State Ex Rel. Scroggins v. Rice

*475 Mb. Justice Swiggabt, delivered the opinion of the Court. The plaintiff in error seeks his release from the custody of the Sheriff of Tipton County by the writ of habeas corpus. He is held by authority of a final judgment of conviction for misdemeanor. He contends that the judgment of conviction is void because the indictment supporting it is void; rendered so because it fails to conclude with the words: “against the peace and dignity of the state.” The Constitution, article VI, section 12, requires that every indictment shall be concluded with these words; that is, that the offense described therein shall be charged to have been committed against the peace and dignity of the state, characterizing it as a public wrong, an offense against the power and authority of the sovereign, and not a mere trespass on individual rights. The constitutional requirement has served a twofold purpose. It put an end to an earlier formalism which involved the draftsman of' an indictment in doubt and perplexity as to the proper language to be employed in charging the commission of a crime. It has served to emphasize, and therefore to preserve, the conception of a crime as an offense against the public, and a public prosecution as a proceeding for the protection of the state and not a proceeding to avenge a private wrong. The prosecution of the plaintiff in error in the criminal court was regular in every particular save in the one formality. The indictment was signed by the public prosecutor, the representative of the State. The plaintiff in error treated it as a valid accusation of crime by pleading not guilty, and after his conviction, invoked *476 ilie jurisdiction of this court to set aside the conviction and grant Mm a new trial. It was not until after final judgment bad been .rendered, and execution bad been ordered to issue, that be complained, by this petition for tbe writ of habeas corpu,s, that tbe formal defect in tbe indictment rendered it void, so that the criminal court bad no jurisdiction of the offense nor of bis person. In Rice v. State, 50; Tenn. (3 Heist.), 215, tbe case was before tbe court on appeal in error from a judgment of conviction. An attack was made upon the indictment for failure to conclude as required by tbe constitution. The indictment was held sufficient, tbe req-r uisite conclusion at tbe end of tbe second count being held to relate to the preceding count. Tbe effect of failure to comply with tbe constitutional requirement was, therefore, not necessary to the decision of tbe court. However, tbe court there said that an indictment without the conclusion required by the constitution is a nullity, not amounting to an accusation of crime, and that tbe accused may not waive bis .rigfits in this respect. In so far as tbe rights of the accused are concerned, tbe concluding words of an indictment, ‘ ‘ against the peace and dignity of tbe state,” have no effect save to inform him that the act with which be is charged was a violation of a penal law of tbe state, which is a conclusion of law essential to a conviction. It is difficult to conceive of prejudice resulting to a defendant from the omission of these words, the indictment and trial being regular in every other respect. Whim v. State, 117 Tenn., 94, and Freeman v. State, 118 Tenn., 95, are authority for the proposition that, although a matter either of form or of substance is *477 omitted from the allegation, yet if, under the pleadings, the proof of it was essential to the findings, it must be presumed, after verdict, to have been proved, and the omission is cured by the verdict. It is not necessary now to determine whether the principle just stated should be applied to save an indictment not in compliance with the constitutional requirement, if objection is made before the termination of the prosecution but after verdict. Here the objection is made for the first time in a separate proceeding and while final judgment was in process of being executed. The final judgment, under which the plaintiff in error is held by the sheriff, recited the truth of the facts stated i-n the indictment, and these facts constitute an offense against the peace and dignity of the state, the court judicially knowing the law applicable thereto. The minutes of the criminal court show that the trial was conducted as a public prosecution by the official representative of the 'State. It is our opinion and conclusion therefore that the omission of the formal conclusion front the indictment must be held to have been supplied by the judgment rendered, on the verdict of the jury, after a trial otherwise regular. In this we think the spirit and purpose of the constitutional requirement are observed, in keeping with the often expressed aim of courts to “escape from the embarrassments of technicalities that tend to defeat law and right.” Givens v. State, 103 Tenn., 650. The judgment of the trial court dismissing the petition for the writ of habeas corpus is accordingly affirmed.