Light v. Conover

Opinion of the court by Hainer, J.: A number of errors are assigned and discussed by the plaintiff in error, but we think it is only necessary to consider one of them, which is decisive of this case, and that is, the validity of the written lease between Conover and Martin and Light on July 11, 1892, and the subsequent parol agreement which the plaintiff claims was entered into with the defendants and upon which he recovered judgment. The lease entered into between the plaintiff and the deféndants on July 11, 1892, was made without the consent and approval of the Indian agent or the commissioner of Indian affairs, and was therefore absolutely void. It appears from the record that the plaintiff did not obtain a lease from the Indian agent until April, 1895, which was for' a period of only one year, beginning on the first of April, 1895, and terminating on March 31, 1896. It also appears that this lease was approved by the commissioner of Indian affairs, and was no doubt a valid lease, but under the conditions of this lease-Conover had no power or authority to enter into a contract to lease or sublease any of said lands or any portion thereof to the defendants or any other person without the consent and approval of the Indian agent or the commissioner of Indian affairs. The written lease between Conover and Martin and Light being absolutely void, any subsequent parol agreement entered into between them without the consent and approval of the In *736 dian agent or tbe commissioner of Indian affairs, must, necessarily, be absolutely void. The court in its instructions to the jury assumed that the contract between Conover and Martin and Light was valid, and also that the parol agreement between the plaintiff and defendants was legal, and in effect instructed the jury that the burden of proof was upon the defendants to show that the lease was made without the consent and approval of the Indian agent, or the commissioner, of Indian affairs. This was clearly erroneous. The burden of proof was upon the plaintiff in this action to show that he had a valid lease, and in order to establish a valid lease it was necessary for him to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that it was made with the consent and approval of the Indian agent and the commissioner of Indian affairs. It is true the plaintiff in his petition alleged that said lease between the plaintiff and the defendants was made with the consent and approval of the Indian agent, and also with the consent and approval of the commissioners of Indian affairs. But, the evidence absolutely fails to establish that fact, and we therefore think that the court erred in overruling the demurrer of the defendants to the evidence for the reason that the plaintiff had wholly failed to prove a cause of action against the defendants or either of them. On the other hand, the evidence offered on behalf of the defendants conclusively proved that the plaintiff never had the consent and approval of either the Indian agent or the commissioner of Indian affairs, to lease or sublease any of said lands to Martin and Light or any other person or persons. *737 Section 2110 of tbe Revised Statutes of the United States provides: “No purchase, grant, lease, or other conveyance of lands, or of any title or claim thereto, from any Indian nation or tribe of Indians, shall be of any validity in law or equity, unless the same be made by treaty or convention entered into pursuant to the constitution. Every person who, not being employed under the authority of the United States, attempts to negotiate such treaty or convention, directly or indirectly, or to treat with any such nation or tribe of Indians for the title or purchase .of any lands by them held or claimed is liable to a penalty of ($1000,) one thousand dollars. The agent of any state who may be present at any treaty held with Indians under the authority of the United States, in the presence and with the approbation of the commissioner of the United States appointed to hold the same, may, however, propose to, and adjust with, the Indians the compensation to be made for their claim to lands within such state which shall be extinguished by treaty.” We think it is clear that the written lease entered into between the plaintiff and the defendants in July, 1892, as well as the subsequent parol agreement, were entered into in direct violation of the act of congress above referred to, and were contrary to the well settled policy of the government in relation to the management, control and supervision of the Indians and their lands and the law seems to be well established that no action can be maintained on a contract that is in violation of a positive statute, or is based upon an illegal or immoral act. (Garst v. Love, 6 Okla. 46; Kelley v. Courter et al., 1 Okla. 277; Ennell v. Daggs, 108 U. S. 146; Bank of United States v. Owens, 2 Pet. 527; Campbell v. Hill, 7 Wall. 558.) It has been held that one who enters with cattle, or other live stock upon the Indian reservation under a lease *738 of that description, made in violation of tbe statute, is an intruder, and may be removed therefrom as such, notwithstanding his entry with the consent of the tribe. (18 Op. Att’y Gen. U. S. 235-486.) But it is contended by the defendant in error that the defendants were tenants of the plaintiff and used and occupied the land, and therefore, they are estopped fr'om denying the plaintiff’s title, or to question the legality of the lease. We think not. The written- lease, as well as the parol agreement, were not only contrary to public policy, but were entered into in violation of a positive statute, and hence the doctrine of estoppel does not apply. In Dupas v. Wassell, 1 Dill. 213, Fed. Cas. No. 4182, it was held that a lease of land upon which the Hot Springs were situated, being in violation of an act of congress, was absolutely void, and that the ground rent for the use of the lands could not be recovered; and it was further held that the lessee was not estopped from setting up the illegality. In Mayes v. Cherokee Strip Live Stock Ass’n, 51 Pac. Rep. 215, which was an action to recover upon a contract to lease for a period of five years a large body of land, constituting what was formerly known as the Cherokee Strip or Outlet, and which was entered into between the Cherokee nation and the association, but without the consent and approval of the government, or any of its duly authorized agents, it was held by the supreme court of Kansas to be in violation of sec. 2116 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and was, therefore, void, and that no action could be maintained thereon. Mr. Justice Johnston, in the course of the opinion, said: “It is clear that the contract of lease between the plaintiff and the defendant conflicted with the government *739 policy, and was a direct violation of a positive statute. It was therefore illegal, and the courts generally hold that no action can be maintained -on a contract forbidden by law. 'The policy of the law is to leave the parties in all such cases without remedy against each other. The courts will not lend their aid to a party who founds his action upon an immoral or illegal act. If from the plaintiff’s own statement, or otherwise, the cause of action appears to arise ex turpi omisa, or the transgression of a positive law of the state, then the court says he has no right to be assisted. (Gerlach v. Skinner, 34 Kan. 86, 8 Pac. 257; Korman v. Henry, 32 Kan. 49, 343, 3 Pac. 764; Hinnen v. Newman, 35 Kan. 709, 12 Pac. 144; Flersheim v. Cary, 39 Kan. 178, 17 Pac. 825; Yount v. Denning, 52 Kan. 629, 35 Pac. 207; Melchoir v. McCarty, 31 Wis. 252; Downing v. Ringer, 7 Mo. 585; Cherokee Strip Live Stock Ass’n v. Cass Land and Cattle Co. [Mo. Sup.] 40 S. W. 107; Gould v. Kendall, [Neb.] 19 N. W. 483; Mackintosh v. Kenton, [Wash. Ter.] 3 Pac. 830; Whart. Cont. sec. 340; 9 Am. & Eng. Enc. of Law, 909.)” And again it was said by the same judge: “The contract in this case is to be distinguished from those which are merely void from want of compliance with some form, or which is lacking in other essentials-. Here is was prohibited by statute, and, being unlawful, it does not fall within the class of contracts which are void because of the infancy of one of the parties, or because of the statute of frauds. In cases like this the courts will not lend their aid to the parties either to recover damages under the illegal contract, or the profits supposed to have been derived from the unlawful transaction by either party. The fact that the defendants co-operated in the transgression and are equally implicated with the plaintiff does not prevent them from setting up the defense of invalidity. There is no innocent party here in whose favor an exception can be made, as the prohibitory provision affected all alike. It is unlike the case of Cattle Co. v. Thompson, 57 Kan. 792, 48 Pac. 34, where Thompson was *740 not a party to the illegal contract, and was permitted to recover, under the pleadings upon a quantum meruit for services in connection with .pasturage on some of these lands. The controversy arises here directly between the parties to the illegal contract, and the plaintiff seeks a recovery through and under that contract. The parties voluntarily entered into the contract, and they must be held to have had knowledge that in doing so they were violating the law.” We approve of the doctrine announced by the supreme court of Kansas, and think that it is decisive of the case under consideration. We, therefore, hold that the written lease entered into between the plaintiff and the defendants on July 11, '1892, and the subsequent contract entered into with Martin and Light, without the consent and approval of the Indian agent and the commissioner of Indian affairs, were absolutely void, and that no action can be maintained theron. The judgment of the district court of Canadian county, is, therefore, reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to dismiss the action. Burford, C. J., dissenting; all the other Justices concurring.