Carr v. . American Locomotive Co.

Sweetland, J. This is an action of trespass on the case for damages for personal injuries resulting from an accident in the shop of the defendant company in June 28th, 1902. The plaintiff was at that time in the employ of the defendant, in said shop. The plaintiff had been engaged in such employment 'for several months prior to the accident, heating rivets for the boilermakers in defendant’s boiler shop in certain rivet-heaters provided by the defendant for that purpose. At the time of the accident the plaintiff was working at a rivet-heater known as an oil-heater, provided with a burner adapted for the use of oil as a fuel when supplied under .pressure, so that oil was burned as it emerged in the form of spray from the burner and entered the furnace of the rivet-heater. This burner consisted of a combination of three valves fitted in an upright supply pipe at a convenient point opposite the opening in the furnace of the rivet-heater so as to permit the projection of the flame produced by the burning oil under pressure through said opening into the furnace. The top valve controlled the supply of air in the pipe carried under pressure to the burner *236 for the purpose of producing the spray of oil desired for combustion. The bottom valve controlled the supply of oil in the pipe also forced under pressure to the burner.' The middle valve controlled the flow of the mingled oil and air, meeting in the burner, and regulated the supply. The burner was provided with a nozzle or nose several inches in length opposite this middle valve and extending into the furnace itself. The middle or burner valve was equipped with a threaded valve-stem adapted to screw into the body of the valve. This valve-stem, if in good condition, when inserted into the body of the valve, required about nine turns to be screwed to its seat in the valve. This valve-stem could be wholly unscrewed and withdrawn from the valve and was not provided with any checking or holding device to prevent its being so unscrewed and withdrawn. The plaintiff claims that the burner valve-stem upon the rivet-heater, at which he was working at the time of the accident, had become worn in its threads and loose in the valve; that it had been subjected to abuse and injury while it was being repaired and its handle replaced some time before the accident; that it was dangerously loose in the valve, and that when opened a very few turns, it was liable to be blown out by the pressure of the oil and air. The plaintiff alleges that this unsafe condition of the valve-stem was known to the defendant, but was unknown to him. The plaintiff claims that on the morning of the accident he began work by starting a fire in the oil-heater, in the usual way; that after the fire had been started he undertook to regulate the fire and the flow of oil by turning this middle valve as usual; that he turned the valve-stem two or three turns, when the stem blew out past him and fell to the floor some few feet away from the burner; that a stream of oil under pressure immediately followed the valve-stem through the opening in the valve, striking against his body with such force that portions of the oil rebounded, in the form of spray into the furnace fire, whereby it became ignited, and the flames were thus communicated to the oil, then playing upon him from the burner, so that he was enveloped in flames, his clothing took fire and his face, neck, chest, and arms were badly burned. *237 The case was tried before a justice of the Superior Court and a jury. At the trial, the defendant produced in court as an exhibit, marked defendant’s exhibit A., a combination of three valves fitted to a pipe, which the defendant claims were the same pipe and valves which were upon the rivet-heater, operated by the plaintiff, at the time of the accident, and which the defendant had removed, shortly after the accident, and had preserved to be offered as an exhibit at the trial. The plaintiff denied that the stem in the middle, or burner, valve in Exhibit A, was the same burner valve-stem that was in the appliance at the time of the accident. There can be no question that the burner valve-stem in exhibit A. is in good condition. The identity, therefore, of the burner valve-stem produced in court became a most important issue before the jury. At the trial the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of $22,895. In addition to its general verdict, the jury returned a special verdict upon certain issues submitted to it. These special issues, with the jury’s findings thereon, are as follows: 1. Was the valve-stem produced in court as a part of the burner-valve in question, and forming a part of defendant’s exhibit A, the stem operated by the plaintiff at the time of the accident? No. If the answer to question one (1) be no, then the jury should answer the following questions: 2'. Was the thread on the stem of the burner-valve operated by the plaintiff at the time of the accident, then in good working condition? No. 3. Was the thread in the body of the burner-valve operated by the plaintiff at the time of the accident, then in good working condition? Yes. 4. Did the middle valve-stem in the apparatus operated by the plaintiff at the time of the accident blow out of the valve when operated two turns, while being so operated by him? Yes. 5. Were the agents of the defendant company in charge of the boiler-shop notified that the middle valve-stem used in *238 said apparatus had blown out of the valve while in operation prior to the accident? Yes. (1) The defendant duly filed and prosecuted its motion for a new trial in the Superior Court upon the grounds that the general verdict of the jury and the first, second, fourth, and fifth special findings of the jury were against the evidence and the weight thereof, and that the damages awarded by the jury were excessive. The justice presiding at the trial, after hearing the motion for a new trial, decided that on the issue whether the middle stem of exhibit A. was or not the stem that was on the apparatus at the time of the accident, the weight of the testimony was with the defendant and granted the motion for new trial. The case is before this court upon the plaintiff’s exception to the decision of the Superior Court granting the motion for new trial. The defendant has also filed a bill of its exceptions, taken at the trial, to various rulings and instructions of the justice presiding. The defendant claims that these rulings and instructions to which it has taken exception constitute reversible error and entitle it to a new trial, and urges that, if this court should for any reason sustain the plaintiff’s bill of exceptions, it should not sustain the verdict of the jury, but should order a new trial. We are of the opinion that the procedure of the defendant is proper, and that if the plaintiff’s exceptions are sustained, the court should then consider the defendant’s exceptions, taken at the trial; and if the defendant’s exceptions constitute reversible error, the case should be remitted to the Superior Court for a new trial. This case has been tried four times. The first trial was in the Common Pleas Division of the Supreme Court, and resulted in a disagreement of the jury. The second trial was in the Common Pleas Division of the Supreme Court, and the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff for $18,000, with a special finding that exhibit A. includes the identical burner-valve and stem which were operated by the plaintiff at- the time of the accident. Upon petition, the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court granted a new trial (Carr vs. American Locomotive Co., 26 R. I. 180). Upon the establishment of the Superior Court *239 this case was transferred to that court, and the last two trials have been in that court. The third trial resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff for $20,000, with a special finding that the burner valve-stem forming a part of exhibit A. was not the stem operated by the plaintiff at the time of the accident. The justice who presided at that trial denied the defendant’s motion for a new trial. Upon exception to that decision this court sustained the exception and ordered a new trial (Carr v. American Locomotive Co., 29 R. I. 276). A fourth and last trial was had with the result, herein stated, of a verdict of $22,895 for the plaintiff, with a special finding by the jury that the burner valve-stem forming a part of exhibit A; was not the stem operated by the plaintiff at the time of the accident. It therefore appears that there have been three concurring verdicts in favor of the plaintiff. At the time of the first verdict there was no procedure in this State permitting a review of the jury’s finding by the justice presiding at the trial. After the second verdict the justice presiding, acting under such a procedure, after hearing the testimony, denied the motion for a new trial and approved the verdict. The justice presiding at the last trial has decided that the weight of the testimony is with the defendant. After the first and second verdicts this court reviewed the testimony and decided that in its opinion the evidence preponderated in favor of the defendant, and that there should be new trials. And now, after another jury has found in favor of the plaintiff’s claims, this court is asked again to disregard the finding of the jury and to send the case again for another trial before another jury. *241 (2) *239 From the record before us it does not appear whether at the first two trials the justices were asked to direct verdicts in favor of the defendant; but in each instance the case was submitted to the jury. At the third trial a motion was made that the jury be directed to return a verdict for the defendant. The motion was denied, and this court said in Carr v. American Locomotive Co., 29 R.. I. at 290: “The forty-sixth exception was taken to the court’s denial of a motion to direct a verdict *240 for the defendant upon all the testimony. The evidence was conflicting and was properly left to the jury.” At the last trial the justice presiding refused to direct a verdict in the defendant’s favor. We have carefully read and considered the transcript of the testimony given at the last trial. The plaintiff has produced the testimony of seven new witnesses in support of his claim as to the defendant’s negligence and the identity of the middle stem on exhibit A. The case for the plaintiff is much stronger than at the former trial. Upon this testimony, to order judgment for the deféndant would be highly improper. If the case was before us for the first time, we should hesitate to disturb the verdict of the jury but for the decision of the justice presiding at the trial, whose decision will in ordinary cases be given much persuasive force by this court in appellate proceedings. Thus it has appeared to every judicial mind which has considered the testimony in this case that the deductions which may fairly be made upon the evidence are conflicting, that there is substantial evidence to support a verdict for the plaintiff, and that it is a case in which, under the constitution of this State, the determination of the facts must be made by a jury. The effect of the two opinions of this court in granting new trials was not that the verdicts in the plaintiff’s favor were entirely unjustified, for in that case the court would have exercised its authority and ordered a judgment for the defendant. The opinions indicate, rather, that the court was not satisfied that justice had been done, that in its opinion another opportunity should be given to the parties to present further testimony if they were able, and that the court might have the benefit of the finding of another jury upon the issues. In McCann v. New York, etc., 73 N. Y. App. Div. 305, the court, in considering the effect of concurring verdicts, said: “ These issues of fact must be ultimately decided by the jury. The single question presented, therefore, is whether this court can or should accomplish indirectly by setting aside the verdict what it could not accomplish directly, viz., prevent a recovery by the plaintiff. . . . While the trial court and the Appellate Division should not hesitate to set aside a verdict as against *241 the weight of evidence, where the ends of justice appear to require a new trial, yet when it comes to setting aside on this ground alone three verdicts rendered in' an ordinary action possessing no extraordinary features, the court should hesitate lest it usurp the functions of the jury.” In some States it has been provided by statute that there shall not be granted in any case, to the same party, more than two new trials on the ground that the verdict is contrary to the evidence, or that it is not sufficiently supported by the evidence. Thus fixing in those States the rule as to the effect of concurring verdicts when there has been no error of law. In the absence of such statutory provision the doctrine has been generally accepted, by the courts of the various States, that, in cases where the evidence is conflicting and a judgment cannot be directed, and successive juries have returned a verdict for the same party, there comes a time when the court upon the facts will no longer oppose their judgment to that of the jury, but will bring long-continued litigation to a close. This doctrine has not been accepted in a few cases and by some eminent jurists in dissenting opinions, and the position has been taken, as in the dissenting opinion in McCann v. New York, &c. 73 N. Y. App. Div. 305: “A wrong committed, no matter how often, never makes a right. This verdict is wrong; it is the result of misconception, prejudice or partiality and ought not to be approved by the court. Upon substantially the same state of facts we have 'several times declared that the plaintiff ought not to recover, and yet we are about to permit a recovery, because the jury forsooth have, for the fourth time, committed the same wrong. The .law imposes a duty upon this court to review verdicts, and whenever it can be seen that injustice has been done, by reason of the jury not properly considering the evidence, or that its action has been influenced either by prejudice or partiality, then the court ought, in the discharge of its duty, to fearlessly exercise the power given to it by the statute (Code Civ. Proc. Sec. 1317) and right the wrong by setting the verdict aside and ordering a new trial, and this as many times as may be necessary to accomplish the proper result. Justice never tires, and *242 an act ought not to be approved in its name which wrongfully takes property from one person and gives it to another.” This position presupposes in the judicial mind an infallibility in the determination of conflicting issues of fact which few courts would claim for themselves. If it is unquestioned in the mind of the court that a wrong has been committed by the verdict of the jury, surely the verdict should not be allowed to stand. The law provides a method by which such wrong can be corrected, and, regardless of the jury's verdict, a judgment should be ordered for the other party. That an appellate court has twice remanded a cause for a new trial indicates that the evidence of a wrong committed is not indubitable. The court may have an opinion or a suspicion that an injustice has been done, but it is unable to so declare with certainty. Courts recognize that it is not given to human tribunals to determine with the exactness of mathematical demonstration what is the true and just conclusion upon conflicting facts, with regard to which there is the opposing testimony of witnesses, as to whose reliability and good faith different minds may reasonably disagree. Cases involving such conflicting statements of fact must of necessity be determined in the courts, ultimately by the finding of a jury, but the true solution can not be found with demonstrative certainty. Hence an appellate court, having given sufficient opportunity for a fair determination of such disputed questions, will not longer interfere with the finding of the jury. To take this course is not to weakly permit or to approve the doing of a wrong in the name of justice, but is to recognize the proper functions of the court and the jury, and, after exercising due caution to prevent injustice, places the determination of disputed questions of fact in the tribunal provided by our constitution and laws. This doctrine has been recognized by this court. In Steadman v. Wilbur, 7 It. I. 481, Ames, C. J., said: “After two full trials in this court by impartial juries, in which verdicts were rendered for the defendants, we certainly shall not open this case for a new trial, without strong proof that justice imperatively demands it. We cannot say, looking at the evidence, direct and circumstan *243 tial, although, not as full as might be desired, that the jury-must have been mistaken or partial to have rendered the verdict that they did. We do not see that this litigation can be rightfully permitted to go any farther; and upon all the grounds, dismiss this motion for a new trial, with costs.” In Bounds v. Humes, 7 R. I. 535, the court found that the plaintiff had not only failed to prove the allegations of his declaration but had proved the precise contrary of it, and the court was obliged to set .aside a second verdict in the plaintiff’s favor, and said: “ It is with reluctance that the court grants a new trial on the ground that the verdict is against the evidence, where the verdict is the second which has been obtained by the prevailing party. In the present case, however, we think that our duty leaves us no choice.” The court in that case recognized the exception to the rule as to concurring verdicts afterwards followed in Burnham v. N. Y., Prov. & Bost. R. R., 17 R. I. 544 and 18 R. I. 494. That where it conclusively appears that the verdict is wrong the court will not permit it to stand although it may be the second or third successive verdict for the same party; In McNeil v. Lyons, 22 R. I. 7, the court said: “In view of three .concurring verdicts for the plaintiff, the court must assume, even though it may not be satisfied, that the verdict is not against the evidence.” “In Burnham v. N. Y., Prov. & Bost. R. R. Co., 17 R. I. 544, and 18 R. I. 494, this court set aside three concurring verdicts, but for reasons which do not apply to this case. In that case, in the opinion of the majority of the court, it conclusively appeared that the engine which Burnham was running, comparing its admitted rate of speed and the distance to be covered, must have been beyond the electric signal, so that he could have seen it if he had been looking. In this case there is no such degree of certainty.”' The decisions in most of the other States are in accord with ours. In Brown v. Paterson Paper Co., 69 N. J. L. 474, a former verdict had been set aside because against the weight of the evidence. The court said: “While in this state there *244 is no statute or rule established by decisions, limiting the number of times this court may set aside a verdict and grant a new trial because it is against the weight of the evidence, still a second concurring verdict upon the same state of facts or on slightly varying evidence should cause the court to hesitate before granting a third trial. . . . There is evidence from which the pry might have found both these facts the other way, but, as upon both trials in this cause the jury have found these facts in favor of the plaintiff, we think, under the circumstances of the case the rule to show cause should be discharged.” In Hazzard v. Mayor, &c., 77 Ga. 54, the opinion of the court was: "The questions of fact being the peculiar province of the jury, and that body having three times, by three several and different representatives of the jury box each time, found for the plaintiff, and the last time a considerate and reasonable verdict, the law, which invests that body of men of the vicinage with the judgment over facts, as it does the presiding judge over law, will not permit this court in the last resort to allow the judge to control the jury ad infinitum upon facts, where there is evidence (though, in the judgment of that coyrt and this, it be comparatively weak) in which repeated findings may rest; because to allow this will be to allow the judge to oust the jury of its constitutional prerogatives, and thus to unite in one, two separate jurisdictional powers clothed by the constitution and laws with distinct functions.” Keans v. Jones, 77 Ga. 90; Harrigan v. Railway Co. 84 Ga. 793. In the later Georgia case, Central Railroad Co. v. Kent, 91 Ga. 687, applying the rule as in Burnham v. N. Y., Prov. & Bost. R. R. supra, a majority of the court, after a third verdict for the plaintiff, refused to affirm it on the ground that there was no evidence to support it, and in that view of the case directed that the plaintiff’s action be dismissed. In Handly v. Call, 30 Me. 9, a verdict obtained for the plaintiff at a former trial'had been set aside; the court said: "Another jury has come to the same conclusion. The opinion of the court cannot be substituted for that of the jury.” Hyde v. Haak, 132 Mich. 364; Joyce v. Charleston Ice Manuf'g Co., *245 50 Fed. 371; Frost v. Brown, 2 Bay (S. C.), 139; Fowler v. Attica Fire Ins. Co., 7 Wend. 270. In McCann v. New York, 73 N. Y. App. Div. 305, the court said: “A sufficient number of trials has now been granted to remove any suspicion of the existence of bias, passion, prejudice or corruption, and it becomes a mere matter of judgment on questions of: fact. The administration of jurisprudence where trial by jury is preserved goes upon the theory that the judgment of twelve laymen upon a question of fact is safer than that of a smaller body of judges who are more removed from the people. An unwarranted exercise of this power to set aside verdicts as against the weight of the evidence would sooner or later bring the judiciary into disrepute. We think any further interference with the verdict of the jury in this case would be unauthorized and unjustified.” (3) In the case at bar, we are of the opinion that the time has now arrived when this rule with regard to concurring verdicts should be applied, and if there has been no error of law, occurring at the trial, which affects the jury’s verdict, that verdict should be allowed to stand. This conclusion as to the force and effect of the three successive verdicts for the plaintiff, notwithstanding the decision of the justice of the Superior Court, is not in disregard of the rule in Wilcox v. Rhode Island Co., 29 R. I. 292. The doctrine as to the force of concurring verdicts is superior to the rule in the Wilcox case. When the time comes in any case for the application of that doctrine it will be applied, not only in disregard of the decision of the justice of the Superior Court, but also in disregard of our own former conclusions in the case. It now becomes necessary to examine the defendant’s exceptions taken at the trial. Of these we shall consider the fifteenth, twentieth, twenty-third, twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, and twenty-seventh, as they are the only ones now pressed by the defendant before this court. (4) The fifteenth is: “The presiding justice erred in refusing to permit one of the defendant’s witnesses to answer the following question propounded by defendant’s counsel: 'Have you ever known of an operator being injured in operating the furnace *246 before? ’ to which exception was taken.” It is quite immaterial if the witness had known of no operator being injured before while operating the furnace. The furnace might be defective and the stem blown out of the valve many times before, because of its defective condition, and yet the operator at the time of such occurrences be entirely uninjured. (5) The twentieth exception is: “ At the conclusion of the testimony the defendant requested the court to instruct the jury as follows: ‘X. If you find that the valve with its stem was defective in not having any engagement between the threads on the stem and in the valve and would blow out when it was two turns removed from the seat, and that the plaintiff knew or might have known of such defective condition by the exercise of reasonable care, the verdict must be for the defendant.’ The court refused the request so made, to which exception was taken.” The justice presiding charged fully that the plaintiff could not recover if he knew of the defective condition of the stem. The defendant insists upon the rule laid down by this court that “a workman is bound by such knowledge as he ought to have as well as by what he actually has.” That rule has no application to the facts of this case. The facts with regard to the condition of this stem which the plaintiff actually knew is all the knowledge which the law required him to have. He was not required to inform himself as to the experience of other workmen about this furnace. His duties did not require or permit him to withdraw the stem and examine its threads. He was under no duty to inspect the mechanism. The twénty-third, twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, and twenty-seventh exceptions are to instructions given to the jury upon the request of the plaintiff. We find no error in those instructions. They are in accord with opinions of this court previously rendered. The defendant takes nothing by its exceptions. The defendant does not press before us the question of excessive damages, which was one of the grounds for its motion for a new trial before the Superior Court. We have, however, considered the question, and although the amount awarded by the *247 jury is large, in view of the very serious permanent injury to the plaintiff, we can not say that it is excessive. The plaintiff’s exceptions are sustained, and the case is remitted to the Superior Court with direction to enter judgment upon the verdict.