McGlasson v. State

HENDERSON, Judge. Appellant was convicted of passing as true a certain forged instrument, in writing, and his punishment assessed at confinement in the penitentiary for a term of five years; hance this appeal. The State’s case was for passing as true an alleged forged vendor’s lien note executed by one Knowles in 1893. It appears that said note was a part of a transaction involved in the sale of a tract of forty acres of land. The land was in the name of one Russell. It appears, however, that he held said tract of land in trust for appellant, McGlasson, and that the notes were made payable by Knowles to Russell, and subsequently transferred to appellant. There were three notes, each for the sum of §266.70, executed on the 17th day of November, 1893, and payable in one, two and three years thereafter. The forgery was alleged to be of the name of J. M. Knowles, the signer of said notes, and the vendee of said tract of land, and the passing was to one Roseborough. The State’s evidence further tended to show that besides said genuine *623 notes, which were executed by J. M. Knowles, appellant forged and uttered other, notes similar in terms to said genuine notes; the charge being for uttering one of the said last-mentioned forged notes. The evidence further showed that the genuine notes, except one, about which there was no testimony, were negotiated in 1894 to Silliman & Co., at Port Worth, and the alleged forged notes were pledged as security to D. D. Roseborough in 1894, and the one appellant is charged to have uttered was bought by said Roseborough in 1895. The defense set up by appellant was to the effect that in executing said notes by Knowles there was a mistake, and in fact but two notes were executed, and that he subsequently called on Knowles, in 1894, and represented the mistake to him, and he agreed to, and did execute three notes in lieu of the alleged original notes; and he also stated to said Knowles at the time that said original notes were lost or mislaid, and he indemnified said Knowles against said original notes. Said original notes were shown to have been negotiated to Silliman & Co., at Port Worth, in 1894, by the defendant. Defendant, however, explains that he had no knowledge of said negotiation, and claimed not to have negotiated them. On the trial the State introduced a number of transactions similar to that involved in the prosecution in this case; that is, some of them genuine sales of land, with genuine notes, and then the forging of notes similar to said genuine notes, and the negotiation of the same. These are the notes known as the Holcomb, Stringer, and Wallace notes, negotiated to E. Rotan; and the Clark notes, also negotiated to Rotan, executed November 5, 1895, and negotiated in February, 1896; and the Curtis notes, executed on the 24th of July, 1893, and negotiated to Mrs. Sewell in 1894. The State introduced testimony showing that these notes were all based on land transactions, and that duplicates of the genuine original notes were forged, and both the originals and the forged duplicates were negotiated by the appellant, and that most of-these transactions involved several notes—said notes being made pjayable in consecutive years. With the exception of the Curtis notes, which were executed in 1893, shortly before the execution of the notes in this case, the remainder of said notes were executed and negotiated subsequently, extending from 1894 to 1895. Appellant objected to the introduction of this testimony—that is, testimony regarding other transactions—on the ground that they were distinct offenses, not connected with the offense charged, and no part of the same, and not admissible. We have examined this question in the light of the authorities. It has been repeatedly held by this court that evidence of contemporaneous crimes was admissible when such evidence tended to establish identity in developing the res gestae, or in making out the guilt of the accused by circumstances connected with the transaction, or to explain the intent with which the accused acted with respect to the matter charged against him. See, House v. State, 16 Tex. Crim. App., 25; Kelley v. State, 18 Tex. Crim. App., 262; Holmes v. State, 20 Tex. Crim. App., 509; Alexander v. State, 21 Tex. Crim. App., 407; Oliver v. State, 33. Tex. Crim. Rep., *624 541; Whart., Crim. Ev., §§ 31-48, et seq. And, when the object of such collateral matter is to show system, subsequent as ujell as prior offenses, tending to establish identity or intent, can be put in evidence. See, Hennessy v. State, 23 Tex. Crim. App., 340; Whart., Crim. Ev., §§ 37, 38. But it is insisted that, to be part of a system, it must be connected with and part of the same offense. This however, is not correct. In Mason v. State, 31 Tex. Crim. Rep., 306, which was a case of forgery, other distinct forgeries were admitted in evidence. See, Heard v. State, 9 Tex. Crim. App., 1. To the same effect, see, also, Com. v. Price, 10 Gray, 472, and Rex v. Smith, 4 Car. & P., 411. And the same principle is applicable to other offenses. In Reg. v. Bleasdale, 2 Car. & K., 765, which was a case of theft of coal, it appearing that the coal was stolen from a shaft, and there were a number of takings, the court say, “But, in order to show that when the prisoner took the coal of Mr. Gunning in number ten drift, ho was out of his boundary, I permit it to be proved that he has gone out of his boundary in many other instances, and into the property of other persons, taking in all 15,000 yards of coal.” In that case other distinct takings were allowed to be proved in order to show that the prisoner’s defense, to-wit: that he did not know he was out of his own boundary, was but a mere pretext. Brown v. State, 26 Ohio St., 176, was a case where a certain horse doctor had at different times and places injured other horses for the purpose of obtaining fees for curing the same. He was indicted for injuring one horse, and proof of the injuries to the others was held admissible. See, also, Kramer v. Com., 87 Pa. St., 299, and Thayer v. Thayer, 101 Mass., 111. The forgery and the utterance thereof admitted in evidence were not part of the same transaction as the forgery charged, and were not contemporaneous in point of time. One of the instances preceded that charged in the indictment, and the others followed, covering a space of more than a year; but they were similar in the method adopted of forging and of uttering to that charged against the defendant and shown by the evidence. Appellant, however, denied the forgery, and introduced evidence tending to show that the paper was not in fact a forgery, but was executed by the prosecutor, Knowles, himself. It is true, his testimony shows him guilty of the same degree of moral turpitude, according to his own defense, as if he had forged the paper, and uttered it knowing it to be forged; but the defense set up by him as to passing a forged instrument, if true, would defeat the prosecution in this case. In order to strengthen the State’s case, we believe that the testimony was competent, not because it was contemporaneous, not because it was a part of the same transaction, but because it showed or tended to show that appellant had adopted the same plan to utter forged instruments in other eases as was insisted upon by the State he had pursued in this case. Steph., Ev. p. 19, lays down the rule thus: “Facts necessary to be known to explain or introduce a fact in issue, or relevant, or deemed to be relevant, to the issue, or which support or rebut an inference suggested by any such fact, or which establish the identity *625 of any thing or person whose identity is in issue, or is deemed to he relevant to the issue, or which fixes the time or place at which any such fact happened, or which show that any document produced is genuine or otherwise, or which show the relation of the parties by whom any such fact was transacted, or which afforded an opportunity for its occurrence or transaction, or which are necessary to be known in order to show the relevancy of other facts, are deemed to be relevant in so far as they are necessary for those purposes, respectively.” And see, authorities cited thereto. Under this rule, and the authorities above quoted, the testimony objected to was properly received by the court. During the trial of the case it was an issue whether or not the name, “J. M. "Knowles,” signed to the alleged instrument appellant was charged with uttering, was the true and genuine signature of the said J. M. Knowles. “The said J. M. Knowles was introduced as a witness on this issue by the State, and he was permitted, over the objections of the defendant, after he denied his execution of the note w'hich defendant is charged to have uttered in this case, after said note had been shown to him, and after the signature to said note had been shown to him, to then and there write his name on a piece of paper; and this piece of paper, with the name as thus written, was permitted to be introduced in evidence, and was shown to the jury by State’s counsel, for the purpose of comparison of handwriting. To all of which the defendant then and there objected, on the ground that it was contrary to the rules of evidence to permit said witness to thus write his name after he had been shown the signature to the note which is charged to have been forged, and' for the reason that it afforded said witness an opportunity to dis.guise his handwriting, and to write his name different from the way he wrote it to the said note, if he had done so; and for said reasons-defendant objected to said signature as then and there written during the trial, to go to the jury as- evidence. But the court overruled all of said objections, and permitted said witness to so write-his name, and permitted said name, as thus written, to go to the1jury as evidence.” In this State it is competent to prove handwriting by comparison, and the comparison need not be of other signatures of the party, introduced in the case for other purposes. The rule is different in many of the other States, but it seems to be controlled in this-State by statute. See, Art; 794, Code Crim. Proc., which is as follows: “It is competent in every case to give evidence of handwriting by comparison made by experts or by the jury, but proof by comparison only shall not be sufficient to establish the handwriting of a witness who denies his signature under oath.” See, Phillips v. State, 6 Tex. Crim. App., 364; Walker v. State, 14 Tex. Crim. App., 609; Heacock v. State, 13 Tex. Crim. App., 97; Rogers v. State, 11 Tex. Crim. App., 608; Heard v. State, 9 Tex. Crim. App., 1. The question presented in the above bill of exceptions is whether it is permissible to allow a witness—a private prosecutor, in a case of forgery, where his signature is alleged to be forged, and he denies such signature, to make his signa *626 tnre before the jury for the purpose of being used as evidence in the case bearing on the issue'as to whether or not the signature to the instrument alleged to be forged is his genuine signature. We believe it is the general rule, supported by all the authorities, and gainsaid by no well-considered case which we have been able to find, that such testimony is not admissible; the principle upon which the exclusion of this character of evidence is founded being its liability to fabrication, the witness, at the time he makes said signature for the purpose of comparison, having a motive to fabricate, and having the means furnished him at the time to aid him in such fabrication. The question and the test to be applied in all such cases is, was the witness’ knowledge acquired under such circumstances as would show that the party had a motive for disguising his handwriting? ■ If so, the testimony should be excluded, else a party would be permitted to manufacture testimony for himself. See, Lawson, Exp. Ev., pp. 307-314; 1 Thomp. Trials, § 1135, and authorities there cited; King v. Donahue, 110 Mass., 155; Bronner v. Loomis, 14 Hun., 341; Com. v. Allen, 128 Mass., 46; Reid v. State, 20 Ga., 684. The cases that appear to antagonize this rule either did not have the question in them, or the matter was not discussed upon principle. See, Smith v. King, 62 Conn., 515, 26 Atl. Rep., 1059; Williams v. Riches, 77 Wis., 569, 46 N. W. Rep., 817. In this case the witness was shown his purported signature to the forged instrument, and was then asked to write his name, that the jury might conqiare the same, in order to determine whether the alleged forged signature was his signature or not. Of course, it was to the interest of the prosecuting witness to write his signature differently from the copy before him, and it is not the intention of the law to thus present temptations to human infirmity. It is insisted, however, that the witness could only write his own name, and that consequently he was incapable of changing the form of his signature. If the evidence established the fact that he could not write his name except in one form—that is, without a change in the formation of any letter—the position would be sound; but we have no such evidence in this case. The inducement to fabricate is too great, under such conditions, and in such cases the courts do not authorize such testimony. This court, in authorizing evidence of such signatures of witnesses for comparison, only goes to the extent of admitting such signatures as are proved or conceded to be genuine, and that were executed before there was any motive to fabricate. We accordingly hold that the admission of this testimony was improper. It ■was upon a material issue, and was calculated to prove hurtful to the appellant. We deem it unnecessary to discuss other assignments of error presented. For the error of the court in admitting the signature of the appellant made before the jury during the trial of the ease for the purpose of comparison by them, the judgment of the lower court is reversed and the cause remanded. Reversed and Remanded.