and to then order the percentage so found to be added to or subtracted from the assessed values of each of the various counties of the Territory,” that they have the power and authority over the property and tax payers of the Territory, while there is thus no information given *482 to them upon which to act save the abstracts furnished to the auditor, and while thus uninformed, to say and to assume jurisdiction to determine what shall be the. final and aggregate amount of property in the Territory, for the purposes of taxation. It cannot be assumed that, because the power to raise the aggregate amount of property in the Territory is not denied to the territorial board of equalization, that the board therefore had the authority to .make such a raise and to participate in fixing the values of property in the Territory. It cannot be assumed that, because the board of equalization is a part of what may be, for the purposes of illustration, called the “machinery” of taxation, that, therefore, as a part of such “machinery” it may perform any function which may be committed to any other part of that “machinery.” It cannot be assumed, in the presence of such testimony as is afforded by the values and lists of property returned under oath by the individual owner and tax payer, and in the presence of the sworn returns made by the assessors, and in the face of and against the returns made by the township boards of equalization, that the tax payer and the assessor have not succeeded in fixing the value of property at its true cash value. It cannot be assumed that, because the board of equalization has undertaken to state what is the true cash value of property in the Territory in the face of the evidence furnished to it by the “abstract of assessment rolls,” that it has any authority or jurisdiction to ascertain what is the true cash value of the property of the Territory. While the figure of speech may be admitted for the purpose of imaginative description that the board of equalization is a part of the “machinery” of taxation, *483 it cannot be assumed in any wise correctly, that it is a constituent part of the “machinery” for fixing the valuation' of property for the purpose of taxation. Nor can it be assumed that the territorial board of equalization can participate in the function of fixing the value of property in the Territory because it has not been expressly prohibited from doing so by the statute. That is not the rule, nor the mode of reasoning which I think this court should follow. I understand the rule to be, in a case like this, that no authority exists except that which is plainly provided for in the statute, or which must, by the necessities of reasonable inference, be deduced from the statute. The board of equalization has statutory and special jurisdiction alone, and that jurisdiction must be strictly pursued in conformity with the very terms of the statute in which it is given. It has no general jurisdiction. Nothing is presumed in its favor. And in a case of the kind before us, where a jurisdiction is attempted to be exercised to increase the amount of taxes which shall be taken from the citizen, the rule is emphatic and should not be transgressed. Whatever goes beyond this is invalid and without authority. “It has been truly said that where the law gives a special jurisdiction to any body of'men, it must be strictly pursued. Courts of justice are bound to watch their conduct narrowly and investigate it minutely. The peace of society and the security of property are intimately connected with and depend upon such inquiries. Can any man be safe in the tenure of his lands if they are liable, at the will and pleasure of county commissioners, to be sold through partiality or caprice, without treading in the path of their duty as sworn public officers?” (Black on Tax Titles, sec. 155; citing, Wister v. Kammerer, 2 Yeates 100.) *484 “The state hoard, like the county and district boards, is a mere creature of the statute, and can exercise no authority but such as the statute conferes.” And, one has within its sphere, the same power, and is limited by the same restrictions, as the other. (Hamilton, auditor, v. The State, 3 Ind. 456.) “The board has whatever power is conferred by the statutes on that subject, and no other. The power which it possesses must be exercised in the mode prescribed by statute, and in no other. The mode in such cases is the measure of the power.” (Desty on Taxation, 1241; citing, Nicholson Pave Co. v. Painter, 35 Cal. 699; Cooley on Taxation, 470.) “The statute having specified what they, the board of equalization, might do, necessarily excludes every other power.” (Orr v. State Board of Equalization, 28 Pac. Rep. 420.) The principle is too well established to require or perhaps, even to permit, the citation of authorities. It applies as well to state or territorial boards of equalization as, it does to those of the city or county. In the matter of taxation, the officer authorized must not exceed the specific terms of his authority. The law does guard, and the courts should guard with care and jealousy, the power which is exercised by any officer participating in the exercise of the powers of taxation. The power is exercised ex parte. No opportunity is given the tax payer to be heard. The power is liable to great abuse, for it is exercised by those who are dealing with the property of others. No jurisdiction can be presumed to exist in the officer exercising the authority. He is strictly limited to the terms of the statute. The statute having, specified what he may do, necessarily excludes every other power. *485 No matter how great or small the sphere of action of a board of equalization may be, whether its scope is that of the city, or the county or of the whole state, it is strictly limited by the law as laid down in the statute. If any discrimination in such a matter were permissible, the law would regard with a more jealous scrutiny the exercise of jurisdiction by a board of equalization acting under the statute than by one which acts only for a township or other subdivision of the Territory. And in as much as the larger boards are more liable to attempt the exercise of jurisdiction which does not exist in them, and in as much as the injury resulting from their erroneous action is more far reaching than in the case of similar boards acting in a more limited sphere, the limitations of the law should be applied to them with at least equal watchfulness and care. In the case before us, the territorial board of equalization acts upon abstracts made from the assessment rolls furnished to the auditor of the Territory by the_ county clerks of the various counties. These assessment rolls contain the whole subject matter upon which it is possible for that board of equalization to act. They contain, being abstracts of the total assessment rolls, all which is furnished, or appears to the board, of the aggregate amount of property in the Territory. Upon these assessment rolls and the aggregate amount of property in the Territory, as it appears from them, the board is, in the language of the statute, sec. 5624, “to examine the various county assessments and to equalize the same and to decide upon the rate of territorial tax to be levied for the current year, and with any other general or special terri *486 torial taxes required by law to be levied,” and “to equalize tbe levy of such taxes througout tbe Territory.” Is any authority here given to raise the amounts as they appear in the “various county assessments,” and to raise the aggregate amount .of property in the Territory above the total sum as it appears in such assessments? If so the power must be drawn from those specifications and terms of the statute which denominate this board to be a board of equalization, and from the provisions that its purpose is, “to equalize the assessment rolls” and to “equalize the levy.” The plain and patent meaning of the word “equalization,” as here used is, to take the average of the assessments throughout all of the various counties, upon the aggregate amounts ascertained by the assessments, and to see, upon these rolls, that the counties, respectively, stand upon an equal footing. The power is a power to equalize the different assessments of values from the various counties constituting the aggregate amount of property in the Territory, and is not a power to raise the aggregate amount of all the property in the Territory. And so, similar statutes throughout the United States, wherever we have been able to find and examine them, have announced the same interpretation which is here given to this statute. This interpretation has been many times adopted. The section of the statute providing and thus limiting the jurisdiction of this board to that of “equalization” does, in its closing sentence, make plain the fact that no power was committed to this board to assess the valuation of the property in the Territory, for, under that closing sentence, the board was given the power to add to values of a particular class of property, for it was provided that the “said board shall *487 assess the rolling stock of railroads and all other property not otherwise provided for.” And the legislature, in passing this act, did, therefore, as to all property included in the “abstracts of assessment rolls” furnished from the various counties by the county clerks thereof, give to the board the authority to equalize only, but gave to the board the power, with reference to the rolling stock of railroads and all other property not otherwise provided for, the power, and charged it with the duty,'to “assess” them. And the uninformed judgment, unaided by other circumstances and considerations, upon the subject, would be, that in as much as the authority to “assess” was given to the board in one case specified, that it was excluded as to all other property with reference to which, the power was given to “equalize” only. It was long ago declared by Mr. Justice Story, that: “Statutes levying taxes or duties on subjects or citizens * * are not to be extended by implication beyond the clear import' of the language used, or to enlarge their operation so as to embrace matters not specifically pointed out, although standing on a close analogy.” (United States v. Wigglesworth, 2 Story 369; Southerland on Statutory Construction, 361.) The principle of interpretation here declared is sufficiently explicit, and is scarcely capable of being expressed in .more peremptory terms. We understand it to have been the uniform rule followed by the courts. It excludes the power to value and assess property by a board, which is, in terms; only authorized to equalize assessments, or aggregates of value, and we must agree with its declaration for reasons founded upon safe principles of judicial construction, high authority and established precedent, sound policy and the true interest of the citizen and tax *488 payer, rather than consent to yield to that view which is here sought by the defendant in error and which was formerly held by the court upon the reasoning in Wallace v. Bullen, that the territorial board of equalization has the power to “value and assess” because that power is not • excluded from the terms of the' statute creating the board of equalization, and the express terms of which define its function to be those of equalizing alone. The vast importance of the case; the extensive jurisdiction assumed by the territorial board of equalization over the property of the citizens of the Territory; the fact that this jurisdiction has been so exercised as to increase the aggregate amount of property in the Territory, as ascertained by the assessors, by the sum of more than eleven millions of dollars, after the summing up of the amounts contained in the assessment rolls from the various counties and the ascertainment of the aggregate amount of property in the Territory; the fact that this assumed jurisdiction is left by the opinion of the court without restraint and practically limitless; the fact that, if this jurisdiction goes unchallenged in the court, it will render nugatory that provision of the statute by which the legislature undertook to limit the authority to levy a certain number of mills upon each dollar of property in the Territory for the various purposes of government; and the fact that this jurisdiction was, in the case of Wallace v. Bullen, fortified in a carefully prepared and elaborately argued opinion there concurred in by a majority of the court, seem not only to justify but to demand, a careful consideration of the law, as we believe it to be, and as it has been repeatedly declared by the various courts of the country. *489 In the case of Chamberlain v. The City of Cleveland, decided by the supreme court of Ohio, in 34 Ohio State Reports, page 551, upon a statute -which provided for the appointment of an “equalizing board” and that “the board, after taking an oath honestly and impartially to discharge their duties, shall hear and determine all objection to the assessment, and equalize the same; which equalized assessment they shall report to the council,” the court said: “These embrace all tlieir duties — that is, the duties of the board of equalization — and it is apparent that they ha ve no power to add to or deduct from the assessment to be equalized, except that they may, ex necessitate, as a part of the cost of the proceeding, properly add to the assessment a reasonable compensation to themselves for making the equalization. In adding over nine thousand dollars to the assessment, before equalizing it, the board of equalization acted wholly without authority, and their equalization was invalid and void, and, on this ground, the council ought to have set it aside.” It is declared by the supreme court of Iowa, in the case of Royce v. Jennie, that: “The board of supervisors, as a board of equalization, has no authority to add property not assessed, to the assessment roll or tax list, or to strike property therefrom duly assessed, its duties being to equalize the value of property assessed by the proper officer.” In this case the county board of equalization had undertaken to add to the assessment of a private individual of the county 100 per centum upon the moneys and credits appearing in his assessment as returned "by the assessor. Under the statute of that state “the township or city board of equalization” was charged with “the duty of equalizing the assessment of all tax payéis in the township or city,” and the supreme court held that: *490 “The county board of equalization is charged with the duty of equalizing the assessment of the townships and cities, not of the tax payers. This is done by adding to, or diminishing, the valuation of property, so that the property assessed throughout the county may be uniformly valued.. (Code, 832, 833. [1879.] Cassett v. Sherwood, 42 Ia. 623.) It has no authority to add property not assessed to the assessment roll or tax list, or to strike property there from if duly assessed. Its duties are none other than to equalize the value of the property assessed by the proper officer.” (Royce v. Jennie, 50 Ia. Repts. 679.) In Harney v. The Board of Supervisors of Mitchell County, 44 Ia. 203, (1876,) the supreme court of that state again said: “By sec. 832, the county supervisors are required to equalize the assessments of the several townships, cities and incorporated towns of their county in June of each year, substantially as the state board of equalization equalizes the assessments among the several counties. “Section 834 requires the state board, on the second Monday in July, of each year, in which real property is assessed, to equalize the valuation of real property, which shall be done by adding to, or deducting from, the aggregate valuation of real property of the respective counties, the proper per centum to equalize them.” Upon this state of the law, the board of supervisors, acting as a board of equalization, made an order adding 20 per cent, to the valuation of all merchandise, moneys and credits in the towns of Osage and Mitchell. The court thereupon held: “After the assessments were made and returned the board believe that if any class in any town or township is valued too high or too low, they may add to, or deduct the proper per centum, and this we believe would be substantially the same manner as the state board are re *491 quired to equalize, considering that the latter has no power to add to or deduct from the valuation of personal property.” In the case of Kelly v. Corson, 11 Wis. 2, the county board of supervisors, to equalize the valuation of real estate between the towns so as to provide a just relation between all the valuations of real estate in the county, undertook to assess the real estate in a “part of the town of Monroe” and to raise'the valuation thereof, without raising the valuation of the other towns in the county. The supreme court of that state said: “The action of the, county board in diminishing the valuation of a part of the town was unauthorized.” It was in the case of Kittle v. Shervin, by the supreme court of Nebraska, declared, vol. 11, 78, that: “The city council, sitting as a board of equalization, had no power to raise the assessed value of all the property assessed in said city. Such raising of the valuation is not equalizing in any sense.” The case of the The City of Indianapolis v. Sturdevant, 24 Ind. 391, was a suit to recover taxes paid under'pro' ■ and to prevent the sale by the treasurer of the property upon which the taxes were assessed, upon the ground that the property was used for educational purposes, and that by the statute of the state it was provided that such property should be exempt from taxation. Upon demurrer, the jurisdiction of the circuit court was challenged because the city charter provided for a board of equalization to pass upon all complaints with reference to the assessment roll, and that the original jurisdiction over the question resided exclusively in that board, and that the plaintiff was concluded since he failed to make application for relief before that tribunal. *492 The supreme court said: “We cannot concur in this proposition. The power of the hoard of equalization seems to extend only to equalizing valuations made by the assessor, and no authority is given (to the board) to determine whether or not the property assessed is taxable.” In the case of Oregon Steam Nav. Co. v. Wasco County, 2 Oregon 206, the statute of that state provided that: “The assessor, after qualifying, shall forthwith proceed and assess all the taxable property, and shall return to such county clerk, such assessment roll, with a full and complete assessment of such taxable property entered thereon, and said town lots and lands shall be valued at their cash value.” “Section 2. — All the personal property shall be valued at its value in cash.” Section 4 provided that the assessor should give three weeks public notice and then proceed to publicly examine the assessment rolls and correct all errors in valuation, etc., and made it the duty of persons interested to appear at the time for the purpose of having the proper alterations made. The statute also provided, that: “The county court of each county shall, at the September term, examine the assessment roll of its county, and shall have power to correct the same, make alterations in the descriptions, of lands, etc., upon such roll, etc., and make any other alterations or corrections in such roll as it shall deem necessary to make the same conform to the requirements of this chapter.” Upon this state of law, the assessor having filed the corrected assessment roll with the county clerk, at the October, 1866, term of the county court, did, under the advice and order of that court, change the valuations *493 on plaintiff’s property, on the assessment roll from three hundred and forty-nine thousand, two hundred dollars, to five hundred thousand dollars. The taxes upon the difference between the two sums were paid under protest. The contention in the case was as to the extent and character of the jurisdiction of the county court over the assessment roll, after that roll had been returned by the assessor. The court held: “The assessor must * * make up his judgment of the value of the property; he is an officer of the county, and entrusted by his fellow citizens with this most important duty, for the reason as is presumed of his special fitness and capacity, and is supposed to properly care for the interests of the county; and his judgment of appraisal of value is a judicial act, and can only be called in question as provided by the statute, and in the absence of such provision is final. * * The only authority for revision in valuation, we deem, is vested in the assessor and clerk. * * in Patten v. Green, 13 Cal. 329, the full court says: ‘IVe think it would be a dangerous precedent to hold that an absolute power resides in the supervisors to tax land as Ihey may choose, without giving any notice to the owner. It is a power liable to great abuse. The general principles of law, applicable to such tribunals, oppose the exercise of any such power Any degree of strictness of procedure in' these tribunals would be better than to give such arbitrary power to a, board as would authorize it, without notice- or evidence, or opportunirv to the tax payer to heard, to increase his taxes indefinitely, without anj* right of appeal. We hold, therefore, that the action of the board is void in raising the tax.’ This decision was made under a law expressly conferring the power upon the supervisors to ‘correct any valuation. either by addin„ thereto or deducting therefrom.’ * * In People v. Reynolds, 28 Cal. 113, upon a very similar *494 question with the one here, the supreme court says: ‘No intendment is to be made in support of the acts of officers of inferior or limited jurisdictions, where it appears that such acts were not authorized.’ Has there been found in any of the statutes of Oregon, above cited, a single inference indicating that an assessment may be increased? There is an express provision that it may be lessened, but not a word as to its increase. Acts without authority, done by such officers, are in the nature of things coram non juclice, and void. In our state the tax payer, knowing his assessment and conscious that it cannot be increased, remains at home; and we fully concur with the two California decisions cited that without further notice, and without authority derived from law, an increase of valuation stands opposed not only to reason, justice and sound policy, but it is unlawful.” * The court goes on to say, that in the code of the state, “the legislature provides fully as to the manner, time and rules for affixing valuation to property, and I find no such provision any where else; the officer, too, is clearly named whose sole duty it is to make that appraisal.” And it also provides for “changes in valuation;” but under the provision of the code giving to the county court its authority over the assessment roll, “change in valuation is not hinted at.” The court has “power to correct the roll. That does not include the power to change assessments, for the words change and correct are not equivalent in meaning; it may change the descriptions of property.” * * “Evidently the power of the assessor ceases when, having completed the enumeration of assessments, he makes return of the roll and the same is filed in ’ the county court.” “The assessment roll becomes a record subject only to statutory alterations.”- *495 “By ch. 2, if the assessor does not know he must inform himself of these facts, must swear the owner, make practical examination of the property, must distinguish between the value of articles of even the same species or class. How can the county court do all this?” “The county court was undertaking to make the burden of taxation uniform on all persons, in strict proportion to the cash value of the property by each one owned, but we think the court did not have the authority necessary to increase the assessment.” Liberal extracts are here introduced from the opinion of the court in this case, because it especially distinguishes the functions of assessment and equalization, and shows what the law must, from the necessity of the case, be as to the fixing of values for the purpose of taxation. When the function of valuation has been committed to particular appraisers or assessors, by fit terms of the statute, and when no power is expressly given by the statute to change these values, they are final and must remain as they are and can only be the subject of alteration under express and well defined statutory provisions, and no change in assessments can be made that will be legal which is not made upon notice, and that the act of raising valuations cannot be performed by a county court, board of supervisors or territorial board of equalization, when such board or boards have no means of- information, and are without authority expressly given. An instructive case upon the question is that of Wells, Fargo & Co. v. State Board of Equalization, decided in the supreme court of California, and reported in 56 Cal. Repts. 194. The case was presented upon a writ of pro *496 hibition against the state board of equalization to prevent the board from raising the assessment upon the property of the petitioner. Section 9, art. 8, of the constitution of that state, provides: “A state board of equalization * shall be elected * * whose duty it shall be to equalize the valuation of the taxable property of the several counties in the state for the purposes of taxation. * * The boards of supervisors of the several counties in the state shall constitute boards of equalization for their respective counties, whose duty it shall be to equalize the valuation of the taxable property in the county for the purpose of taxation; provided, such state and county boax’ds of equalization are hereby authorized and empowered, under such rules of notice as the boards may prescribe, as to the county assessments, and under such rules of notice as the state board may prescribe, as to the action of the state board, to increase or lowér the entire assess>ment roll, or any assessment contained therein, so as to equalize the assessment of the property contained in said assessment roll, and make the assessment conform in the true value in money of the property contained in said roll.” This provision of the California constitution should be compared with the terms of our own statute creating the t.erritoiial board of equalization and declaring its duties. For all the purposes of the decision upon the point in question our statute is identical with the provisions passed upon in that case. But the supreme court of California, upon the matter, said: “On the part of the state board of equalization, it is contended, that by virtue of this section they have the power to increase or lower any and every individual assessment in each and every county assessment roll within the limits of the state; and that, too, irrespective *497 of any action on the part of the county hoards of equalization in respect to individual assessment upon the rolls of their respective counties. “If the state hoard has such power, it is unquestionably. a tremendous power. * * .“That such a power may readily lead to great abuses, does not admit of doubt. Such considerations, however, afford no reason for denying the power, if it does exist. They should only 'make us cautious in considering the question, which recurs, and is, what is the true and fair construction of the provision already quoted? Its meaning, when ascertained, we are bound to give effect to, whatever the consequences. “In the first place, the section in question provides for a state board of equalization, and also for county boards of equalization. They are all boards of equalization. To equalize is to make equal, to cause to correspond, or be like in amount or degree, as compared with something. The meaning of the term is important to be borne in mind. “Reading the proviso as it is claimed on behalf of the state board it should be read, that board is authorized and empowered ‘to increase or lower the entire assessment roil, or any assessment contained therein,’ and exactly the samé power is conferred on the county boards in respect to the rolls of their respective counties. “For many reasons, it is manifest the proviso should not be so read. To do so would not only lead to the most glaring absurdities and serious conflicts between the respective boards, but would make the proviso inconsistent with the body of the section, and contrary to the fundamental idea of equalization. * * “It was, therefore, eminently wise on the part of the framers of the constitution to limit the powers of the state board in respect to equalization, as we think they did do by the section under consideration, to the equalization of the assessment rolls of the various counties by comparing the assesment roll of each one of the counties *498 with tbe roll of each and all tbe others, and thus make the assessment conform to the true value in money of the property contained in the respective rolls. * * Thus ■each board becomes what the provision treats of — a board of equalization.” And the constitution of California having, therefore, ■expressly provided that, under such rules of notice as the state board may prescribe, it “may increase or lower the ■entire assessment roll, or any assessment contained therein,” so as to “make the assessment conform to the true value in money of the property contained in said roll,” its supreme court held that the boards having been constituted upon the theory :and for the purposes of “equalization,” that they could not increase or lower the entire assessment roll, and that the provision thus made was but an obscurity, to be disregarded in the presence of the duty with which alone the equalization board was charged, namely, the duty of “equalization.” In the case of the People, ex rel. Crawford v. Lathrop, 3 Col. 428, the supreme court of Colorado has given the question somewhat fuller consideration, and upon a similar statute arrives in unmistakable terms at the same uniform result as that which is indicated by all the cases which we have been able to find, except that of a majority of this court in the case of Wallace v. Bullen. And yet it is concluded by this court, in the case of Wallace v. Bullen, that: “It is not necessary that we should dissent from the reasoning and conclusion of the learned court in that case, in order to arrive at a different result in the case which we are now considering.” *499 The constitution oí Colorado provides for the election of a county assessor in each county. The statutes of the state, pursuing the consitutional direction, provide for the election of this county assessor. The county commissioners of each county are constituted, by the statutes, a board of equalization for the correction and completion of the assessment roll, with power to supply omissions in the assesment rolls, and for the purpose of equalizing the same, to increase, diminish or otherwise alter and correct any assessment or valuation. It provides, in case of a change of the assessment of any taxpayer, that he shall be notified and have a hearing before the board. It constitutes a quasi court to hear any and all complaints of the taxpayer touching the valuation or listing of his property, with power to adjust and correct the assessment roll as they may deem proper and right, thus adding statutory duties to their constitutional duties, “to adjust and equalize.” And it was contended by the court here in Wallace v. Bullen, that the difference in the constitutional and statutory provisions of the state of Colorado, upon this point, so differentiate the Colorado case, as to make the conclusions of the court there inapplicable here. By the court here it was. in Wallace v. Bullen, argued that, inasmuch as the statute of Colorado provided an appeal to the board of county commissioners and gave to that board authority to participate in the duty and power of assessing and fixing values, that, on that account, it was unnecssary that the board of equalization of the state of Colorado should have or assume this assessorial power, but that, inasmuch as the boards of county commissioners of this Territory are not clothed with any authority to join in the assessment of values such as was, as it is claimed, given *500 to the boards of county commissioners in the state of Colorado, that, therefore, this authority to complete the assessment and valuation of property after the local assessors have finished their work, must, by implication, exist in the territorial board of equalization of the Territory, and that inasmuch as the property, for the purposes of taxation, must be assessed at its true cash value, that, therefore, the territorial board of equalization has this power also, that is, to see that the property of the Territory is assessed at its true cash value, and that it is the duty of that board to examine, and if it finds that this has not been done by the local assessors, that they have, therefore, the authority to review the whole assessment rolls, showing the aggregate amount of property resulting from the local assessment and to fix “the true cash value” of property in the Territory. I cannot concur in the slightest degree in these conclusions. Unlike the method of assessment adopted in Colorado, our system provides, as has been seen, for assessment by local assessors, with statutory provisions for the equalization of individual assessments by the boards of equalization of each township, and upon the conclusion of its work by the last named board, that the assessments shall be final as to individual assessments. The duty and power of making assessments or valuation ends with the local assessors and the township board of equalization. With us the board of county commissioners is given the power to adjust and equalize. The board of territorial equalization is charged with the same function, and no other. The two last named boards have nothing to do with the “true cash value” of property in the Territory. It is their duty, respectively, to adjust and equalize be *501 tween tlie different townships in a county, and between the different counties in the Territory, the aggregate amount of property, as ascertained by the assessment rolls of the respective townships within the- county and the assessment rolls of the counties, respectively, furnished to the auditor of the Territory by the county clerks of the various counties. It was held in the opinion of the court, in Wallace v. Bullen, that: “'That honest and uniform valuation which the law expressly demands is its assessment and valuation at its true cash value. The board of equalization found on examination that the property in Kingfisher county had been honestly assessed and returned at its true cash value. They further found that in every other county in the Territory property had been assessed and returned with values fixed at from 5 to 75 per cent, below the true cash value, and they ordered that percentage to be added to the returned valuation of each of the counties, except Kingfisher, that would make the assessment represent the true value, and thus equalize the valuation of all the counties upon the basis of the requirement of the law.” I dissent from this statement of fact. The board is furnished with no means of ascertaining whether property in the various counties had been honestly assessed or not. It had no means of determining that property in Kingfisher county had- been honestly assessed or not. Nor had any method of ascertaining that in every other county in the Territory property had been dishonestly assessed. , The statutes furnish them with no method of procuring information upon these points, nor do they furnish the board with the legal authority to make the inquiry. If the board had been so furnished they would have found *502 that the valuation in Kingfisher county had already been raised 45 per cent, by the board of county commissioners, upon the assessments of that county, as returned by the township assessors, under an assumption of authority which we believe to have been of a similar character, and only less in geographical extent, than that assumption of authority by the territorial board of equalization which we are now considering. And I dissent from the conclusion that the “equalization” thus effected was in any sense the equalization intended by the statute, which is nothing more than taking- the average of all the county assessment rolls, and thus ascertaining the percentage which should be added to or deducted from the' assessment rolls of the various counties in order to equalize them with one another. No power exercised upon inference can be justified when the power of taxation is to be exercised, by which the property of the citizen can be taken away from him. And the supreme court of Colorado properly declared, that: “A power so vast and important, involving the integrity of constitutional limitation, cannot be founded on an implication of law. A statute in derogation of the rights of property,'or which takes away the estate of the citizen, must be strictly construed.” (Sharp v. Spier, 4 Hill 76; Bloom v. Burdick, 1 Hill 130; People v. Lathrop, 3 Colo. 467.) I do not understand the court, in its opinion, to cite any case as authority for its conclusion, other than that of Black v. McGonigle, 103 Mo. 78. The revised statutes of Missouri, 1879, sec. 6672, provided that the board of county commissioners, sitting as as a board of equalization, should not only “equalize the *503 valuation and assessment of all such property, both real and personal,” but should do so in such a manner that “each tract of land shall be entered on the tax book at its true value.” Upon this provision of the statute the court held in - that case, that: “Tn such a case it is not necessary to specify each parcel of land thus increased. It is sufficient to increase the assessed values of all the lands in a particular township by one order.” This opinion was rendered, as is stated in the opinion of the court in Wallace v. Bullen, “without support of authorities.” While it may be correct upon the Missouri statute, I do not consider it of force as illustrating or interpreting ours, since the county board of equalization in that case was especially charged with the function of reviewing and fixing values, not given in the statute of this Territory, to the territorial board of equalization, and was a statutory authority given in addition to the function of equalization, inasmuch as it was expressely charged with the duty of seeing that “each tract of land fdiall be entered on the tax book at its true value.” It does not support the conclusion of law sought to be drawn from it. But the proposition now here asserted has been distinctly upheld in that state in the case of Paul v. Pacific R. R. Co., 4 Dill. Circuit Ct. Repts. 35, in the United States circuit court for the‘Eastern district of Missouri, in an opinion announced by Dillon, circuit judge. The statutes of the state of Missouri required each railroad company to make a list of its property, and to affix a value to it-. These lists were transmitted to the counties, and there was a county board established, *504 whose duty it was “to examine the statement furnished them by the officer of the company, and to determine the correctness thereof, as to the amount of property and the valuation thereof.” The companies complied with this provision, and transmitted their descriptive lists and valuation to the various counties. The valuation of the railroad property in Pettis county, as returned by the officers of the company, amounted to three hundred thousand, two hundred and sixty dollars, but as increased by the county court it amounted to five hundred thousand dollars. Another provision of the law is that this valuation, as fixed by the county court, shall be transmitted to the state board of equalization; that board consisted of the state senate.. The statute provides that the “state board shall proceed to adjust and equalize the aggregate valuation of the property of each one of the railroad companies, liable to taxation, under the provisions of this act.” And without authority the state board of equalization undertook to raise the property of the railroad companies from nine thousand dollars a mile to twenty-six thousand dollars a mile. The opinion of the court, in which Mr. Justice Miller, of the supreme court of the United States, and United States District Judge Treat, participated, declared that “the law limited the functions and powers of this body to the work of equalizing,” and that the raising of the valuation of the railroad company amounted to an assumption of the functions and powers of an original assessment, which did not exist in this board, but that its functions and powers were those “adiustment and equalization of valuations alone.” *505 And after my dissenting opinion was filed in the case of Wallace v. Bullen, and on the 28th day of September, 1896, the views here expressed were again declared by the supreme court of Montana in the case of State, ex rel. Wallace v. State Board of Equalization, 46 Pac. Rep. 266. The constitution of Montana provides, sec. 15, art. 12, that: “The governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, state auditor and attorney general shall constitute a state hoard of equalization, and the board of county commissioners of each county shall constitute a county board of equalization. The duty of the state board of equalization shall be to adjust and equalize the valuation of taxable property among the several counties of the state. The duty of the county boards of equalization shall be to adjust and equalize the valuation of taxable property within their respective counties. Each board shall also perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law.” Acting under this provision, the state board of equalization undertook to and did increase the aggregate total of all the values of property in the several counties of the state from the sum of one hundred and eleven millions and eighty-four thousand, three hundred and fifty dollars, which was the total value of property as disclosed by the abstracts of assessment rolls and statements transmitted to and received by the state board from the county boards of equalization and assessors, to the sum of one hundred and fourteen millions, two hundred and thirty-one thousand, seven hundred and two dollars, which was an aggregate increase of the total assessed valuation of all the property in the several counties of the state, as shown above, of three millions, one hundred and forty-seven thousand, three hundred and seventy dollars. *506 The supreme court of the state held the increase to be void, saying that: “The state board of equalization was without power to increase proportionately the valuation of the property in the several counties of the state, and thereby increase the aggregate value.” My understanding of the authorities of the supreme court of the various states, as thus recited, is confirmed by the interpretation placed' upon them by the text writers. It.is said in Desty on Taxation, vol. 1, page 498, that: “Boards of equalization cannot act unless specially authorized. Their-jurisdiction is special and limited, and must be conferred in express terms. * * The valuation of the assessors is conclusive, except when otherwise provided by statute. When the question of valuation has beeii once regularly referred to the proper board, the valuation of that tribunal is final.” And on page 496 that “the powers of such board are limited to securing uniformity 'between the several asses-sorial districts.” And on page 505: “It is the duty of the state board to adjust and equalize the valuation of the real and personal property among the several counties, with the view of apportioning equitably the burden of the state government. * * Although the power to determine the valuation of taxable property is lodged in the assessors and boards of county commissioners, yet the state board of equalization may, for the purpose of adjusting and equalizing, increase the aggregate valuation of one county and decrease that of another, but it has no power to increase the aggregate valuation above the valuations as returned by the clerks of the several counties.” And it is said, in Burroughs on Taxation, page 235, that: *507 “The functions of these hoards is two-fold. They are sometimes invested with the powers of hoards of review in addition to other powers, but when not invested with such powers their duty is to equalize the assessment of each county so that all the towns of the county may bear the burden of taxation equally, or to equalize the assessment of the counties so that each county may bear its proper proportion of the burden. In the latter case it is called ‘State Board of Equalization.’ ” And it is said in the text of American & English Encyclopedia of Law, page 247, that : “The duty of boards of equalization is to adjust and equalize the valuation of property among the several districts, with a view of an equitable apportionment of the burden, and for this purpose they may increase the aggregate valuation of one district and decrease that of another, * * but they cannot increase the sum of all the valuations of the several districts.” The law as thus uniformly declared, not more explicitly by the supreme courts of the various states, and in the various text books which treat of the subject, than in the interpretation of the statute by the natural reason unaided by such authoritative exposition, has found its way into the lexicography of the language and “equalization” in the law is defined in the Century dictionary, as: “Board of equalization, in the state or county governments of some of the United States, a board of commissioners whose duty it is, in order that the incidence of state or county taxation may be the same in all the local subdivisions, to reduce to a uniform basis, the valuation made by the local assessors.” We have thus examined and stated, not only all the cases bearing upon the question which were presented to the court in the briefs of counsel, but many others, and have, in the course of our examination, been unable to *508 find a single case which has undertaken to construe a statute similar to that now under consideration in any other way than as limiting the powers of the board of equalization, having only an abstract of assessment rolls before them for consideration, to the power of equalization alone, and we conclude that any attempt on the part of such a board to increase the aggregate amount of taxation, 'was an unauthorized assumption of authority to assess and fix values which does not exist under a statute of that character. The opinion of the court in Wallace v. Bullen is sought to be fortified by the consideration that indebtedness has been incurred, and bonds issued in good faith, in reliance upon the validity of the increase made by the territorial board of equalization to the aggregate amount of property in the Territory for the purposes of taxation. The inference is, that the finding of the court ought to support the jurisdiction of the territorial board of equalization thus assumed to secure the payment of such indebtedness. And it is said in the opinion of the court in that case, that: “This court having .regard for public honor, faith and credit, cannot consent that the ordinary and common rule for construing a public statute shall be violated or strained, and clearly expressed legislative intent be disregarded when such departure from established rules of interpretation would clearly result in the violation of private rights, and the impairment of public faith, and might seriously impair the usefulness of territorial, county and municipal governments by depriving them of the just revenue necessary for a proper discharge of their functions.” If we could agree with this mode of reasoning and with the declarations that a statute prescribing the procedure *509 for taxation was to be construed to include tbe exercise of a specific power, because the exercise of that power is not prohibited, and that a plain legislative intent is manifested authorizing the board to assess and value, when it is authorized in express terms only to “equalize,” we might also conclude that in assuming the functions of assessment and the power to value the property in the Territory, and in setting down that aggregate value at thirty-nine millions, two hundred and seventy-nine thousand dollars, instead of twenty-eight millions, ascertained by the assessors of the Territory, the territorial board of equalization was taking its course plainly and directly in the broad highway of the law, with its sails lull of jurisdiction, but we declare our belief to be that the well known and established rule for construing the public statutes in question, has been disregarded by the territorial board of equalization, and that a power has been assumed by it which is clearly outside of the statute, which is the sole source and foundation of its authority, and which does not exist in that body, and that, in order to sustain that jurisdiction, a construction must be applied to the statute which strains and warps it from that clear meaning which all of the courts have hitherto attributed to similar statutes expressed in like language. The limitation of the federal statute referred to is that of July 30, 1886, which-provides, that: “No political or municipal corporation, county or other subdivision in any of the territories of the United states shall ever become indebted in any manner or for any purpose to any amount in the aggregate, including existing indebtedness, exceeding á per centum on the value of the taxable property within such corporation, county or sub division, to be ascertained by the last assessment for ter *510 ritorial and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness; and all bonds or obligations in excess of such amount given by such corporation shall be void." (Supplement to Revised Statutes of U. S., vol. 1, page 504.) This federal statute speaks for itself. It is a protection, and was intended as a protection, to the taxpayers of the territories of the United States. By various arguments in several cases heretofore argued to this court and before the several district courts of the Territory, its force and effect have been, prior to the action of the territorial board of equalization here complained of, sought to be set aside by those who hold warrants issued in excess of the 4 per 'cent, limit, specified in the act. This court, and the district courts of the Territory, have uniformly held that the municipalities are limited in their power to incur indebtedness by the terms of this act. Since it was intended by the holders of such indebtedness, incurred beyond the 4 per cent, limit and hitherto held to be illegal, to adopt some other method of securing payment, than by any further direct application to the courts, a plausible ingenuity suggested the direct application to some board of county commissioners of the Territory, as was in this case, made to the board of county commissioners of Kingfisher county, to assume jurisdiction and inflate the aggregate values of property in the county, by an addition of 45 per cent, to the assessment and valuation of that which had already theretofore been ascertained by the legal method prescribed in the statute, and a subsequent application to the territorial board of equalization to further inflate the aggregate valuation of all property in the Territory to an average addition of 35 per cent. Is it too much to *511 assert that this is just what occurred in this case? Or would such an assumption be going beyond the proper limits of a judicial opinion? A vast amount of illegal warrants were current in the Territory before the action referred to was taken by the board of county commissioners of Kingfisher county, and by the board of equalization for the Territory, and still subsist. The existence of such a sum of illegal indebtedness furnished a fertile field for investment and speculation, and a large quantity of such illegal warrants, issued in excess of the 4 per cent, limit having become finally located in the hands of a comparatively few persons, the incentive became active and vigilant to secure, not the small amount of percentage which had been originally paid upon the purchase of and for the assignment of these illegal warrants and indebtedness, but to secure the payment of them for their face value, and since the adventurer in this line of industry ■ had failed to secure the co-operation of the courts in the attempted abrogation of the federal statute limiting the indebtedness of municipalities to 4 per cent, of their last assessed valuation, no device remained except that of widening the basis of taxation by the successive illegal and unauthorized over-valuations which were made in this case. If successful, and if the supreme court could now be induced to consummate the scheme and complete and crown its success by an affirmation of this court, the federal statute of limitation would be completely evaded, and the-tax paying citizens of the Territory loaded with an indebtedness not theirs to carry, under the laws. If, indeed, the illegal and fraudulent addition of eleven millions of dollars to the value of property for taxation, *512 by the action thus taken, be made the subject of taxation and further indebtedness, then, by the means of the indebtedness on behalf of the counties respectively, up to the 4 per cent, limitation, and of the townships respectively up to the 4 per cent, limitation, and of the school districts respectively, up to the 4 per cent, limitation, and of the Territory itself up to the limitation of 1 per cent., then the speculators, who are back of the illegal assessment thus made by the territorial board here sought to be upheld, would have been successful in saddling upon the taxpayers of the Territory, by means of the board of county commissioners of Kingfisher county and the territorial board of equalization, an added annual tax of 13 per cent, upon such addition to the aggregate valuation of the whole Territory, to-wit, upon eleven millions of dollars; in other words, it would have been made possible to collect from the tax paying citizens of this Territory |1,500,000 of illegal taxes, a large part of which illegal indebtedness was undoubtedly held in warrants by those who devised this gigantic and nefarious scheme of robbery. We cannot understand, how the defeat of such a scheme could “result in the violation of private rights, and the impairment of public faith, or might seriously impair the usefulness of territorial, county and municipal governments by depriving them of their just revenue.” To accede to such a proposition would be to hopelessly mingle with the high duty of this court, to interpret the laws as they are, regarding such simple interpretation as the surest and safest foundation of the integrity of the state, with the corrupt schemes of those who would de *513 stroy the citizenship of the Territory by loading them with obligations in violation of the statute and not honestly theirs to carry or to pay. I think that the courts best discharge their duty, and' are held in the highest esteem, and reach their highest usefulness, when they confine themselves most carefully to the duty of interpreting and stating the law as it is; and when we, as judges, do that, we can safely rely upon the “public honor, faith and credit” of this Territory, and the honor of this court taking care of themselves. We conclude, that assessment is the same as valuation of the property taxed; that this assessment or valuation must be made by the officer or officers to whom it is by the-statute expressly committed; that the duty and function of assessment cannot be shared in by any officer to whom it is not so granted by the very language of the statute; that equalization of property is a wholly different matter, comprehending, as it does, simply an ascertainment of the average between valuations already found. It is the equalizing of individuals among each other by the township boards, and of the townships among each other by the county boards, and of the counties among each other by the state board of equalization. It is, in the present case, the aggregate amount of property having been ascertained by the abstract of assessment rolls furnished to the auditor of the Territory from the various counties, an ascertainment of the proper percentage which should be added to some counties and taken away from others, in order to place the counties upon an equal footing, the aggregate amount of property remaining the same, except from such slight raising or lowering of the amounts as may be incidental to the operation of equalizing of the *514 taxes among the various counties, and that if the assumption of such authority and its sanction by the court here be indeed the law, then it would make very little difference whether there be any limitation in the statute of 1, 2 or 10 mills in the levy to be made by the territorial board, and the boards of county commissioners in them respective counties, for, if they be restrained in the statute in one place and set free by inference to increase the aggregate amount of property in the Territory, the extent to which that power might be exercised would be a mere matter of private opinion among the members of the board and of helpless conjecture on the part of the taxpayer, and we therefore, believe that the board of equalization exceeded any power given to it by the statute in making the equalization complained of, and that, to the extent of such addition to the aggregate amount of property in the Territory as was made by the territorial board of equalization — being 45 per cent, in Logan county in addition to the values of a county already over-valued 45 per cent, by its own board of county commissioners — the taxes levied upon the petitioners were void. The order of the district court is reversed. . Dale, C. J., having presided in the court below, not sitting; Bierer, J., and Keaton, J., concurring; Tarsney, J., dissenting.