Pierce v. Proprietors of Swan Point Cemetery

Potter, J. In this' case one of the respondents, Mrs. Met-calf, has removed the body of her husband from its former place of burial in Swan Point Cemetery, and claims that she had the right to do so, being, as his widow, entitled to the charge of it. The claim is resisted by his only child, the complainant. It seems strange that controversies of this sort have not arisen often before. In Europe burials were matters of ecclesiastical cognizance, and the practice of burial in churches and churchyards common. In many parts of New England the parish system prevailed, and every family was considered to have a right of burial in the churchyard of the parish in which they lived, until they removed to another parish. In Rhode Island, from the scattered nature of the population in most parts of the state, it was early the practice to bury upon the family estate, and when the estate was sold the right was generally reserved. Burial grounds of this sort have remained to families for many generations, in many cases from the first settlement, and the dead are brought from a great distance to be buried among their ancestors and kindred. By the civil law of ancient Rome, the charge of burial was first upon the person to whom it was delegated by the deceased; second, upon the scripti hceredes (to whom the property was given), and if none, then upon the hceredes legitimi or cognati in order. Pothier, Pand. (Paris ed. 1818) vol. 8, p. 378; Corpus Juris. Digest, lib. 11, title 7, l. 12, § 4. But a body once buried could not be removed except *236 by the permission, in Rome, of the Pontifical College, and in the provinces, of the Governor. Pothier, ante, and Digest, lib. 11, title 7, 11. 8, 39, and 40. And by the Roman law there was a distinction of tombs into familiaria into which any member of the family might be admitted, and hereditaria for one’s self and his heirs. Digest, lib. 11, tit. 7, 1. 5. The 'heirs might be compelled to comply with the provisions of the will in regard to burial. Digest, lib. 5, tit. 3,1. 50. And the Pontifical College had the power of providing for the burial of those who had no place of burial in their own right. Taylor’s Civil Law, 4to, 1755, p. 77. By the canon law, which prevailed in such matters over so large a part of Europe, every one was to be buried in the parish churchyard, or in his ancestral sepulchre (if any), or in such place as he might select. A wife was to be buried with her last husband, if more than one. If a person permanently changed his residence, then he was to be buried in the parish churchyard of his new residence. Corvinus’s Jus Canonicum; Voet ad Pandectas, ed. 1731, vol. 1, p. 602. In England, by their ecclesiastical law, by which this subject was regulated, every person (with exception of traitors, &c.) had a right to be buried in the parish churchyard. And a claim of right by custom to bury as near relatives as possible, was held bad. The whole was under the direction of the ordinary, and was of ecclesiastical cognizance. And once buried, the body could not be removed without license from the ordinary. Burn’s Ecc. Law, 8th ed. vol. 1, 251, 271, 372; Kemp v. Wickes, 3 Phillim. 264. And the person who set up a monument, or on his death, the heir of the deceased, might have an action for injury to it. 1 Burn, 373. And the husband was bound to bury his wife. Jenkins v. Tucker, 1 H. Black. 90. See for a full account, Bingham’s Christian Antiquities, from which much of the historical matter in legal arguments and in reports has probably been taken without ackndwledgment. 1 Rex v. Stewart, 12 A. & E. 773, was an application for a mandamus to compel overseers, &c., to bury a person. The court: *237 “It should seem that the individual under whose roof a poor person dies is bound to carry the body decently covered to the place of burial; he cannot keep him unburied, or do anything which prevents Christian burial; he cannot therefore cast him out, so as to expose the body to violation, or to offend the feelings or endanger the health of the living; and for the same reason he cannot carry him uncovered to the grave.” The mandamus was refused for other reasons. The question is new in this state; and we do not know that it has ever occurred in our mother country, and but seldom in the United States. That there is no right of property in a dead body, using the word in its ordinary sense, may well be admitted. 1 Yet the burial of the dead is a subject which interests the *238 feelings of mankind to a much greater degree tban many matters of actual property. There is a duty imposed by the universal feelings of mankind to be discharged by some one towards the dead; a duty, and we may also say a right, to protect from' violation ; and a duty on the part of others to abstain from violation; it may therefore be considered as a sort of quasi property, and it. would be discreditable to any system of law not to provide a remedy in such a case. It is common to speak of the right of burial, of a person’s right to be buried, &c. In the case Rex v. Stewart, before quoted, the court say: “ Every person dying in this country .... has a right to Christian burial; and that implies the right to be carried from the place where the body lies to the parish cemetery.” In Gilbert v. Buzzard, 1 Hagg. Con. 348, and S. C. 3 Phill. 335, Lord Stowell (Sir William Scott) says : “.The rule of law which says that a man has a right to be buried in his own churchyard is to be found most certainly in many of our authoritative text writers; but it is not quite so easy to find the rule which gives him the right of burying a large chest or trunk in company with himself. That is no part of his original and absolute right, nor is it necessarily involved in it. That right, strictly taken, is to be returned to his parent earth for dissolution, and to be carried thither in a decent and inoffensive manner. When these purposes are answered, his rights are perhaps fully satisfied in the strict sense in which any claim in the nature of an absolute right can be deemed to extend.” 1 So Dr. Burn, *239 quoting Gibson’s Codex Juris. Ecelesise Anglicanse, says: “ Every parishioner hath and had always a right to be buried in ” the parish burial ground. 1 Burn’s Ecc. Law, 257. Most people look forward to the proper disposition of their remains, and it is natural that they should feel an anxiety on the subject. And the right of a person to provide by will for the disposition of his body has been generally recognized. We have seen that by the canon law a person had a right to direct his place of sepulture. Voet, ante. Now, strictly speaking, according to the strict rules of the old common law, a dead man cannot be said to have rights. Yet it is common so to speak, and the very fact of the common use of such language, and of its being used in such cases as we have quoted, justifies us in speaking of it as a right in a certain qualified sense, and a right which ought to be protected. See 1 Chitty, General Practice, *50 note. And a sort of right of custody over, or interest in the dead body, in the relatives of the deceased, is recognized in the statutes of many of our states. The laws of Indiana, R. S. ch. 7, § 37, prohibit the removal of a dead body without the consent of the near relatives, or without the consent of the deceased, given in his lifetime. See also State v. Tate, 6 Blackf. 111. The laws of Louisiana and California recognize the interest of the relatives of the deceased in the body. Tyler’s Am. Ecc. Law, §§ 1128 and 1153. So also the laws of Connecticut. Laws of 1849, p. 250, § 137; Laws of Vermont, 1862, p. 129, tit. 11, ch. 18, § 8 ; Laws of Ohio, Swan’s Revised Statutes, 1854, p. 294. And see also the late English Statute of Burials, 15 & 16 Victoria, ch. 85, §§ 32 and 33 ; Baker’s Laws relating to Burials. See as to the various meanings of the word right, Austin’s Province of Jurisp. vol. 1, § 6, p. 292. See also Bill of Rights, § 5 : “ Every person ought to find a certain remedy for all injuries,” &c. *240 It has been the boast of many of the sages of the law that there is no wrong without a remedy. Says Lord Coke (Co. Lit. 197, b, 1 Thomas’s Coke, 902): “ The law wills that in every case where a man is wronged and endangered he shall have a remedy.” Lord Holt, in Ashby v. White : “If the plaintiff has a right, he must of necessity have a means to vindicate and maintain it.” . . . . “ It is a vain thing to imagine a right without a remedy.” Lord Raymond, 938; S. C. 6 Modern, 45; Judgment of Lord Holt in Ashby v. White, &., reprinted, 1837; 1 Smith’s Lead. Cases, *342. *356. And see Lord Abinger’s interpretation of the old maxim, “ Boni judiéis est ampliare jurisdictionem.” 1 And the late Ch. J. Ames has well expressed it in his opinion in the case of Reynolds v. Hoxie, 6 R. I. 463, 468, that it is perfectly understood that there cannot be a wrong under our jurisprudence for which the law does not in some form provide a remedy. And in the Report upon the Codification of the Laws in Massachusetts, December, 1836, made by Joseph Story, Theron Metcalf, Simon Greenleaf, Luther S. Cushing, and C. E. Forbes, they say: — “ In truth, the common law is not in its nature and character an absolutely fixed, inflexible system, like the statute law, providing only for cases of a determinate form, which fall within the letter of the language, in which a particular doctrine or legal proposition is expressed. It is rather a system of elementary *241 principles and of general juridical truths, which are continually-expanding with the progress of society, and adapting themselves to the gradual changes of trade and commerce, and the mechanic arts, and the exigencies and usages of the country. There are certain fundamental maxims in it which are never departed from. There are others again which, though true in a general sense, are at the same time susceptible of modifications and exceptions, to prevent them from doing manifest wrong and injury. “ When a ease, not affected by any statute, arises in any of our courts of justice, and the facts are established, the first question is, whether there is any clear and unequivocal principle of the common law, which directly and immediately governs it, and fixes the rights of the parties. If there be no such principle, the next question is, whether there is any principle of the common law, which, by analogy or parity of reasoning, ought to' govern it. If neither of these sources furnishes a positive solution of the controversy, resort is next had (as in a case confessedly new) to the principles of natural justice, which constitute the basis of much of the common law; and if these principles can be ascertained to apply in a full and determinate manner to all the circumstances, they are adopted, and decide the rights of the parties. If all these sources fail, the case is treated as remediless at the common law, and the only relief which remains is by some new legislation by statute, to operate upon future cases of the like nature.” The very origin of equity in Rome and in England was that there was a wrong for which there was no remedy, or no adequate remedy at law. 1 Story’s Eq. Jur. §§ 49 and 50. And we cannot but approve the language of Lord Cottenham in Walworth v. Holt, 4 Myl. & C. 619: “ I think it the duty of this court to adapt its practice and course of proceeding to the existing state of society; and not by too strict an adherence to forms and rules established under different circumstances, to decline to administer justice and enforce rights for which there is no other remedy.....If it were necessary to go much further than it is, in opposition to some highly sanctioned opinions, in order to open the door of justice in this court to those who cannot obtain it elsewhere, I should not shrink from the responsibility of doing so.” Quoted in Story’s Eq. dur.^ol. 1, § 671, note." *242 In Kurtz v. Beatty & Ritchie, 2 Pet. 566, 584, which was to obtain an, injunction to prevent the removal of tombs and graves, Judge Story, in giving the opinion of the United States Supreme. Court, says :• “ It is a case where no action at law .... could afford an adequate and complete remedy.....The remedy must be sought, if at all, in the protecting power of a court of chancery, — operating by its injunction to preserve the repose of th,e ashes of the dead and the. religious sensibilities of the living.” In cases like the present no common law action could avail much. The owner of the lot might have trespass quare clausum, &c., but he could only recover damages in money. He might hayé an action of detinue for the body, or so much earth, &c., taken away; or perhaps might have replevin ; if buried by permission on another’s land, it might perhaps be considered a license or easement, for disturbance of which the person who procured. the burial might have, an action; but it is easy to see that neither form of action affords a sufficient remedy, or could with any certainty restore the body to the proper custody. Equity only can give a. full and complete remedy, and we think the jurisdiction, is fully adequate to it. It seems the deceased Mr. Metcalf purchased a burial lot, and' was, on his decease, with the consent of his widow, one of the respondents, and the complainants say they believe, according to his own wishes, buried in it. The respondent, Mrs. Metcalf, has demurred to the bill, thus admitting these alleged facts, for the purposes of the present hearing. Taking these allegations as uncontradicted and true, as the body was removed by the widow, without the consent of the child, from a place where it was deposited by his own wishes and her consent, we think it should be restored to the place whence it came. It is not necessary to decide at present what might have been done if the child had assented, or what the child might do of herself. And from the view we take of the case it is of less consequence to.whom the custody is given. Although, as we have said, the body is not property in the usually recognized sense of the word, yet we may consider it as a sort of quasi property, to which certain persons may have rights, as they have duties to perform towards it arising out of *243 our common humanity. But the person having chai’ge of it cannot be considered as the owner of it in any sense whatever ; he holds it only as a sacred trust for the benefit of all who may from family or friendship have an interest in it, and we think that a court of equity may well regulate it as such, and change the custody if improperly managed. So in the case of custody of children, certain persons are primd facie entitled to their custody, yet the court will interfere and regulate it. We think these analogies furnish a rule for such a case, and one which will probably do most complete justice, as the court could always interfere in case of improper conduct, e. g. preventing other relatives from visiting the place for the purpose of indulgence of feeling, or testifying their respect or affection for the deceased. , The complainants further charge that after the body had been surreptitiously disinterred by Mrs. Metcalf, and had been surreptitiously removed by her to the newly prepared grave, the superintendent of the defendant corporation, upon his attention being then for the first time called to the matter while the body was thus exposed, did not direct its immediate reinterment in the lot from which it had been taken, but permitted and allowed it to be interred in the new grave which Mrs. Metcalf had had prepared for it in the lot to which it had been removed; and therefore pray that said corporation may be directed to restore the remains to the lot from which they were removed, and that said Mrs. Metcalf be enjoined from interfering therewith. The defendant cemetery corporation has answered admitting the statements of the bill, and while denying the jurisdiction, of the court to direct or control the management of the internal affairs of the corporation, submitting to execute or permit to be executed such decree as the court may make in the premises. Consent of course cannot give jurisdiction. But we think there is no doubt of the jurisdiction of the court in this ease. This corporation holds these lands for certain purposes, and for those only. They have no doubt a certain control over the property, but that control is to be exercised in such, manner as to carry out, at least not to interfere with, the legal rights of those who hold burial lots under them. They are in fact trustees for certain purposes, and when the trust is not properly executed, *244 this court has the same jurisdiction to compel its execution as in case of any other trust. The demurrer of Mrs. Metcalf, the respondent, is overruled. She can answer and contest the allegations of the bill if she chooses to-do so. Demurrer overruled. Footnotes [1] A copy of the old folio edition is in the library of Brown University, and of the enlarged 8vo edition is in the Athenseum. And see also tit. 17 C. Theod. de Sepulohris Yiol. (9.17.) ; also Jao. Gothofredus Comment, inloeo. [1] By tlie old English law the body was not recognized as property, but the charge of it belonged exclusively to the church and the ecclesiastical courts (as did also administration of estates). The only common law remedy for a wrongful removal was by criminal process. In Rex v. Sharpe, Dearsly & B. 160; S. C. 40 Eng. Law & Eq. Rep. 581, a man was indicted for removing his mother’s body from the burial ground of a dissenting church in order to bury it with his father’s. Held, that although his motive was good, yet as he removed it without consent of the congregation or its officers, the indictment should be sustained. The court said that under the English law, the only protection of a grave, independent of ecclesiastical authority, was by indictment. It was an offence at common law to remove a body. And it was a felony to steal the shroud or apparel. 3 Inst. 110, 202, 203; 12 Rep. 113; 1 Hale P. C. 515; 1 Russell Crim. Law, 414, n. A.; 2 Term Rep. 733; American Cases: 13 Pick. 402; 10 Pick. 37; Ibid. 154; 19 Pick. 304; 1 Greenleaf, 226 (throwing body into river); Dane’s Abridg. vol. 3, 13, 4, § 12, and vol. 7, 218, 2, 20; Chitty’s General Practice, vol. 1, pp. 50, 95 n., 165, 793, 806. And as to civil actions, an action of trespass would lie for defacing monument. Co. Lit. 18, b; 1 Chitty, 168; 3 Bingham, 136 ; 11 E. C. L. 69. In the United States many cases have been decided as to the rights of vault owners in churches and churchyards. See Price v. Meth. Ep. Church, Hammond, Ohio, 515; Dutch Church v. Mott, 7 Paige, 77; Corporation of Brick Presbyterian Church, 3 Edwards Ch. 155; Ruggles’s Report on Brick Church case, 4 Bradford’s Surrogate, 503; Windt v. German Reformed Church, 4 Sandford Chanc. 471. And the courts in England and in this country interfere by injunction to prevent removal. In ancient, and even in modern times, it was the practice to arrest and detain dead bodies for debt. See the Roman law; Burn’s Ecc. Law, notes to pages before cited. See also the Statutes of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, &c., forbidding it. *238 e Í Willi us the executor or proposed administrator generally superintends the burial. Judge Redfield (on Wills, 2, 227, § 10) says it is the duty of the executor or some one on behalf of the estate, to see to the funeral rites. Williams (on Executors, 2, 829) expresses it that the excutor must bury the deceased. In Hepgood v. Houghton, 10 Pick. 154, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts held "hat the estate in the hands of the executor was bound for the expenses, and that the law raised an implied promise on the part of the executor or administrator to pay those who supplied the necessary expenses,-so far as he had assets in his hands. Very much the same doctrine was held in Campfield v. Ely, 1 Green New Jersey Law, 150. By the Revised Statutes of Rhode Island, 1854, ch. 158, § 7, p. 370, funeral charges have the same preference. See 1 Hawks, 394, and 2 Dev. 21. [1] The case of Gilbert v. Buzzard was a suit for refusal to bury the eomplainmt’s wife in an iron coffin. It was in some measure a dispute about the *239 amount of fees to be paid, it being contended that if iron coffins were used, the parish yard would soon be wholly occupied, so that it could not be used over again, and thus future burials there prevented. The cemetery was not the property of one age only. Evidence was taken to show the comparative length of time different woods and metals would endure. In King v. Coleridge, 2 B. & Ald. 806; S. C. 1 Chitty, 588, which was substantially the same case as above, it was held that a mandamus might issue if burial was refused, but that the mode of burial was exclusively of ecclesiastical cognizance. [1] Lord Abinger, in Russel v. Smith, 9 M. & W. 818, says the maxim should be interpreted “ to amplify the remedies of the law.” Lord Mansfield, in Rex v. Phillips, 1 Burrow, 304 .(quoted from Broom’s Maxims), says the true reading is “ ampliare justitiam.” Sir Joseph Jekyl, in Bell v. Hyde (Finch’s Precedents, 329), said “ it was a saying of a very great man, ‘ boni judiéis est ampliare jurisdictionem; ’ and he thought to extend the arm of justice further than usual, when otherwise there would be a failure of justice, was the duty of every court.” The maxim was attributed to Lord Bacon, but is older than his time. He mentions it as a common saying. Aphorism 96, on Universal Justice, book 8 of De Augmentis, Spedding’s ed. vol. 9, p. 341. See also Code Napoleon, tit. prelim. § 4, discussed in Locre, Legislation de la France, vol. 1, 263, 376, 401, 417, 433, 480, 524, 556, 583, 601, 613; Code of Louisiana, Morgan’s ed. 1853, tit. prelim, ch. 4, art. 21 ; Papers of the Juridical Society, vol. 1, 108, 416.