Mowry v. City of Providence

Potter, J. In this case a part of the lot claimed by appellant was taken for a street. The city opposed the allowance of damages to him, on the ground that he had no title to the lot. No damages were allowed by the commissioners, and he appealed from their decision to the Court of Common Pleas, where the case was tried before the judge and a jury, in February, A. D. 1870, and the case now comes up here upon exceptions to the charge of the judge who presided at the trial. The appellant claimed title to a part of his lot (fifty feet *53 square), under a grant from the town of Providence in 1708. The present boundaries of his lot included a greater space, and this he claimed as covered by deeds since 1840, and by possession before and since then. The part taken by the city for the new street was not a part of the original fifty feet lot. The city claimed that the whole lot was part of'a tract of land dedicated for a burying ground, training ground, &c., by the proprietors of Providence in 1708, bounded easterly on a street, and that having been dedicated to the public and accepted, no possessory title was of avail against the public. The appellant claimed that the street on which the land dedicated was bounded by said proprietors was a road running west of his lot (and thus excluding it) ; and that if the jury should be of opinion that the road intended for the boundary was the road east of the appellant’s lot (and which would include it), then there was no evidence that that part of the tract dedicated had ever been accepted, and that if accepted, it had been abandoned. The old town of Providence, in 1708, included all the present county. The city claimed that no act of the town of Providence (after the separation into several towns) would amount to an abandonment of the use. The counsel for the city requested the court to charge that the vote of 1708 was a dedication to the public of all the land described in it, and that if the land was so dedicated and accepted, it became dedicated to the public ; and if the title once vested in the public, no person could acquire any title to it, or to any portion of it, against the public, by adverse possession for twenty years. But the court charged that the dedication was intended for the use of the people of Providence, and not for the general public or the people of the whole state; and that the state had no interest in the use thereof, as in the case of highways ; and that if it was dedicated and accepted for the purposes described in the vote, a title to it might be acquired by adverse possession. This brings before us the point upon which most stress has been laid in the argument of the case. The case seems to have been treated throughout by the counsel and the court as a case of dedication. The counsel for the city *54 now contend that if there .be a dedication, it must be to the whole public, and that there cannot be a dedication to a portion of the public. It may be well to look back and consider the terms of the vote, and see if we can gather from that and the surrounding circumstances the intention of the parties; and then we can better decide how it should be treated. The vote appears in the records of a town meeting, June 10,1708. Although the vote was passed at a town meeting, it seems to have been a vote of proprietors, and the town is to have a right to use it for public purposes, not interfering with the purposes expressed. Like most instruments of that date, it is perhaps not so definite as might be desired. But we think the intention plain. The proprietors had no interest or reason to induce them to lay out a burying ground or training ground for the people of the state at large; they had an obvious interest in laying out one for their own accommodation. The vote seems to intend that the town should have the control of it; and such seems to have been the usage; the town has controlled and fenced it. An act of the General Assembly of 1813 (Digest of 1822, p. 460) authorizes the town council to make by-laws regulating the public burying grounds (not specifying any); and the legislation relating to the division of towns seems to have proceeded upon this understanding. • If the property or use was for the people of the town, then, upon the division of the town, it would remain to the old town. Windham v. Portland, 4 Mass. 384, 389; Hampshire v. Franklin, 16 Mass, 86. ' When in 1730, Smithfield, Scituate, and Gloucester; in 1754, Cranston, and .in 1759, Johnston, were incorporated out of the old town, nothing is said of the burying ground; the inhabitants of the new towns were not near enough for it to be a convenience to them. But when in June, 1765, the Assembly granted a petition to divide Providence again and to set off North Providence, by a line which left the burying ground in the new town, it was provided that the old town should have the full and free use and improvement of the said burying ground, “ according as it now is stated and laid out by the town of Providence,” &c., anything in this act to the contrary notwithstanding. 6 R. I. Colonial *55 Records, 436, 438. But in June, 1767 (8 Records, 528), this portion of the territory was reunited to the old town of Providence, and a provision made that the inhabitants of North Providence should have the free use of it for burying their dead, &c. If there was a dedication to the whole public, there was, of course, no need of any reservation in either of these acts. It being then for the benefit of the people of the town, and not the general public, are we to apply to the case the principles of dedication? While the authorities seem to hold that a dedication may be .’partial either as to time or mode of using (3 Kent. Comm. s. p. 451, note; Gowan v. Phila. Exchange Co. 5 W. & S. 141; King v. Northampton, 2 M. & S. 262; Marquis of Stafford v. Coynes, 7 B. & C. 257), it is contended by the counsel for the city that there cannot be a dedication to a limited portion of the public, and they refer to the case of Poole v. Huskinson, 11 M. & W. 827. On examining the case we find that this was a highway ease. . In the case of Pearsall v. Port, 20 Wend. 111, 126, Judge Cowen, in a very learned opinion, 'which was highly praised as .reviewing the whole law, when the same case came before the Court of Errors (22 Wend. 425, 431, 478), where his decision was confirmed, says that the English cases have never pressed the doctrine of dedication beyond rights of way or travel, leaving other claims by portions of people to stand on the ground of customary or prescriptive rights, &c. If this view is correct,' it .explains the ease of Poole v. Huskinson, as land offered for a •highway would not become a highway unless the dedication was to the whole people. And there is no reason for extending this principle beyond the elass of cases in which the decision was made. But in this country the doctrine of dedication has been applied by the Supreme Court of the United States, and other courts, to public squares, to common lots, burying grounds, school lots, and lots for church purposes, &c., and pious and charitable uses generally, and in many cases where the use was either expressly, or from the necessity of the case, limited to a small portion of the publie. In Beattie v. Kurtz et al. 2 Pet. 566, a lot in Georgetown was *56 platted “for the Lutheran Church.” The Lutherans were not incorporated, but used it for burial, church, and school purposes. Judge Story, who delivered the opinion, says: “We think it may be supported as a dedication of the lot to public and pious uses;” and further, that if Georgetown had been incorporated, it might have been considered as the grantee for their uses. In Cincinnati v. White, 6 Pet. 431, a space along the river was platted as a common for the use and benefit of the town forever. The court apply to it the doctrine of dedication. In Hunter v. Sauztree, 6 Hill, 407, the statement of the case given in the decision of the court shows that the patentee cleared a piece of land for the avowed purpose of a burying ground for the town. The court held that land may be dedicated to pious uses as well as for ways, and decided, the case on the general principles applicable to dedications. In Potter v. Chapin, 6 Paige, 639, 649, a case of a school-house, the chancellor says that the evidence shows that the fund was dedicated to the inhabitants of the village for that purpose, as a donation or gift to a public charity; and throughout his opinion treats it as a dedication. On the American authorities the present case may be sustained either as a dedication or as a gift to charitable uses. In regard to the application of the statutes of limitations to charities, although there is some apparent confusion in the authorities, yet we think that the general principles to be deduced are sufficiently plain. The English statutes of limitation only limited actions, and therefore were at first held not to apply to equity; but the principle has been settled as to private trusts, that, as to strangers, the legal and equitable estate may be defeated by twenty years’' adverse possession ; Hill on Trustees, s. p. 267; Cholmondeley v. Clinton, 2 J. & W. 170, 174; Elmendorf v. Taylor, 10 Wheat. 152, 174, 178; Long v. Carson, 4 Rich. Eq. 60, 63, and cases cited ; and that even between the trustee and cestui, every equitable title (not being a case of a trustee whose possession is consistent with the title of the claimant) must be pursued within the twenty years, and that if the trustee denies the rights of the cestui, and claims absolute ownership, the cestui will be bound by length of time, as a tenant in common would in case of actual *57 ouster. Kane v. Bloodgood, 7 Johns. Ch. 90, 122, 123; Hovenden v. Annesley, 2 Sch. & Lef. 607, 628, 633, 636; Rush v. Barr, 1 Watts, 110; Long v. Carson, supra. In Hill on Trustees, s. p. 170 and 266, it is broadly laid down tkat “ trusts for ckarities are not affected by tke statutes of limitation.” On examination of tke cases we find tkey are cases arising between tke trustee and tke trust, or affecting tke construction of tke trust, and tkey do not sustain this doctrine as concerns strangers to tke trust. Attorney General v. Mayor of Coventry, 2 Vern. 397, 399; Attorney General v. Mayor of Bristol, 2 J. & W. 284, 321; Attorney General v. Mayor of Exeter, Cro. Jac. 448. Mr. Sugden (Vendors 2, bottom paging 945) says tkat it kas been decided under tke 43 Eliz. ck. 4, § 6, tkat if tke first purchaser of ckarity estates for valuable consideration kas notice, all who claim under him are bound, whether they have notice or not, and tkat no length of time will protect them, and he cites East Greenstead’s Case, Duke, 64, 175; Attorney General v. Christ's Hospital, 3 Myl. & K. 344. On examining tke case of Christ’s Hospital, it seems one Foster had bought of the feoffees in trust, and given it by will to the defendants, and tke court seem to proceed on tke idea tkat tke defendants were affected with notice of tke trust. Tke deed then under which devisor held would of course give notice of tke trust. And standing in tke shoes of tke first purchaser, length of time would not protect tke defendants. And we find Lord Chancellor Hardwicke holding tkat a ckarity is entitled to no favor against a purchaser for valuable consideration and without notice; tkat equal justice was to be done to a ckarity and tke estate of every private man; but if any man for a valuable consideration and without notice of fraud obtained suck an estate, there was no reason to take it away; tkat to take an estate out of tke hands of suck a purchaser was just as honest as to rob in favor of a ckarity, &c. Attorney General v. Gowen, 2 Eq. Cas. Abr. 195, pl. 16. And tke tendency of modern English decisions kas been to extend tke doctrine of adverse possessions to ckarities. Tke statute of limitations, 3 & 4 Wm. 4, c. 27, although in its terms not including ckarities, kas been decided to embrace them. College of St. Mary Magdalen v. Attorney General, 6 H. L. Cas. 189. *58 Ourrey Mowry, for plaintiff. Hayes f Parhhurst, for defendants. And the ancient statute of tbis state, passed in February, 1711 — 12, for quieting possessions, goes far beyond any mere statute of limitations. As reenacted, 'it makes the possession not only a good plea in bar in defence, but a good title to a plaintiff. Its letter would include a case like tbe present, and we think the reason and spirit of it would extend to it. Certain persons are excepted. Can we extend these exceptions? We know of no similar statute in any other state. It is founded, as its old title implies, on the policy of quieting possessions, and does not proceed at all on any presumption of grant. We conclude that this was a dedication or gift to a charitable use, not for the whole public, but for a limited portion of the public, and that .the doctrine of adverse possession will apply to it. Motion for new trial denied. -