Gwynn v. Citizens' Telephone Co.

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Mr. Justice Gary. The complaint alleges that on or about the 8th day of February, 1900, the plaintiff applied to and demanded from' the defendant the use of the Citizens’ Telephone in plaintiff’s store in said city and for proper connections with all of defendant’s subscribers, but that the defendant negligently and wilfully failed and refused plaintiff the use of said telephone unless plaintiff would consent to a prohibition against the joint use of the Bell telephone of the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company, which prohibition plaintiff refused to consent to'. That plaintiff was thereby deprived of the use of said telephone, and was cut off from telephonic connection with many of his customers, who had said Citizens’ phone only, thereby losing their custom and was otherwise injured, bo the great annoyance, trouble, loss and damage of plaintiff in the sum of $2,000. The defendant denied the allegations of negligence and wilfulness, and set up as a defense substantially the allegations which were also pleaded as a counter-claim. The defendant also alleged that at the time demand was made upon it, to put in another telephone for the plaintiff, its switchboard and lines were so crowded and there were so many demands upon it, that it could not at that time have com *436 plied with plaintiff’s demands, even upon the terms upon which the original agreement was made. The counter-claim was as follows: “For further answer to the complaint herein and as and for a counter-claim against the plaintiff, the defendant alleges that some time prior to1 February 8th, 1900, the plaintiff, for value received, made and entered into a written contract with this defendant, whereby the plaintiff agreed, in consideration of the low rate charged for the use of defendant’s telephone and telephone service, that he would for five years from the date of said contract take and use the telephone and the service of this defendant exclusively, in his place of business, and would not during the time of the existence of said contract use any other telephone in connection therewith. That for a time the plaintiff complied with the terms of the said contract, but that shortly before the said 8th of February, 1900, the said plaintiff wilfully, wantonly and maliciously, and with the intention of causing injury to- the defendant, rented and began the use of another telephone in his place of business, in violation of the terms of his said contract, and continued to rent and use the same, and wilfully refused to. comply with the terms of said contract, all of which tended to' the disorganization of defendant’s business., causing it great annoyance, inconvenience and loss, and that because and by reason of the said acts -and conduct of plaintiff, this defendant suffered damage in the sum. of $2,500, and for this sum defend-' ant sets up a counter-claim herein.” The plaintiff moved to strike out the allegations of the answer on the ground that they were irrelevant and redundant, and interposed a demurrer to the counter-claim on the ground that it did not state facts sufficient to’ constitute a counter-claim. His Honor, the presiding Judge, ruled that the allegations set up’ as a defense should not be struck out, as they contained allegations properly to be considered by the jury in mitigation of damages. He sustained the demurrer to. the counter-claim.. *437 The jury rendered a verdict in favor of the plaintiff for $400. The defendant appealed upon the following exceptions: “1. In holding that the portions of defendant's answer referred to in the plaintiff’s notice to strike them out did not constitute a defense in this action, in that the defendant was a common carrier, and was bound upon demand to furnish the plaintiff a telephone, and having failed to do so, was liable for damages therefor; and that the previous failure of the plaintiff to keep' his contract constituted no ground for the defendant’s failure to furnish him a phone, and no ground in this action to defeat plaintiff’s right to damages for such default of the defendant; when he should have held that the defendant, under the Constitution and laws of the State of South Carolina, was not, and is not, a common carrier; and that it had the right, if plaintiff had failed to keep his contract with the defendant, to refuse further to furnish him one of its telephones. “2. In holding that the portion of defendant’s answer referred to in the plaintiff’s demurrer thereto did not constitute a cause of action as a counter-claim against the plaintiff, and in sustaining the demurrer to that portion of the answer, (a) If the plaintiff had previously made a contract with the defendant and he had broken his contract, the defendant had a right of action against him' for damages therefor, (b) Having such right of action against the plaintiff, the defendant had a right to set it up' as a counter-claim in this action, as such cause of action arose out of the transaction set forth in the complaint as the foundation of the plaintiff’s claim, and was connected with the subject of the plaintiff’s action. “3. In holding that the plaintiff had the right to show by testimony, that the defendant threatened to take the telephone out of plaintiff’s residence, when there was no' allegation in the complaint to which this testimony was responsive, and in not sustaining the defendant’s objection to the plaintiff’s testimony with reference thereto'. “4. In holding that the defendant did not have the right to *438 show by the evidence in justification of its contract with the plaintiff and others for the exclusive use of its telephones, the kind and character of the competition it then had with the Bell Telephone Company, and the financial strength of Said company, and in sustaining the plaintiff’s objection to the testimony of IT. B. Carlisle, one of the directors of the defendant company, with reference to this matter. “5. In holding that the defendant did not have the right to show by testimony in support of the allegation in its answer that it did not have the means to' supply telephones to the plaintiff and others then desirous of using them' — -that other persons besides the plaintiff were unable to get instruments from the defendant at that time for that reason — and in sustaining the plaintiff’s objection to the testimony of J. R. Bain tending to show these facts. “6. In not sustaining- the defendant’s motion for a non-suit on the grounds upon which it was based, to wit: (a) That so' far as compensatory damages were concerned, there was no evidence tending to show that the plaintiff had suffered any damag-e or loss whatsoever in the matters complained of in the complaint, (b) That so far as vindictive damages were concerned, there was no’ evidence tending to show that the defendant had been guilty of any malicious, wilful or wanton conduct in refusing the use of one of its telephones to1 the plaintiff. For these reasons, the defendant insisted upon its motion for a nonsuit, and insists here that it was error for the Circuit Judge to' refuse it. “7. In charging the jury that it was utterly immaterial, so far as actual defenses or justification was concerned, whether the plaintiff, Gwynn, had broken his contract or not, as such conduct upon his part was no justification for the refusal of the defendant to further furnish one of its telephones, but that the defendant was a common carrier, and was bound to furnish such telephones, irrespective of plaintiff’s previous conduct; when we submit he should have charged the jury that the defendant was not a common carrier, and had the leg-al right to furnish its instruments to or to withhold them *439 from the plaintiff or any other persons at its will and pleasure. In this connection defendant alleges error: (a) In charging plaintiff’s first request to charge, ‘That a telephone company incorporated under the laws of this State for the purpose of transmitting intelligence for the use of the public, is a common carrier of intelligence.’ (b) And in charging his second request to charge, ‘that a common carrier of intelligence, such as a telephone company, is bound under the law to furnish a citizen the use of one of its telephones within 3 reasonable time after the pay for such use is tendered and demand made upon it for such telephone.’ “8. In charging the jury, as requested by the plaintiff’s fifth request to charge, as follows: ‘If a telephone company intentionally does an act with an intent to deprive a citizen of the right to use one of its telephones after tender of pay and demand upon it for such use, then such company is guilty of such wilfulness or wantonness as would warrant a verdict ag'ainst it for vindictive or punitive damages,’ the error being: (a) That such instruction was a charge upon the facts, in violation of the Constitution of the State of South Carolina, in that it took away from the jury the question whether the refusal to- furnish the telephone in this case was or was not such wilfulness o-r wantonness as would warrant a verdict for punitive damages- — -if such refusal was with the intent to- deprive the plaintiff of the right to use such telephone, (b) That for the defendant to- refuse the use of one of its telephones to- the plaintiff under the belief that it had a legal right to- do so- and for the sole purpose of protecting its own rights, would no-t be such wilfulness or wantonness as would warrant a verdict for punitive damages-, er^en though such act on its part was with an intent to deprive the plaintiff of its telephone — that is to say, to- exercise its legal right to withhold such telephones from him-. Wilfulness and wantonness, which wo-uld warrant a verdict for punitive damages, must include some element of intent to deprive’ another of a right o-r do him- a wrong, knowing that he had the right, o-r knowing that it was a wrong — and must *440 be something more than the mere assertion by one of what is conceived to- be his legal right. “9. In charging the jury as follows: ‘Now, from what I have said, you see that every citizen has a right to the use of a common carrier of intelligence, upon showing a willingness to comply with the terms required with every one else, such use and privilege must be given him, and if it is not, he has a cause of action against the common carrier, in which action he may recover compensatory damages; and if it is done wilfully and maliciously, then, in addition to compensatory damages, vindictive and punitive damages. If the common carrier has had a financial loss and cannot carry out its obligations to the public, the public are not concerned whether the corpo1ration is in straits. Therefore, the law says you carry in accordance with the requirements of the law. That is no excuse;-you must carry all alike, and if it wilfully and maliciously refuses to- do so, then it is liable for vindictive damages. If it holds itself out as a common carrier, exercises the right of a common carrier, the law says the duty upon it is not whether you are poor or whether you are rich, or whether your stock is worth thirty cents or one hundred dollars, that is not it; the law says that it does not affect the responsibility to the party; as long as they are common carriers, they are responsible for their obligations to carry all alike. If it. be in a financial strait, it might come in as mitigation, but not in justification, nor is it a defense, as long as they are exercising the rights of a common carrier, and take obligations upon themselves, benefits and burdens coming together, they hold themselves out to the public, the law says is a common carrier, and, therefore, persons had a right to consider it a common carrier, and they must carry as required by the law, fulfilling their obligations just as an ordinary citizen, the same obligations rest upon him to carry out his obligations. It may repel the idea of wilfulness, wantonness or maliciousness by showing its condition; but so long as it holds itself out as a common carrier, it must discharge the obligations of a common carrier, and treat all alike.’ The error *441 being: (a) This instruction to> the jury took away from' the jury and utterly destroyed the defendant’s defense, that at the time the demand was made upon it by the plaintiff for one of its telephones, the financial condition of the defendant and the physical condition of its plant was such that the defendant was utterly unable, even if it had been so disposed, to furnish such instrument to the plaintiff, (b) That even if, under the law, the defendant was a common carrier and was bound to treat all its patrons alike, it had the right, if its financial and physical condition was such to demand it, to refuse the use of the telephone to the plaintiff or any other person, and this instruction to the jury took away from the defendant the right to show that such was its condition, was one of the reasons why the telephone was not furnished to the plaintiff when demanded, (c) The charge quoted was, we submit, in conflict with the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of the State ex rel. J. B. Gwyrnt against Citizens’ Telephone Co., in which case, under, the opinion of the Supreme Court, the defendant had the right, if it could, to justify its refusal to furnish a telephone, by showing that it was unable to do so. “10. Because the Circuit Judge erred in refusing the motion for a new trial on the grounds upon which such motion was based, and in finding and holding in connection with such motion as follows: (a) That after the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of the State ex rel. J. B. Gwynn against Citizens’ Telephone Company, the law in relation to the questions involved in this litigation was settled, and that such decision settled all issues in this action, and deprived the defendant of the right ho make any defense thereto other than to show what facts it could in mitigation of plaintiff’s damages, (b) That the defendant set up and had no real defense to this action, when he should have held that the defendant had the right to establish, and did establish, by the great preponderance of the evidence, a complete defense thereto in the following respects: That no actual damage whatsoever was suffered by the plaintiff, and, there *442 fore, the verdict should have been in favor of the defendant as to actual damages. That no wilful or malicious conduct was shown, and, therefore, the verdict should have been in favor of the defendant as to’ vindictive damages. That, in addition to all its other defenses, the defendant was utterly unable at the time the demand wás made upon it to furnish to the plaintiff the telephone as demanded, and, therefore, the verdict should have been in favor of the defendant. The appellant submits: That the verdict of the jury in respect to these matters of defense was not only against the great weight of the testimony, but was without any evidence to sustain it, and, therefore, the refusal of the Circuit Judge to grant a new trial was error of law.” 1 The first exception is disposed of by the case of State ex rel. Gwynn v. Citizens’ Telephone Co., 61 S. C., 83, 39 S. E., 257, 55 L. R. A., 139. Permission was granted the appellant to’ review this case, but this Court sees no satisfactory reason for receding from the principles therein announced. 2 In passing upon the second exception, we will first consider whether the counter-claim was obnoxious to section 171 of the Code, which permits a counter-claim when it arises out of one of the following causes of action: “1. A cause of action arising out of the contract or transaction set forth in the complaint as the foundation of plaintiff’s claim or connected with the subject of the action.” The counter-claim unquestionably was connected with the subject matter of the action, for it was the foundation upon which the defendant based its refusal to allow the plaintiff the further use of the telephone. 3 We will next consider whether the contract alleged in the counter-claim was void on the ground that it was in restraint of trade and against public policy. The modern doctrine is that contracts between individuals are not void on the ground that they are in restraint of trade, unless the provisions thereof are unreasonable. 24 Enc. of Law, 850. But as is said in 9 Cyc., 533-4: “The *443 reasonableness of contracts in restraint of trade as between the parties is the sole test in those cases only where the public interests are not also' involved. Although the contract may be fair and reasonable between the parties, yet if it is so injurious to the public interest that public policy requires that it should not be enforced, it will be held void.” In the case of Fowle v. Park, 131 U. S., 88, the Court said: “Public welfare is first considered, and if it be not involved, and the restraint upon one party is not greater than protection to the other requires, the contract may be sustained. The question is whether, under the particular circumstances of the case and the nature of the particular contract involved in it, the contract is or is not unreasonable.” The contract alleged in the counter-claim was unreasonable because its tendency was to stifle competition between common carriers and to create a monopoly in favor of the defendant. The third exception cannot be sustained for the reason that, even waiving the objection that it fails to state in what particulars the testimony was incompetent and conceding that it was irrelevant, it was not prejudicial to' the appellant, as will hereinafter appear. 4 The fourth exception must be overruled, as the grounds of objection were not stated when the testimony was offered. 5 We will next consider the fifth exception. The presiding Judge raled that the testimony was competent in mitigation of damages, but not as a justification for the defendant’s refusal to put in the telephone. In this there was no' error. The sixth exception cannot be sustained, for the reason that there was testimony showing that the plaintiff had sustained actual damages. Under section 186a of the Code, the whole case was, therefore, properly submitted to the jury. *444 6 *443 The seventh exception has already been disposed of. The eighth exception must be sustained on both the *444 grounds assigned as error. It was a charge on the facts, because they were susceptible of more than one inference. 7 The charge stated the law erroneously, in that it eliminated the important fact of knowledge on the part of the telephone company of the plaintiff’s rights. In the latest edition of Sutherland on Damages, vol. 2, page 1093, section 393, in discussing exemplary damages, it is said: “If a wrong is done wilfully — that is, if a tort is committed deliberately, recklessly or by wilful negligence, with a present consciousness of invading another’s rights or of exposing him to injury, an undoubted case is presented for exemplary damages * * * These damages are allowable only when there is misconduct and malice, or what is equivalent thereto. A tort committed by mistake in the assertion of a supposed right, or without any actual wrong intention and without such recklessness or negligence as evinces malice or conscious disregard of the rights of others, will not warrant the giving of damages for punishment, where the doctrine of such damage prevails.” See, also, Kibler v. Ry. Co., 62 S. C., 270, 40 S. E., 556, and Fort v. Ry. Co., 64 S. C., 423, 42 S. E., 196. The questions presented by the ninth exception have already been determined. All the questions raised by the tenth exception have been considered except the question whether there was any testimony showing actual or punitive damages. While there is testimony showing actual damages, we have failed to discover in the record any testimony from, which it could be reasonably inferred that there was a wilful or wanton disre^ gard of the plaintiff’s rights by the defendant. It is the judgment of this Court, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be reversed, and the case remanded to< that Court for a new trial. Mr. Justice Jones concurs in the result.