The bill alleged that George H. Anthony, the complainant, was on the 8th of April, 1867, and for several years previously *Page 166 had been, clerk in the wholesale grocery store of Henry S. Hutchins, one of the defendants. On that day Anthony was told by Henry S. Hutchins, Chester P. Hutchins, and Jabez C. Potter, that he, Anthony, had been detected in taking goods fraudulently from his employer's store, and subsequently on that day executed two powers of attorney to Chester P. Hutchins, by each of which he authorized said Chester P. to convey ten shares of stock then belonging to him in the American Screw Company. Ten of said shares were afterwards, under one of said powers of attorney, transferred by said C.P. Hutchins to said Henry S. Hutchins, he, said C.P. Hutchins still, and up to the time of the filing of the bill, continuing to hold the power of attorney for the other ten. Anthony also on said day placed in the hands of said C.P. Hutchins his certificate of said twenty shares of stock.
The bill prayed that the said powers of attorney and transfer might be decreed to be set aside as void; or at the most to be held as security to said Henry S. Hutchins for any of his goods which might be shown to have been abstracted by said Anthony; the bill alleging that the complainant at the time of their execution was in a feeble state of health in body and mind, and being subject to epilepsy, and alleging that he was on said day confined and kept in custody by said H.S. Hutchins, C.P. Hutchins, and J.C. Potter, and by that means and by means of alleged threats of prosecution, so worked upon as to cause him to execute said instruments unadvisedly and without an opportunity to consult his family or friends; and also alleging that the complainant misunderstood the import and effect of one of said powers of attorney, and supposed that he was executing only one power of attorney authorizing the transfer of ten shares of said stock to Henry S. Hutchins as security as aforesaid, and that the other paper was a duplicate of the first or some other paper needed to effect said transfer. The bill also denied that said Anthony had abstracted any of said H.S. Hutchins's goods in manner aforesaid.
The answer of the defendant Henry S. Hutchins denied that said Anthony was on said day arrested or taken into custody by him or by any one, or that he was by any such confinement or restraint, or by any duress or threats of exposure or imprisonment *Page 167 induced to execute said powers of attorney, and also denied having on said 8th day of April made any false charge or accusation against the complainant, or having held out any inducements to persuade him to transfer said stock.
Said answer alleged that he (said Henry S. Hutchins) had missed large quantities of goods from his store since the complainant had been clerk for him, for which no account had been given, and admitted that he and his co-defendant did on said 8th of April charge said complainant with purloining and fraudulently taking a large quantity of goods from said Henry S. Hutchins's store, and did say that they had proof thereof, which charge and statement was true to the best of said defendants' knowledge and belief. Also stated that said complainant on said day confessed to the defendants that he had been taking goods fraudulently from the store of said H.S. Hutchins since September, 1866. Also that he, said defendant, was informed and believed that on the morning of said 8th of April, 1867, said complainant was detected in the act of fraudulently abstracting from said store a ream of paper and a keg of butter, the property of said H.S. Hutchins. Also that said complainant on said day acknowledged and confessed in the presence of said H.S. Hutchins, and of Chester P. Hutchins, George Hutchins, and Jabez C. Potter, that the said complainant had so fraudulently abstracted said ream of paper and keg of butter from said store. Also that the said complainant on said day acknowledged that he had fraudulently abstracted from said Hutchins's store large amounts of said Hutchins's goods, and had converted the same to his own use, to the value of $5,000 and upwards, and that said acknowledgment was made in the presence of said Henry S. Hutchins, and of Chester P. Hutchins, George Hutchins, and Jabez C. Potter, and was made by said complainant freely and voluntarily of his own motion, without any duress or threats of exposure or imprisonment. And that said complainant voluntarily and at his own suggestion, proposed to convey to said H.S. Hutchins said ten shares of stock for the value of the goods so acknowledged to have been fraudulently abstracted, and did so convey the same, through said Chester P. Hutchins, under said power of attorney executed by said complainant for that purpose. And that said other power of attorney covering said *Page 168 other ten shares of stock was made by the complainant to said Chester P. Hutchins, under an agreement that the same should be held by said Chester P. Hutchins, as security to indemnify said Henry S. Hutchins for the amount of any goods which might prove to have been abstracted from said store by the complainant above the value of the said ten shares of stock actually conveyed to said Henry S. Hutchins, as aforesaid. And also, that the said complainant of his own motion first suggested the transfer of said stock, and earnestly insisted upon making such transfer, and that said defendant, Henry S. Hutchins, advised and urged the complainant before said powers of attorney were executed to notify his father and friends in regard to the matter, but said complainant declined so to do.
The answer of Chester P. Hutchins, in addition to the statements substantially as contained in the foregoing answer, further stated that he, the said Chester P. Hutchins, knew of his own knowledge that said complainant, on said 8th of April, 1867, fraudulently abstracted one keg of butter from said store, as he personally detected him in so doing, and that said complainant acknowledged to this defendant the fraudulent taking of the same, and also that for a long time previously he had been fraudulently taking from said store large quantities of goods, and had so taken the amount of $5,000 and upwards; and also that this respondent went with the complainant to the house of the complainant's father to get the certificate of said stock, the complainant going into the house alone, and remaining there for nearly half an hour and returning of his own accord. And also that the complainant was fully aware of the nature of both of said powers of attorney, the same having been fully explained to him, and he having been informed by said respondent some two or three hours before the same were executed that the same were being drawn, and that the complainant advised and consented thereto, and freely and voluntarily executed the same. And also that this respondent had no interest directly or indirectly in said stock of the American Screw Company, or in the said store or business of Henry S. Hutchins. From the bill and answer it appears that the plaintiff had been for many years in the defendant's employ as clerk; that on the eighth day of April, 1867, he held in his own right twenty shares of the stock of the American Screw Company; that he had been for some time prior to said eighth day of April, 1867, subject to attacks of epilepsy, by means of which and other causes his health had become affected, his nervous system weakened, and his mental strength impaired. That on the said eighth day of April, being then in said defendant's store at work, he was approached unexpectedly by one Jabez C. Potter, a police officer and detective, who requested him to follow him up-stairs, and whom he did follow. That said Potter then accused him of fraudulently taking and purloining the defendant's goods and converting them to his own use. That soon they were joined by said defendant and by his brother Chester P. Hutchins, who repeated the same accusations and declared that they had proof of such taking. It is not denied by the answer that the same accusations were repeated to him from time to time during the day.
The bill charges that the complainant was kept under surveillance and restraint until a late hour in the evening, whereby he became wrought upon and alarmed, and his fears excited lest he should be exposed and subjected to imprisonment, and he and his good name disgraced, so that he improvidently and unadvisedly, without advising with his friends or counsel, but relying upon the confidential relations subsisting between him and said H.S. Hutchins, turned over to said Hutchins sixteen shares of Screw stock, of the value of five hundred dollars each, as security for what said Hutchins claimed he had lost by him.
To this Hutchins answers, that the complainant was not arrested nor taken into custody by the officer, nor induced by duress, or threats of exposure or imprisonment, to execute the transfer of said shares, or any other paper or power without any consideration, and the transfer was made solely to indemnify him for the value of goods acknowledged to have been fraudulently taken by the complainant, and for no other purpose. *Page 172
The bill denies that the plaintiff ever took any of the property of said H.S. Hutchins, or ever fraudulently converted any of it. The answer only affirms that the defendant is informed and believes that the plaintiff was detected in taking and converting a keg of butter and a ream of paper of the defendant, and that the plaintiff freely admitted taking and converting other goods of the defendant since November, 1866, and that the value of the goods so taken amounted to five thousand dollars and upwards. The answer nowhere asserts that other goods were in fact taken. It does deny that the confession was induced by duress, or threats of exposure or punishment. The answer does not deny the allegation of the bill, that the plaintiff had been subject to attacks of epilepsy, by which, and other causes, his health had become affected, his nervous system weakened, and his mental strength impaired. But all the respondents testify that there was that day no appearance of unsoundness of mind.
The evidence as to the condition of the plaintiff physically and mentally is as follows: —
Townsend had known him for twenty years. He had been for two or three years subject to fits of epilepsy. He had known him to have had four. Their effect was to weaken him physically and mentally. Just prior to April 8, he was very uneasy, walking about his room. Would sit down, and then get up again, and was very much excited. His brother, Frederick Anthony, says he has been subject to such attacks for three years; had known ten attacks. His physical health and mental capacity impaired very much. Since his return from New York, he appeared more excitable, easily alarmed and excited; has seen very small matters affect him very much. Just prior to April 8, he noticed for several mornings that he appeared very much excited when he came to breakfast; face flushed; watched him, expecting an attack of epilepsy. He had a fit on the twenty-fifth of April, when Dr. Mason attended him. During this illness he had five or six fits on the same day; was excited and nervous. Anthony says that he denied the charge made by Potter, and by Henry S. Hutchins, and by Chester P. Hutchins; that when they came up and talked they worried him so that he hardly knew what he was about. Dr. Peckham, a physician, says he could not have been able to transact business *Page 173 for six months prior to this time. The epileptic fits would render him susceptible to be easily imposed upon. Dorsey testifies that such attacks weaken the mental powers, so that one is easily influenced by persuasion or intimidation. Dr. Mason had known of these fits for three years. The tendency of them was to weaken the mind, make one nervous, irritable, apprehensive, render the mind weak, the will weak. He attended him on the twenty-sixth of April. Found him in such a state as to show great anxiety and excitement, and his opinion was, that he was not competent to do business. John Foster saw him that morning, April 8, before the officer came, or any accusation was made. He had known him all the while. He says he was not competent to do business, and had not been for six months before. He was under excitement. Henry S. Hutchins, although he testifies now that he was well and competent, it seems had a different opinion then. Foster says he told him he had arrested Anthony and he was up-stairs with the officer Potter, and when asked why he did not let him come down, replied that he was in such a state of mind that he would go into the river, and he did not dare to let him come down. Hutchins said to J.L. Pierce, in reply to his question, "You are not afraid of his running away?" "He is in that state of mind, that if left alone he would throw himself into the river." So he said to Daniel A. Pierce that George was in a terrible shape now, up-stairs, Potter with him. He was afraid he would kill himself if left, and if he was out he would jump off the wharf. This declaration of Henry S. Hutchins was made early in the course of these proceedings, and before any confession or talk of making any transfer, as early as ten o'clock in the day, as the witnesses say. At the time when Chester P. Hutchins says he did admit taking goods, when he was told it might be proved, he expressed his then condition by the word "wilted." "He looked subdued."
Anthony says he was that morning, when Potter, the officer, came, about his ordinary business in the store. Potter came in and called him up-stairs away from what he was doing, and then accused him of criminally taking Hutchins's goods, which he denied. All the evidence agreed in this. Potter was known to be an officer, and Anthony asked if he was under arrest. The officer replied yes, and pulled from his pocket a paper, calling Anthony's *Page 174 attention to it, as if it were a warrant. Anthony asked about bail, and was told he must go before Judge Randolph. Anthony said that would publish the accusation, and it would be talked about. Then Henry S. Hutchins and Chester P. Hutchins came up and accused him, talked and worried him so that he hardly knew what he was about. Then he was left with Potter for forty-five minutes, when Henry S. Hutchins came up and asked him how he proposed to settle the matter, asked how much Screw stock he had, and was told how much. Said he would hush it up for that. Anthony objected that it was too much, for Hutchins had not had so many goods in value in his store for three years at any one time. But Hutchins proposed that he should make over ten shares of stock, and then probably it would be found that all was right, and he would make them over again to Anthony. Anthony then said: "I will do that rather than my friends should know I was ever accused of anything."
Potter, the officer, went there with the purpose, and remained there in the expectation, of arresting the plaintiff unless the matter was settled. He expected to work the matter up, as he expressed it, to a good settlement. He did not actually and formally make any arrest, and, as he says, he had no warrant in fact from any magistrate; but when asked by Anthony after he had charged him criminally if he was arrested, the answer was yes, and he then, as Anthony says, and the officer does not deny, pulled from his pocket a paper and called plaintiff's attention to it, as if it were a warrant, and when the plaintiff then asked about bail, Potter told him he must go before Judge Randolph, the magistrate. Potter does not deny saying this. The plaintiff was left to believe he was under arrest. Potter was asked further why he kept watch of him and within reach of him all the while, and his answer is he was fearful he might escape and not be arrested. Foster testified that he, Potter, directed another person to look out for him, and not let him get away. When asked by Foster, "How can you settle if he was under arrest?" he simply replied, "I had no warrant."
From Potter's testimony it must be inferred that the plaintiff was kept under surveillance that he might not escape, and might be arrested if he did not settle with Hutchins. Potter did not *Page 175 leave until the powers were executed and the settlement completed, and he had received his pay for his services, such as he usually received when he had worked a case up to a good settlement.
There was much talk there between the Hutchins's, Potter, and Anthony, for hours, — as Chester P. Hutchins says; long enough to have so worried Anthony, as he says, that he hardly knew what he was doing. This long talk took place, and he cannot say at what period of it Anthony made any admission of guilt. It was still longer before he agreed to transfer any stock, for he says that as soon as it was settled that a transfer was to be made, Anthony went directly for the certificate, and this by the testimony of Anthony and of Hutchins was not until near six o'clock P.M., some six hours after the charge was first made.
Now Mr. Hutchins says that the transfer was first suggested by Anthony, who volunteered freely and readily to make over the stock. Why so long a delay, if he was ready from the beginning to convey and Hutchins ready to receive it? Henry S. Hutchins, the respondent, says Anthony was not arrested; no warrant was served; that he knew that he was not under restraint, and thinks he did not state to Foster that he was arrested and controlled. He, Anthony, did not want the matter made public. Foster testified that he, Hutchins, told him Anthony was arrested, and was up-stairs with Potter, and he said to him, "How can you settle while he is under arrest?" That Hutchins requested him to keep it secret. Chester P. Hutchins says: "I went up. Anthony had been accused when he went up, and had denied it. I told him what I saw, and he wilted. Then he confessed. Nothing said about being arrested or anything of the kind. No inducement to transfer. He was told it would not compromise any crime committed. It was his own offer. He went for the certificate as soon as he proposed to transfer, from three to six o'clock P.M. Anthony says he went about 5.45 P.M. I did not go away until it had all been arranged. There was three hours' conversation; the confession was made in that time sometime. We were not to harp it about town. Can't say he offered to transfer stock for the goods. Anthony wished to keep it secret that he had been accused. It would kill his mother if known to her. He was willing to do anything to attain *Page 176 this end." Henry S. Hutchins says they were not to harp it about, not to speak of it. Chester P. Hutchins says they gave Anthony to understand they would not, but would keep it secret, and though they would not compromise a crime, they would not make complaint of it.
Story says that the doctrine may be laid down as generally true, "that the acts and contracts of persons who are of weak understandings, and who are thereby liable to imposition, will be held void in courts of equity, if the nature of the act or contract justify the conclusion that the party has not exercised a deliberate judgment, but that he has been imposed upon, circumvented, or overcome by cunning or artifice, or undue influence." Story's Eq. Juris. § 238. Marshall, C.J., inHarding v. Hardy, 11 Wheat. 103, says: "If deeds were obtained by the exercise of undue influence over a man whose mind had ceased to be the safe guide of his actions, it is against conscience for him who has obtained them to derive any advantage from them. It is the peculiar province of a court of conscience to set them aside. That a court of equity will interpose in such a case, is among its best settled principles." And the principle upon which equity will give relief, as against persons standing in the relation of guardian and ward, solicitor and client, parent and child, trustee and cestui que trust, will be extended to all the variety of relations in which dominion may be exercised by one person over another. And where the deed is obtained from a person greatly under the power of another, where there is ground of inference that advantage is taken of his weakness, or clouded or enfeebled faculties, the rule will be applied.
It is not sufficient to suggest mere weakness or indiscretion of the party, unless it also be shown that there was fraud in the party contracting, or some undue means made use of to induce the agreement and control that weakness. The degree of mental weakness may be below that which would justify a commission of lunacy, or the appointment of a guardian, if it has been taken advantage of for the purpose. The cause of the weakness is not material. It may be from duress, general imbecility, accidental depression, constitutional despondency, or the result of sudden fear or apprehension; and it is said that if he is a man of weak understanding, is harassed and uneasy, if at the time it cannot be *Page 177 supposed that he had a mind adequate to the business which he was about, and he might be very easily imposed upon. "Cases of an analogous nature may easily be put, where the party is subjected to undue influence, although in other respects of competent understanding. As, where he does an act, or makes a contract, when he is under duress, or the influence of extreme terror, or of threats, or of apprehension short of duress. For, in cases of this sort, he has no free will, but stands in vinculis. . . . . On this account courts of equity watch with extreme jealousy all contracts made by a party while under imprisonment; and if there is the slightest ground to suspect oppression or imposition in such cases, they will set the contracts aside." Story's Eq. Juris. § 239.
"In order to avoid a grant on the ground of undue influence, it must be shown that the influence existed, and was exercised for an undue and disadvantageous purpose. The former point may be inferred from the relative or actual position of the parties, but the latter must be determined by an examination into the nature and results of the transaction which is called in question. 3 White T. Lead. Cas. 125 (2d Am. ed. notes to Huguenin v.Baseley). It is not necessary to amount to actual fraud if the influence be exerted to produce disadvantageous results to the other party. Whelan v. Whelan, 3 Cow. 537. If it be shown that the respondent necessarily had undue influence or control, so that the parties did not treat on equal terms, the court may give relief. 3 White T. Lead. Cas. 123 (2d Am. ed.). Relief is not denied on the ground that respondent used no undue influence to mislead, and was ignorant of the incapacity. Neither is it sufficient to prevent relief that the party asking relief proposed the contract. Ibid. 146.
There may be some question whether the conveyance of the stock in this case should be declared utterly void, and entirely set aside. Courts of equity are not left, as are courts of law, to the alternative of setting aside a conveyance, or of refusing any relief, but may make the conveyance subserve the whole equities of the case.
In Boyd v. Dunlap, 1 John. Ch. 478, the deed was sought to be set aside as voluntary and without consideration, and made fraudulently. There was not sufficient evidence of fraud to declare *Page 178 it void. The chancellor said he did not discover such proof of absolute fraud as to warrant him in directing the conveyance of the real estate to be delivered up and cancelled as absolutely null and void. That it was an ordinary case in that court, that a deed, though not absolutely void, yet if obtained under unequitable circumstances, should stand only as a security for the sum really due. So in Dunn v. Chambers, 4 Barb. S.C. 376. The fraud charged in that case was not satisfactorily proved, nor was there satisfactory proof of bad faith, but there was great inadequacy of price, although the attention of the grantor was called to it at the time. The court held that though the deed was not fraudulent and void, yet that it was obtained under such circumstances as made it unfair for the defendant to retain the full advantage which the deed gave him, if he were indemnified.
Herne v. Meeres, 1 Vern. 465. This was a purchase at an under value, with other suspicious circumstances attending it, and it was set aside upon terms. The lord chancellor said: "At law, where a conveyance is found to be fraudulent, the creditor comes in and avoids all, without repayment of any consideration money; and in equity, therefore, where the court can decree back the principal and interest, there is no hurt done; and a lesser matter in such a case will serve to set a conveyance aside." Nothing can be more equitable than this mode of dealing with conveyances of such dubious and indecisive aspects that they cannot be entirely suppressed or entirely supported with satisfaction and safety. See Meadows v. Smith, 7 Ire. Eq. 7.
The case of Heath v. Cobb, 1 Dev. Eq. 187, is a case more nearly resembling the case before us. The plaintiff was accused of stealing cotton, and of burning a gin-house. The bill alleged that the defendant proposed to him then to confess a judgment for $150, and if he would it should not be enforced if he, the plaintiff, suffered corporal punishment in consequence of the prosecution, and thereupon he did confess the judgment and averred his innocence. The answer denied any such proposition on the part of the defendant, and averred the proposition came from the plaintiff, and that he offered to pay $250, the estimated amount of defendant's loss; denied any promise that judgment should not be enforced, or that it should affect the prosecution. That he would not compound the crime, but if plaintiff was found guilty *Page 179 he would not ask judgment. Plaintiff was informed of this while in jail. That the judgment was confessed for the sake of softening the prosecution, and not alone for the agreed damages for the civil injury. The court say the defendant acted as fairly as he could, and did nothing wrong except taking a judgment from a man in his situation and state of mind.
It is not put on the ground that the defendant practised on the fears of the plaintiff, or used improper means to influence him. He felt himself in the defendant's power, and, with a spirit subdued, was willing to give up without reference to the actual damages sustained, upon the hope entertained that the prosecution might be warded off. Defendant is by no means obnoxious to the censure of actual oppression or imposition, and his losses by the theft are established beyond doubt, and the participation of the plaintiff is also clear. The judgment is not to be perpetual. Defendant may have leave to institute a suit at law against the plaintiff for the trespass and damages.
There was evidence sufficient to raise a strong suspicion at least, that on the eighth of April there was a dealing of the plaintiff with the goods of the defendant Henry S. Hutchins, with a purpose privately to arrest them, and with the testimony of three witnesses we are compelled to the conclusion that he did confess to have taken other goods, though he denied it to all of them at first, and persisted for some time in that denial, and he now denies his guilt as to any. To Henry S. Hutchins, as he testified, Anthony said that he had taken goods since he came from New York, after his sickness there in November, 1866, four months before this transaction; that nothing was said of his taking any goods before. Hutchins's stock of goods during that period was at no time greater in amount and value than about $3,000, yet he says that Anthony acknowledged the taking from the store during that period of some $5,000 worth of goods, equal in amount to the value of ten shares of Screw stock.
It is hardly to be believed that he thought so many goods had been taken in so short a time from so small a stock, and not be missed at the time, nor now be proved to have been taken, and we can hardly feel assured that he was taking this transfer merely for indemnity and was not willing to take more than the *Page 180 amount of his loss, upon any evidence that he had. We do not, however, here pass upon the absolute guilt or innocence of the plaintiff.
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