Ferra v. United Electric Railways Co.

*8 Sweeney, J. This is an action of trespass on the case for negligence in which a jury in the Superior Court returned a verdict for the plaintiff for $17,000. The case is before this court on defendant’s exceptions. The 49th exception will be first considered. This exception is to the refusal of the trial justice to grant defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. The motion is based upon three grounds (1) that the plaintiff was not in the exercise of due care as a matter of law and that his failure to use due care was the proximate cause of his injury; (2) that the negligence of the driver of the truck was the sole proximate cause of the collision; (3) that there was no credible evidence of the negligence of the motorman. *9 The law applying to the consideration of the evidence on a motion to direct a verdict is (1) that a verdict should not be directed for a defendant if on any reasonable view of the testimony the plaintiff can recover; (2) the question of contributory negligence is generally one for the jury unless it clearly appears that the only proper inference from the facts and circumstances in the case is that an ordinary prudent person would not have acted as did the plaintiff. Reddington v. Getchell, 40 R. I. 463; Gilbane v. Lent, 41 R. I. 462. These cases have been cited and followed with approval many times. The undisputed facts are as follows: Defendant maintains double trolley car tracks on Chalkstone avenue. The track used by the westbound cars is on the northerly side of the avenue. May 25, 1922, between 7 and 8 o’clock, p. m., there was a collision between a motor truck and a trolley car at the intersection of Chalkstone avenue and Raymond street. The truck was going northerly on Raymond street and the car was going westerly on Chalkstone avenue. The car was 28 feet long and weighed about 8 tons. The truck was 27 feet long, 7 feet wide and weighed 5y2 tons. It was loaded with three pieces of cut stone, two buttresses weighing one ton each and a platform weighing 3% tons. Each stone rested on pieces of wood (size 4" x 4"); the platform stone was on the rear of the truck and the 'buttresses were between it and the cab. There was a space of about one foot between each stone. Antonio Bernardo was seated in the cab on the right driving the truck. At his left was his father; his brother was standing on the buttress on the left side of the truck holding onto the stakes back of the cab. Plaintiff was sitting on the buttress on the right side of the truck with his back to the cab and facing the rear of the truck. His left leg was on his left side of the buttress and his right leg was between the buttress and the platform stone. When the collision occurred between the truck and' the trolley car the platform stone was moved forward about ten inches and crushed plaintiff’s right leg against the buttress. *10 The important issue in the case is which vehicle ran into the other. Plaintiff testified that the first he knew of the collision was when his leg was caught between the stones. He testified that he was familiar with Chalkstone avenue and did not look or listen when the truck was approaching the avenue. Antonio Bernardo, the driver of the truck, testified that the truck was going 5 or 6 miles an hour as it reached the avenue; that when he was about 50 feet from the northerly car track he saw the trolley car about 225 feet away approaching at a speed of about 15 miles an hour; that he started to cross the avenue intending to continue northerly on Oakland avenue; that when he was opposite the curb line of Chalkstone avenue the car was about 100 to 125 feet away and had increased its speed on the down-grade; that he applied the brakes to his truck; that the car kept coming at increased speed until it was going 30 to 35 miles an hour; that his truck was twisted to the left by the car and thát he could not start the engine after the collision. Two other witnesses for the plaintiff testified as to the constantly increasing speed of the trolley car on the down-grade until it struck the front of the truck and pushed it toward the west and that when the trolley car stopped it was about 35 feet from the truck. The motorman testified that he had stopped his car at Ayrault street to let off passengers; that he started the car and then shut off the power to let the car coast down-grade towards Oakland (Raymond) avenue; that his car was going 8 to 10 miles an hour as it approached the place of • the accident; that when he was 8 to 10 feet from Oakland avenue he saw the truck and reduced the speed of his car to 3 to 4 miles an hour; that when he saw the truck coming towards his car he reduced its speed as much as he could and threw in the emergency brake and then released it, and the car stopped automatically; that the collision occurred about in the middle of the street; that after the accident the front part of the truck was at the side of the car at the fourth window from the front. Testimony of *11 two passengers on the car was introduced tending to show the slow speed of the car as it approached Oakland avenue. It appears in the record that it had been raining and there was a question whether the street and rails were so slippery as to affect the control of the truck and the car. The conflicting testimony as to the speed of the car and the distance it was from the truck when the truck started to cross Chalkstone avenue and as to which vehicle ran into the other created issues of fact for the jury. Under the facts testified to by the driver of the truck and the other witnesses for the plaintiff, it could not be held as a matter of law that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence or that the negligence of the-driver of the truck was the sole and proximate cause of the collision. In Hermann v. R. I. Co., 36 R. I. 447, 450, it was held that the negligence, if any, of the driver of an automobile could not be imputed to a passenger in the automobile. The court also said: “It is the duty of such guest or passenger, in circumstances similar to the one under consideration, to use reasonable care for his own safety. Whether he has exercised such a degree of care is primarily a question fo.r the jury. It cannot be said as a matter of law that such guest or passenger is guilty of negligence because he has done nothing. In many such cases the highest degree of caution may consist of inaction.” In this case it cannot be said as a matter of law that plaintiff was bound to anticipate a collision between the truck and the trolley car or a shifting of the stones on the truck as the result of such a collision. The trial justice did not err when he denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. Defendant submitted several requests to charge, two of them being as follows: “If you find from the evidence that the electric car had reached the point of crossing sufficiently in advance of the truck upon which the plaintiff was riding, then I charge you that the defendant had the right of way at this crossing.” “Although a person riding as a passenger in a vehicle, *12 who has no control over the vehicle, is not chargeable with the negligence of the driver, still, in this case if you find that the negligence of the driver of the truck was the proximate cause of the collision, then I charge you, you cannot find a verdict for the plaintiff.” The trial justice refused these two requests. Each request is a correct statement of a proposition of law applicable to the evidence in the case. The substance of these requests was not included in the general charge. Instead of charging as requested the trial justice' instructed the jury that “the negligence of the driver of the truck enters into this case only so far -as it tends to explain or may tend to prove or disprove that the motorman of the car was negligent.” If the negligence of the driver of the truck was the sole and proximate cause of the collision, then the defendant would not bé liable. The -refusal to charge as requested was prejudicial to defendant and constitutes reversible error. Exceptions Nos. 51 and 54 must be sustained. The trial justice instructed the jury that: “If Mr. Ferra handled himself as an ordinary prudent person would and the motorman was negligent, and the negligence was’ the proximate cause of this collision, the defendant company is liable. Now, proximate cause means simply this: if the motorman committed any act of negligence which if he had not committed it would have avoided this accident, then that negligence is the proximate cause of the accident. . . . Now, apply that rule to this case. Was Mr. Ferra, this plaintiff, in the exercise of due care, or was the motorman negligent, and was his' negligence the proximate cause, contributing cause, of the collision, or did it have something to do with this collision? If those two conditions existed the plaintiff has a right to recover.” Defendant excepted to the portion of the charge in which the court said that: “if the motorman committed any act of negligence which if he had not committed it would have avoided this accident” as erroneous. The exception must Joe sustained as the charge imposed too high a degree of *13 care upon the motorman and was highly prejudicial to the defendant. Defendant would be liable to plaintiff only in the event that the negligence of its motorman was the. proximate cause of the collision. As there must be a new trial of the case for errors in the charge and refusal to charge as requested, it is unnecessary to consider the other exceptions for alleged errors occurring during the trial or the exception to the denial of defendant’s motion for a new trial. The 60th exception is to the decision overruling the demurrer to the declaration. Under the provisions of § 5132, G. L. 1923, this exception would not be open to revision as it does not appear that the verdict was erroneously affected thereby. But as there is to be a new trial of the case for the reasons already given we deem it proper to consider this exception as this is the first time defendant has had an opportunity to present it. The demurrer alleged that it did not appear in the declaration in what respect defendant’s servant was negligent in operating its trolley car. The declaration only alleged that defendant’s servant so negligently operated its trolley car as to cause it to collide with the truck upon which the plaintiff was riding. Plaintiff contends that the allegation of negligence conforms to the allegation of negligence which was held to be sufficient in the case of Parker v. Prov. & Stonington S. Co., 17 R. I. 376. In that case the court said: “Enough must appear (in the declaration) to give the defendant notice of the character of the case which the plaintiff will undertake to prove.” The testimony produced by the plaintiff in this case tends to prove that the negligence complained of was the excessive speed at which the trolley car was operated as it approached Raymond street. There is nothing in the declaration which gave defendant notice of this claim of the plaintiff. In Kelly v. Davis, 48 R. I. 94, this court considered the sufficiency of the allegation of negligence in the *14 declaration and held that a general allegation of negligence was not sufficient when the facts could have been ascertained by the plaintiff; that in such a case it must be alleged with reasonable certainty in what respect defendant was negligent as he was entitled to receive fair notice by the declaration of the claim against which he would be required to defend. In Bennett v. Connery & Co., Inc., 48 R. I. 350, the court said that if the plaintiff was unable to allege the exact cause of the accident or the precise nature of the negligence he should allege his lack of knowledge or means of knowledge. In the case at bar plaintiff knew that the alleged negligence of defendant’s servant was the excessive and increasing speed of the trolley car as it approached Raymond street. There is nothing in the declaration which gave defendant notice that it would be required to defend against this claim. The demurrer should have been sustained. After the case has been returned to the Superior Court plaintiff may upon motion amend his declaration within the discretion of the Superior Court. Defendant’s 51st, 54th, 58th, and 60th exceptions are sustained and the case is remitted to the Superior Court for further proceedings.