ROSSMAN, J.
This is an appeal from a decree of the circuit court which allows and holds valid a claim in the sum -of $5,000, presented by the plaintiff against the estate of Thomas H. Mosgrove, deceased. The de *514 cree is'based upon findings of fact which state that while Mosgrove was the trustee of a bequest of $5,000 he administered the fund in such a manner that he incurred the liability aforementioned.
The issues- presented by this appeal are: (1) Was Thomas H. Mosgrove the trustee of the estate which we shall shortly describe; (2) if he was, did he, in his capacity as trustee, collect $3,021.85 upon an investment made with the bequest; and did he so negligently administer the trust estate that it suffered losses thereby; and (3) was the plaintiff properly appointed trustee of the estate after Mosgrove’s death.
The complaint alleges, and the defendants deny, that Thomas H. Mosgrove, who died June 13, 1933, became trustee July 21, 1924, and that after his death the plaintiff was appointed his successor. The defendants are the sole heirs of the deceased. One is his son and the other is his widow and also the administratrix of his estate.
William Mosgrove, uncle of Thomas, died testate July 23,1923. One of the provisions of his will follows:
“I give, devise and bequeath to the child or children of my brother Charles Mosgrove of Haekincon, County Tyrone, Ireland, the sum of Five Thousand Dollars in trust, the same to be held by my Executrix hereinafter named in trust, and the income from said $5,000.00 to be paid annually to said child or children until it, or they, reach the age of twenty-one years at which time the said principal sum of $5,000.00 to be paid to such child or children equally, share and share alike, and I hereby appoint my said Executrix hereinafter named the trustee of the above fund, and direct that she act as such trustee without the intervention of any Court, or of the necessity of giving bonds as such trustee, and I hereby direct that she handle the said sum and pay the said income and principal as above provided.”
*515 The William. Mosgrove estate was probated in Columbia county, state of .Washington. Almira Mosgrove, widow of the deceased, was executrix of the estate. From the decree, signed July 9, 1924, approving .the executrix’s final account and distributing the assets, we quote: ....
“The residue of the estate of said deceased be and the same is hereby distributed as follows * The sum of $5,000 to Almira E. Mosgrove, ■ nevertheless in trust, and upon the following use: that she, the said Almira E. Mosgrove invest said sum and pay the annual income thereon to the following named persons, share and share alike: Isabella Mosgrove, Matthew Mosgrove and Maud Mosgrove until they shall attain the age of 21 years, at which time she is hereby directed to divide the said sum of $5,000 equally among the said named persons, share and share alike. ’ ’
Until March 20, 1923, William Mosgrove had owned and conducted a merchandise business in Dayton, Washington. On the day just mentioned he sold the business to his brother Matt, his aforementioned nephew Thomas, and his brother-in-law, T. C. Elliott. The consideration was $31,000, payable as follows: $18,000 to a bank which held William’s note in that sum, and the balance in installments. About the time of the purchase the three buyers formed a corporation bearing the name “The Mosgrove Company” and each of the three acquired one-third of its capital stock. July 21, 1924, that company and the widow effected a new arrangement for the payment of the purchase price obligation. As a part of this agreement the three purchasers signed a note in the denomination of $11,000, and Matt and Elliott signed another note in the sum of $5,000, both payable to the widow. Concerning the *516 $5,000 note, the brief of the appellants (widow and son of the deceased Thomas) states:
“It was apparently the intent of Matt Mosgrove that this $5,000 note should represent the corpus of the trust created by the third paragraph of the William Mosgrove will, and that T. H. Mosgrove should become the trustee of the trust.”
Concurrently with the execution of these two notes, Thomas, to whom the above quotation referred as T. H. Mosgrove, signed an instrument from which the following is quoted:
“Received from Almira Mosgrove, widow of William Mosgrove, deceased, now residing at Walla Walla in the State of Washington, one promissory note for the sum of $5,000, payable to Almira Mosgrove on or before the 21st day of July, 1924, and drawing interest at the rate of 7 per cent payable annually, and duly endorsed and transferred by said Almira Mosgrove to the undersigned for the use and benefit of the child or children of Charles Mosgrove of Hacldncon, County of Tyrone, Ireland, in fulfillment of the terms and conditions of the last will and testament of William Mos-grove, deceased, which was duly and regularly admitted to probate in the Supreme Court of the State of Washington in Columbia County, the income from said $5,000 to be paid annually to such child or children equally, share and share alike, until it or they shall reach the age of 21 years, at which time the principal due upon said promissory note shall be paid to said child or children equally, share and share alike, and I, Thomas Mosgrove, in consideration of said transfer and of the confidence and trust imposed in me, promise and agree to and with said Almira Mosgrove to carry out the terms and conditions above stated and to comply with the terms and conditions of said will and to look after and renew the said promissory note, collect the interest thereon and transmit annually the said income to the said child or children and upon the said child or *517 children attaining the age of 21 years to collect the amount due upon the said promissory note and pay the same over to the said child or children and to secure the receipt of such child or children for the said money and save the said Almira Mosgrove harmless by reason of said transfer.”
The $5,000 note which Matt and Elliott signed named Almira Mosgrove as the payee and required payment on July 21, 1921, which was also the date of the instrument; hence, it was payable upon demand. It required the payment of 7 per cent interest. Upon its back appears in blank the endorsement of Almira Mosgrove. After Thomas’s death this note and also Thomas’s above-quoted receipt were found in Almira’s strongbox. Almira died in 1927 and Thomas in 1933. The evidence indicates that Almira distrusted her ability to transact business and that Thomas handled her business affairs for her. Prior to his marriage he had lived for many years in her home in Dayton, Washington. We add at this point that there is no charge of bad faith upon the part of anyone, and apparently each participant in the above-mentioned transactions was endeavoring to do right.
It will be seen from the foregoing that the $5,000 trust was created by the will of William Mosgrove; that by an order of the court which probated his estate the widow was appointed trustee of the fund; that twelve days after the entry of that decree a change was effected whereby a $5,000 note was signed which apparently became the trust res; and that at the same time Thomas signed an instrument in which he acknowledged he had assumed charge of the administration of the trust. The defendants argue two propositions: (1) That in this manner Thomas could not *518 legally assume the trust; and (2) that the facts show that he did not actually assume the trust. .
In order to facilitate an understanding of what follows we add: Thomas was the son of the aforementioned Matt Mosgrove who died in January, 1926. Matt’s will bequeathed the sum of $8,000 to be held in trust by Thomas for the' same purposes as were indicated in the will of William Mosgrove.'-
The evidence in addition to the preceding which shows whether Thomas did or did not assume the administration of the trust can be summarized as follows: Thomas' kept a personal' account book in which the following entries in his handwriting appear:
“ Chas. Mosgrove and heirs.
“Left to C. M. & heirs by Matt $8,000 in Trust to T. H. M. to be distributed equally between children when youngest becomes of age. Earnings to be used for the family’s support.
“Left to C. M. & heirs by Will Mosgrove $5,000 in trust, to Almira Mosgrove on same terms & conditions as Matt’s bequest. Almira Mosgrove transferred trust to T. H. M.
“1926
June 22 Can. Inh. Tax 51.10
Sept. 10 U. S. Inh. Tax—
Chas. 6.08
Jen 187.66
Kids 1.71 195.45
Oct. 2 1927 Draft BBC 200.00
Jan. 31 Interest for
1 yr on $5000 200.00 pd. by Mos. Co. Dayton
Jan. 31 Interest for
1 yr on $8000 pd. by Mos. Co. Dayton 320.00
Feb. 26 Draft BBC 200.00
*519 Aug. 18 Draft, 102
drft chgs RBC 301.02
[1928] Jan. 24 Interest on 5000 for 1 yr pd. by TCE Co. 200.00
Jan. 31 Interest on 8000 for 1 yr 320.00
Mar. 27 Draft 40-16-5, $200 with drft chgs RBC 200.00
July 15 Draft 40-17-0, $200 with drft chgs Sav.
RBC 200.00
Dec. 14 Draft FRB 200.50”
Although the $5,000 note provided for 7 per cent interest only 4 per cent was actually paid. According to the uncontradicted evidence, Matt directed that that rate be employed. Accordingly, the $200 payments credited to Thomas in the aforementioned record were payments of interest upon that obligation.
Mrs. Eliza R. Beattie, a sister of William and, therefore, an aunt of Thomas, after stating that she reared the latter, swore that upon many occasions her nephew discussed with her the $5,000 William Mosgrove trust fund. She was questioned and answered, in part, as follows:
“Q. Did Tom ever talk to you about anything in connection with taking over the trust from Almira Mos-grove? A. Yes.
‘ ‘ Q. What was said in those conversations that you recall? A. Well, he always told me that he had accepted * * * .”
She testified that Thomas frequently showed her letters which he was sending to the beneficiaries in Ireland concerning the $5,000 fund which he told her was invested in the store business. She thought that the remittances began shortly after William’s death. She *520 stated that in June, 1933, Thomas was greatly troubled over the difficulties he was experiencing in realizing a sufficient amount for the next remittance to- Ireland, but that after he had succeeded in obtaining $200 he showed her a draft for that amount. Thomas died a day or two later, and the draft was in his pocket at the time of his death, June 13, 1933. It was then sent to Ireland.
In a letter which Thomas wrote September 27,1926, to his uncle Charles in Ireland he stated in part':
“I will write to George Henderson and sending some money as I will have to send the income of Will’s as well as Dad’s. Both moneys combined. But it is to the trustee I have to send it and not to you. * * * You will get the income of this money until your youngest child comes to age. ***.”■
By “Will” he, of course, referred to his deceased uncle, and by “Dad” to his deceased father, Matt. George Henderson was the trustee or manager for Charles in Ireland and all of the remittances were made to him. When the letter from which we have just quoted was written Almira was still living.
It will be recalled that Matt, T. C. Elliott and Thomas purchased from William the Dayton store in 1923, and that July 21,1924, the $5,000 note was signed, succeeded immediately by the execution of the aforementioned instrument whereby Thomas undertook to administer the trust estate. July 27, 1924, C. K. Wilcox, who was the bookkeeper of the Mosgrove Company, sent to Thomas, at his request, a sheet indicating the opening entries which should be made in the *521 company’s combined journal and check register. The sheet recited:
“Chg. Mrs. Wm. Mos $5000.00 5000 set aside for the heirs of Chas. Mos. as per agreement with Mrs. Wm. Mos. dated ’ ’
Another of the recommended entries read:
“Statement of Contract with Mrs. Wm. Mosgrove * * * Trust fund for the heirs of Chas. Mos-grove $5000.00”
These recommendations were adopted and as a result the Mosgrove Company charged itself upon its books with liability upon the $5,000 note. Having made the charge it entered upon the credit side the following:
“Mrs. Wm. Mosgrove $5000.00 set aside for the minor heirs of Chas. Mosgrove, as per agreement with Mrs. Wm. Mosgrove dated
Trust Fund Chas. Mosgrove minor heirs, $5000.00”
The only “agreement with Mrs. Wm. Mosgrove” which anyone had was the agreement between her and Thomas. January 1,1927 (about one year after Matt’s death), the Dayton store was closed and its fixtures and stock of merchandise were moved to Milton, Oregon, where they were combined with an establishment which was being conducted by a corporation known as the T. C. Elliott Company. The stock of the latter, like the stock of the Mosgrove Company, was owned in equal parts by the aforementioned three individuals, Elliott, Matt and Thomas. However, upon the death of Matt in January, 1926, Thomas inherited his stock, and from that time owned two-thirds of the stock of both corporations. March 31,1927, the Elliott *522 Company entered upon its books the $5,000 note as its obligation. Thomas had been the active manager of the store at Dayton and about a year after the two stocks were combined in the Milton store he became the manager of the latter.. Shortly some of the stock of the Milton store was used in establishing a store at Freewater, Oregon, which was operated under the name of The Mosgrove Company. July 1, 1930, the Milton store was discontinued and its stock was combined with the Freewater store which had assumed the name of Mosgroves. August 1,1932, the Freewater store ceased operations and its goods and fixtures were moved to Milton where operations were continued under the name of the New T. C. Elliott Company. Still later the Elliott Company discontinued business and the aforementioned C. K. Wilcox was placed in charge of its liquidation. At the time of the trial (October 28, 1937) he testified that he had realized about 12 per cent for the company’s creditors. We assume that when the Mosgrove Company transferred all of its assets in the aforementioned consolidations to the Elliott Company it wound up its affairs.
An account was opened — at a time not disclosed by the record — in the First National Bank of Milton under the name of T. H. Mosgrove, Trustee. The evidence concerning this account is limited. Two ledger sheets taken from the files of the bank are before us. The first entry on these sheets is dated February 4, 1931, and recites: “Balance brought forward, $3,-579.51.” From that day until December 12,1931, when the last entry was made, a total of $4,807.35 was credited to the account, but checks paid reduced the amount on the day last mentioned to a balance of $3,021.85. December 12, 1931, the bank closed. The *523 individual in charge of its liquidation swore that after a search through the bank’s records he was unable to find any additional ledger sheets or other documents pertaining to the account. The amount realized in the liquidation, which was still in progress at the time of the trial, is not disclosed by the record. A paper, possibly explanatory of this account, written in Thomas’s own handwriting and bearing the following entry, was found after his death:
“Claim No. 1089. T. H. Mosgrove, Trustee, (Being account of old T. C. Elliott Co.) on deposit in P. N. B. $3,021.85. Comptroller cheque No. C-325,089 for 906.55. This account is 507.95 short in deposits as on Aug. 11, 1931 that amount was placed in new T. C. Elliott Co. in error which should have been placed in this account. June 20, 1935 423.05.”
June 1, 1932, Thomas wrote to the aforementioned George J. Henderson a letter which, after complaining of the difficult financial conditions, stated:
“However, I had a nest egg laid away for the use of Charlie, Eliza and Bella in our local bank and it failed, closing its doors December 18 * * *
June 30, 1932, Thomas filed with the liquidator of this bank a proof of claim under oath, from which the following is quoted:
“Personally appeared before me the undersigned, a notary public in and for said county and state, T. H. Mosgrove, Trustee, who, being duly sworn, says that the First National Bank of Milton, Oregon, is justly indebted to T. H. Mosgrove, Trustee, in the sum of $3,021.85 * * * all of which is due and payable to T. H. Mosgrove, Trustee, alone. * * * .”
The instrument was signed “T. H. Mosgrove.” September 26, 1932, Thomas, over the signature of “T. H. *524 Mosgrove, Trustee,” acknowledged receipt of $906.55 upon this claim. The aforementioned C. K. Wilcox seemed to know but little about the origin of this trustee account. He explained: “The only solution I have for it is that he (Thomas) wanted to keep those moneys separated. ’ ’ By the separation of the moneys he meant the segregation of the funds derived in the liquidation of the former Milton store from the daily receipts of the new store. He was very sure that in this account (trustee) the moneys derived from the liquidation of the old Milton store were deposited. At that time there were five bank accounts concerning Thomas H. Mosgrove: (1) Thomas’s account as administrator of his father’s estate; (2) Thomas’s personal account; (3) The Mosgrove Company account; (á) T. C. Elliott Company account; and (5) T. H. Mos-grove, Trustee.
March 5, 1929, Thomas invested in a tract of Canadian land the $8,000 bequest left by his father, and thereafter the remittances from that investment were handled in such a manner that it is impossible to confuse them with the earnings of the $5,000 fund created by his uncle.
The payments sent to the children of Charles Mos-grove as the earnings of the $5,000 fund are indicated by the following evidence: In a letter, dated March 6, 1926, Thomas sent to the aforementioned George Henderson a draft for $134.72, stating: “This amount represents the accrued interest on the $5,000 trust fund left by Will Mosgrove after deducting the amount still owing for the advancement of the money paid for inheritance tax * * * .” By reverting to the entries in the aforementioned personal record kept by Thomas and quoted in a preceding paragraph, it will be ob *525 served that October 2, 1926, he sent to the Irish heirs $200, and on February 26, 1927, $200. Other remittances are disclosed by the same record. The ledger accounts of the Mosgrove Company and of the T. C. Elliott Company indicate many other remittances. The last of the payments was sent by the draft which was found in Thomas’s pocket after his death. That was in 1933. The appellants’ brief concedes that at least one of these payments was made out of the aforementioned trustee account. Virtually all of the remittances were in the sum of $200. It will be recalled that December 12,1931, the Milton Bank in which the five accounts previously mentioned were kept, closed. The first remittance following that failure was accompanied with a letter signed by Thomas and dated June 1, 1932, in which he stated: “This money should have been sent some time ago. * * * It seems as if everything has gone against me.” He mentioned the bank failure and severe droughts in the Province of Alberta which destroyed his crops. His remittance, however, was in the sum of $250. We have already mentioned that immediately prior to his death Thomas had been much disturbed over his difficulty in raising sufficient funds to enable him to make the remittance due at that time. Immediately after obtaining the necessary funds he showed the draft with evident satisfaction to his aunt, and then death overtook him before he could mail the money to the beneficiaries.
In the probate proceedings of Almira’s estate the $5,000 note was not mentioned. Thomas’s widow testified that although her husband had frequently discussed his financial affairs with her, including the $8,000 trust fund left by his father, he never mentioned the trust fund created by his uncle, William, and that *526 she was wholly ignorant of it until after her husband’s death. However, it developed that Thomas left unsatisfied at least two large obligations which he had not mentioned to his wife.
The plaintiff, who is a sister of William, Matt and Charles, was appointed trustee July 24, 1934, by an order of the circuit court of Umatilla county after notice and after a hearing had been had. The above facts, we believe, will suffice for an understanding of the assignments of error which we shall now consider.
The first contention which we believe should be considered challenges the right of the courts of this state to have made the appointment of a trustee. William was a resident of the state of Washington. His will was probated there and it was by an order of the superior court of that state that Almira was appointed trustee. There is no contention that after Almira’s failure to act the Washington court which had appointed her undertook to make any other appointment. No judicial action took place in that or any other court when Thomas signed the aforementioned receipt-instrument in which he undertook to assume the trustee duties. It will be remembered that on January 1,1927, the stock and fixtures of the Dayton, Washington, store, which had previously closed, were moved to Milton, Oregon, and that May 13, 1927, William’s widow died. With the removal of the fixtures and goods to Oregon, Thomas left Almira’s home and became a resident of this state. After his death in 1933 his estate was probated in Oregon, as was also Matt’s following his death in 1926. As a witness in this suit, Elliott gave his residence as Milton. Thus, at the time the plaintiff was appointed trustee all of those affected by the trust, with the exception of the beneficiaries, *527 were residents of this state, and by that time those same individuals had transferred their operations from Washington to Oregon. The defendants attach much importance to the fact that the note remained in Washington. It reposed in Almira’s strongbox where the receipt-instrument signed by Thomas was also kept. Almira had been dead for six years when the two'instruments were found by her daughter. When these instruments were signed Thomas was Almira’s business advisor, and we believe that it may fairly be inferred that the note was left with her either through oversight or because she had facilities for its safekeeping. In the receipt-instrument which Thomas signed July 21, 1924, he expressly acknowledged receipt of the note. A chose in action generally acquires the situs of its owner. We believe that the mere fact that the note remained in Washington is an item of no great significance. When the Washington court entered the order which appointed Almira trustee, it did not reserve control over the trust — at least, not expressly. After that order had been entered all seemed to believe that the Washington court’s connection with the fund had terminated. Thereafter no reports of any kind were made to the court; no advice was sought from it by the trustee or anyone else concerned with the trust estate; no report concerning the matter was made to the court when the $5,000 was loaned to the two borrowers ; and the wishes of the court were not consulted when Thomas signed the instrument whereby he assumed the trust duties. In short, the parties seemed to regard this as a family matter with which the court had no concern. Apparently none of them thought that the trust estate was in custodia legis. Ten years after the appointment of Almira, nine years after the *528 execution of the receipt-instrument, and three years after Almira’s death, the attacked appointment was made. It is our belief that by common acquiescence the estate had passed out of the custody of the Washington court, and that thereafter, especially after Almira’s death, any other court having jurisdiction over the parties was competent to appoint a trustee. We believe that Schwartz v. Gerhardt, 44 Or. 425, 75 P. 698, authorizes this conclusion. We, therefore, conclude that the appointment of the present trustee was justified.
The defendants contend that Almira was never legally discharged from her duties as trustee; that Thomas was never appointed her successor; and that the facts reviewed in preceding paragraphs do not indicate that he had ever discharged any of the duties of trustee. They argue that the evidence reviewed in preceding paragraphs merely shows that Thomas offered to assume the duties of trustee, and that the remittances were made, not by him, but by the corporations. So far as we can learn from the record Almira never performed any duty concerning the trust estate, and we believe that it is clear that she never accepted the trust: Bogert on Trusts and Trustees, § 150, p. 449. At any rate, no one seeks to charge her with any liability. We shall now consider Thomas’s status. It will be recalled from the ’ facts above stated that Thomas signed an instrument whereby he expressly undertook the trust duties, and that the $5,000 note omitted his signature as a maker, evidently for the purpose of enabling him to become trustee. No other explanation is available. If the receipt-instrument never became-effective, then the $5,000 note, for exactly the same reasons, lacked delivery and therefore effectiveness. In that event, the $11,000 note also was never *529 anything bnt a mere sheet of paper. If all three instruments were no more than unaccepted offers, then the trust estate never obtained any evidence of the borrowers’ debt. We, however, are satisfied that all three instruments were parts of related transactions which were consummated July 21, 1924, and that all three became effective. The $5,000 note was apparently intended to express in legal form the subject matter of the trust res, a debt. In his personal account book Thomas stated in his own handwriting that the trust had been “transferred” to him by Almira. Other writings previously quoted also indicate that Thomas regarded himself as trustee. It will be recalled that even before Almira’s death Thomas made remittances to the beneficiaries in Ireland. The first was in the sum of $134.72. The difference between that amount and the earned interest, Thomas explained, had been consumed by an inheritance tax. His mention of this detail, as well as others, indicates his familiarity with the trust. These facts, we believe, justify a conclusion that Thomas accepted the office of trustee: Bestatement of The Law, Trusts, § 102, and Bogert on Trusts and Trustees, § 150. Thomas’s two business associates evidently regarded him as trustee. We make this statement because his associates consented that the interest payment should be made to him, thereby recognizing in him authority to receive them on behalf of the trust. When the bank in which Thomas maintained his accounts failed and when adverse agricultural conditions deprived his land of income, he showed great concern over the remittances which would soon have to be made to the Irish heirs. In determining the significance to be attached to the concern which he manifested, we bear in mind the fact that he was not a maker *530 of the $5,000 note. He was the trustee who had undertaken the preservation of the fund. The fact that the note was found among Almira’s, and not Thomas’s, effects after the death of both, we deem of but little importance for the reasons stated in a preceding paragraph. We are satisfied that Thomas had not only-assumed the duties of the trustee but that he also had proceeded with their discharge. The mere fact that the duties were imposed upon him by agreement when they should have been imposed by an order of the court, did not make him any less responsible for his conduct of the estate’s affairs. A person who assumes the duties of a trustee and proceeds with their administration is as liable for their improper conduct as if he had been regularly appointed. The truth of this statement is illustrated by the many instances of implied trusts. Such trustees may be compelled to render an accounting: Bogert on Trusts and Trustees, § 969. Our conclusion that Thomas imposed upon himself the duties of a trustee from July 21,1924, to the time of his death is justified, we believe, by the rules just stated and the following authorities: Nebraska Power Co. v. Koenig, 93 Neb. 68, 139 N. W. 839; Tarbox v. Tarbox, 111 Me. 374, 89 Atl. 194; Finnegan v. McGuffog, 139 App. Div. 899, 123 N. Y. S. 539; and 65 C. J., Trusts, § 231, p. 487.
After substantially all of the above evidence had been received the plaintiff rested and the defendants moved for a nonsuit. At that time the complaint alleged:
“That the $5,000 promissory note named and mentioned in the said written agreement between the said Almira Mosgrove and the said Thomas H. Mosgrove was paid in full to' the said Thomas H. Mosgrove.”
*531 The prayer was inclusive and among other items asked for a finding that Thomas, in the above-mentioned period of time, had served as trustee; for an accounting and a determination that the plaintiff’s claim against Thomas’s estate was one which should be discharged. Before instituting suit the plaintiff presented to the administratrix of Thomas’s estate a claim from which the following is quoted:
“The said Thomas H. Mosgrove collected the $5000 note mentioned in the attached exhibit and held at the time of his death the proceeds of such collection in trust.”
In arguing that error was committed when the motion for a nonsuit was denied, the defendants ignore the T. EL Mosgrove, Trustee, account. That account is reasonably susceptible to a construction that at the time of his death Thomas possessed $3,021.85 which he held for the beneficiaries. There had actually entered the account $4,807.25. Further, Thomas stated in the document from which we have previously quoted: “This account is $507.95 short in deposits as on August 11, 1931, that amount was placed in new T. C. Elliott Co. in error which should have been placed in this account.” If the account is credited with the amount just mentioned, a total of $5,315.30 was received by Thomas which he felt belonged to the account. At any rate, when the motion for the nonsuit was denied the record indicated that Thomas possessed $3,021.85 in the trustee account. However, the defendants argue that the deposits were not made for the benefit of the Irish beneficiaries, but for the T. C. Elliott Company. The entry in his handwriting previously quoted, “T. H. Mosgrove, Trustee, being account of old T. C. Elliott *532 Co.” and the testimony of Wilcox to the effect that Thomas established this account for the purpose of separating the money derived from the liquidation of the old Milton store from the daily receipts of the new establishment, does not prove that Thomas did not intend that the fund should belong to the beneficiaries of his uncle’s trust. This account was very likely opened in 1930, and at that time the effects of the depression which had begun in 1929 were everywhere manifest. The record indicates that the Mosgrove Company and the Elliott Company were suffering from its effects. These two corporations had tried here and there, in this town and in that one, to earn a profit, but all of the ventures were soon abandoned. As an intelligent man, Thomas must have known that it was incumbent upon him to exercise the care, skill and diligence of an ordinarily prudent person to safeguard the estate’s investment; and his intimate knowledge of his own business must have told him that it was time to collect something upon the note. As he saw his corporations scurrying from place to place in vain efforts to eke out an existence, he also realized that Matt, one of the two signers of the note, had died, and that Elliott’s financial condition was precarious. Is it not reasonable to infer that when Thomas, who was apparently a man of character, saw threatening disaster drawing nearer and nearer, he opened the trustee account for the purpose of creating a fund which would ultimately retire the note? The letter which he wrote to Henderson one year before his (Thomas’s) death warrants an affirmative answer to this question. In that letter, after speaking of his many financial losses and disappointments, Thomas stated: “I had a nest egg laid away for the use of Charlie * * * ” and then *533 added that the failure of the bank in which he had made the deposit threatened even that hope. A presumption is owing to Thomas that he respected his trust duties. In view of that presumption and the above facts, we are satisfied that the T. H. Mosgrove Trustee account was intended to be an asset of the trust. Since we are of that opinion, the evidence indicated, when the motion for a nonsuit was denied, that Thomas at the time of his death possessed $3,021.85 belonging to the trust. The motion for a nonsuit was, therefore, properly denied.
We quoted in a preceding paragraph one of the averments of the complaint. After both sides had rested the plaintiff was permitted to amend that paragraph by adding “or that the said Thomas H. Mos-grove could by the exercise of reasonable diligence have collected in full said promissory note.” The defendants argue that, in violation of § 1-906, Oregon Code 1930, this amendment changed the cause of suit substantially. Particularly, they argue that the complaint as originally phrased stated a suit which sought to impress a trust upon property in the defendants’ possession, but that after the amendment had been made the pleading stated a cause of action based upon charges of negligent administration of the trust fund. Pursuing their argument that the cause stated in the amended complaint is a legal action triable before a jury, the defendants complain that since the amendment was made after both sides had rested, the defendants were deprived of their right to ask for a jury, had they desired one. In support of their contention that the amendment converted the cause into an action, the defendants cite: School District 62 v. Schramm, 142 Or. 296, 20 P. (2d) 241; Muhlenberg v. Loan & Trust
*534 Co., 26 Or. 132, 38 P. 932, 29 L. R. A. 667; Noble v. Noble, 198 Cal. 129, 243 P. 439, 43 A. L. R. 1235; 65 C. J. Trusts, p. 661, § 525, and p. 965, § 889; and 26 R. C. L., Trusts, p. 1353, % 217, and p. 1355, § 219. We examined all of those authorities, but do not believe that they support that portion of the defendants’ contention which states that a claim arising,out of a trustee’s negligent administration of the trust constitutes a cause of action triable before a jury. In our opinion, the law applicable to such a situation is correctly stated in the following language which we quote from Restatement of the Law, Trusts, § 197: “Except as stated in § 198, the remedies of the beneficiary against the trustee are exclusively equitable.” Section 198 of the Restatement is concerned with a trustee whose duty requires him immediately and unconditionally to pay money or deliver a chattel to the beneficiary. In those instances an action may be maintained. The comment accompanying § 197 renders it clear that a cause based upon negligent administration is triable in a court of equity. We believe that after the amendment, as before, the purpose of the suit was to obtain a holding that Thomas, from July 21, 1924, to the time of his death, was the trustee of the aforementioned trust and to secure an accounting of his administration of the fund. It is true, as the defendants point out, that the farther a case proceeds the more reluctant the courts are to permit an amendment. Nevertheless, we fail to see how the defendants were improperly prejudiced by the amendment. All of the proof reviewed in preceding paragraphs had been admitted before the amendment was made. No objection was made upon the theory that the pleadings were not sufficient to justify the reception of this testimony, unless the objection was included *535 within the general one of immateriality. We observe that the defendants themselves sought to prove that nothing was lost to the trust estate through Thomas’s failure to timely enforce payment of the note. Possibly this evidence was rebuttal in nature, but its submission indicates that the defendants knew, even before the amendment was tendered, that the plaintiff’s purposes were more inclusive than the complaint disclosed. The power to allow amendments reposes largely in the discretion of the court. Liberality is to be favored, especially when it does not deprive the adversary of full opportunity to offer his evidence. The order allowing the amendment recited: “It is further ordered that this cause be continued to permit the defendants to introduce any additional testimony they may desire to offer on the phase of the case covered by the above amendment. ’ ’ None was offered. We believe that this assignment of error possesses no merit.
The defendants next contend that since the amended complaint avers in the alternative that Thomas either collected the amount due upon the note or could have collected it through the exercise of due diligence, the claim presented by the plaintiff (a part of which is quoted in a preceding paragraph) is insufficient, and that, therefore, the circuit court should not have awarded its decree to the plaintiff.
Section 5-710, Oregon Code 1930, states:
‘ ‘ Such action shall not be commenced until the claim of the plaintiff has been duly presented to such executor or administrator, and by him disallowed * * *
The claim, besides containing the paragraph previously quoted, states that July 21, 1924, Thomas accepted the office of trustee by means of the receipt-in *536 strument, a copy of which the claimant attached to her claim. The claim, after stating that the plaintiff was appointed Thomas’s successor, then set forth the paragraph of William’s will which contained the bequest in trust for Charles’s children. These averments were followed by others which stated that Thomas had collected the amount payable upon the note and “that the estate of Thomas H. Mosgrove is justly indebted to me as such Trustee in the sum of $5000.00 * * * • that no payment has been made thereon except interest has been paid to the 14th day of December, 1928; that the amount claimed is justly due and that there is no counterclaim or offset to the same to the knowledge of your affiant; that the only written evidence of said claim is the exhibit hereto attached * * * .”
It will be observed that § 5-710 does not prescribe the particularity with which the claimant must set forth the facts out of which his claim arose. In In re Andersen’s Estate, 101 Or. 94, 188 P. 164, 198 P. 236, Mr. Justice Harris said:
“Although the verified claim takes the place of a complaint, the facts constituting the claim need not be stated with the degree of particularity required in a complaint filed in an action at law. The facts constituting a claim against an estate may be averred in general terms; and if the facts show a subsisting liability in favor of the claimant the claim is sufficiently stated. ’ ’
In that case, owing to what Mr. Justice Harris termed “the liberal rule which is followed in determining the sufficiency of a claim presented to an administrator or executor,” the plaintiff’s claim was held sufficient. It was based upon a theory that the deceased and one Tates, to whom the plaintiff had paid the price of an automobile, were partners engaged in the busi *537 ness of selling cars. The proof showed that the two men were not partners and that Yates was no more than an employee of the deceased.
The purpose which presentation of a written claim to the estate’s representative is intended to serve is the best guide in determining the sufficiency of the claim. Claims are required to be presented in written form in order to enable the representative to pay such of them as he deems just, thus obviating the necessity of reducing all of them to judgment. In order to enable him intelligently to determine the validity of the claims, each of them ought to express with sufficient particularity the circumstances out of which it arose. The character of the claim, the likelihood or unlikelihood of there being others of substantially the same kind, and the extent to which it is necessary to describe a claim of that character in order to identify it in the representative’s mind, are factors of importance. Ordinarily, language which distinguishes the claim from all others of like kind and which states in general the facts upon which it is predicated suffices. In other words, substantial compliance with the statute’s demands suffices: Bancroft’s Probate Practice, § 768. The plaintiff’s claim identified her and was accompanied with copies of the instruments (William Mosgrove’s will and the paper whereby Thomas H. Mosgrove assumed the duties of trustee) upon which the claim was predicated. It stated that Thomas had administered the trust for nine years, and that in so doing he had subjected his estate to a liability in the sum of $5,000 by virtue of a note which he held in trust. It is true that the claim stated that he had collected the note, but this statement was in part true. It omitted to mention that through inattention he had neglected to collect all *538 of the obligation. The defendants seemed to have discerned that the plaintiff might rely upon improper administration and, therefore, during the trial presented evidence of proper administration. Possibly when the plaintiff prepared the claim she did not know that full payment had not been made. However, we are satisfied that the defendants’ principal defense was a contention that Thomas never became trustee. The facts concerning his appointment were properly stated in the claim. It appears obvious that the defendants would not have allowed the claim had it contained the same amendment which was incorporated in the complaint at the close of the trial. We believe that the claim served its purpose, although it did not fully state its basis. It substantially met the requirements of § 5-710, Oregon Code 1930.
The defendants deny that Thomas failed to administer the trust with the required degree of care and diligence. It was his duty ‘ ‘ to exercise such care and skill as a man of ordinary prudence would exercise in dealing with his own property.”: Restatement of the Law, Trusts, § 174. Thomas received this note July 21, 1924, and, as we have seen, the trustee account contained only $3,021.85 when the bank in which it was deposited closed. In the meantime, one of the corporations which had assumed payment of the note somehow wound up its affairs and the other passed into the control of a liquidator who, at the time of the trial, had paid nothing upon this note although he had made disbursements to the extent of 12 per cent of their claims to the other , creditors. Although Almira had endorsed the note and left an estate worth $31,000 when she died May 13,1927, no claim upon the note was presented against her estate. When Matt died in January, 1926, Thomas be *539 came executor of Ms estate. The inventory and appraisement of the latter indicated a value of $69,108.59. Its indebtedness aggregated $20,021.16, leaving a net worth of $49,087.43. Out of the latter $8,000 was drawn with which the trust bequeathed by Matt in behalf of Charles’s cMldren was established. Thomas, as holder of this $5,000 note, did not present a claim against himself as executor of Matt’s estate. It is true, as the defendants point out, that later many of the assets of Matt’s estate proved to be disappointments; nevertheless, the above sum of $8,000 was drawn out of it. As late as December, 1931, the T. C. Elliott Company had on deposit with the First National Bank in Milton $1,280.67, and at the same time the Mosgrove Company ' had on deposit in the same institution $3,764.73. The total of the two was $5,045.40 or more than enough to have paid the note. At that time the trustee account contained $3,021.85. Thus, there were four sources from wMch payment could have been obtained: (1) Almira’s estate; (2) Matt’s estate; (3) The Mosgrove Company; and (4) the T. C. Elliott Company. All were neglected until it was too late. We believe that the findings of the circuit court that the note could have been collected in full by Thomas “through the exercise of reasonable diligence” is supported by the evidence.
Next, the defendants contend that the part of the plaintiff’s claim predicated upon negligent administration is barred by the period of limitation. However, that objection was not made by either demurrer or answer, and hence was waived: § 1-609, Oregon Code 1930. It is true that the averment wMch incorporated into the complaint the charge of defective administration came after the answer had been filed, but *540 at that time the defendants did not ask for the privilege of filing any additional pleadings — a privilege which we feel certain would have been granted. Under the circumstances this assignment of error reveals no error.
The above disposes of all contentions presented by the defendants. Each item which they argue has not been specially dealt with herein, but all have been carefully considered, and we believe that all of them are controlled by the above principles. The numerous authorities cited in the defendants’ comprehensive briefs have been carefully examined. We have found no error. The decree of the circuit court is affirmed. Costs and disbursements will be allowed to neither party.
Rand, C. J., and Bean, Belt, and Kelly, JJ., concur.
Loading…