Rockwell Bros. Co. v. Hudgens

CONNER, Chief Justice. Plaintiff in error sued W. T. Hudgens upon a promissory note in the sum of one thousand two hundred dollars, given by Hudgens on March 21, 1906, for the purchase price of certain lumber and material afterwards used by him in the erection of a dwelling-house situated in the town of Rising Star, East-land County. Mo defense was urged to the indebtedness, nor to a mortgage lien declared upon on certain mules taken to secure the note, but plaintiff in error also asserted and sought to foreclose two liens on the house and lot referred to; one, the materialman’s lien provided by article 3294 of the Revised Statutes; the other, an attachment lien later secured, as against which defendants in error Hudgens and wife interposed the defense that the premises at and before the inception of said liens constituted their homestead. The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for defendants in error. The sharply contested issues were whether in March, 1906, when, if at all, plaintiff became entitled to fix, as he afterwards did, his materialman’s lien, the lot in question had become the homestead of defendants in error by reason of such acts of preparation as sufficiently manifested their intention to so make it, and if so, whether defendants in error had abandoned the homestead at and prior to the levy of plaintiff in error’s writ of attachment on the 21st day of June, "1906. The evidence is undisputed that defendants in error never actually occupied the premises until long after the levy of the attachment, and that before the lot was paid for and deed thereto delivered, and before any occupancy of the premises, defendant Hudgens, accompanied by his wife and two children, left the country and remained away in different parts of the United States, Canada and Old Mexico from early in June, 1906, until about April 1, 1907, when he returned to Eastland County, accompanied by a sheriff. Plaintiff in error sought to elicit by an examination of W. T. Hudgens while testifying as a witness that said absence from the State was not temporary as he had testified; that at the time he left Eastland County he had some half dozen indictments for felony pending against him; that in consequence thereof "he was a fugitive from justice during his absence and had not returned until he was arrested in El Paso, Texas, by the sheriff of Eastland County. The court refused to permit the introduction of such proposed evidence or to permit questions calculated to so prove, on the ground that the witness had been offered by plaintiff in error, and had been allowed *508 to testify to the length and circumstances of his wandering, and hence, that it was improper to so impeach or degrade him. We are of the opinion that the court committed reversible error in so ruling. True, the witness could not be so impeached, but the facts sought were certainly relevant on the issue of abandonment. The fact, if true, that W. T. Hudgens, at the time he left the country of his asserted home, was indicted one or more times for grave offenses and perhaps liable to punishment in the penitentiary, furnished a motive or inducement for his departure and continued absence, and was admissible as a circumstance illustrating his intent, to be considered by the jury together with all other circumstances in determining whether Hudgens’ abandonment was permanent. It is insisted that the testimony is not admissible against the wife who intervened. But not so. It is undisputed that the wife went and remained absent with her husband until long after the institution of this suit, and if W. T. Hudgens in abandoning his former home, if one had been established and if he did so abandon it, acted in good faith and for the best interest of his family, as he thought, his determination controls. See Speer on Law of Married Women, sections 256 and 271, and authorities cited. If the testimony sought was relevant to a material issue, as we think it plainly is, it is no objection to its introduction that the testimony did tend to degrade the witness. See 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, 15th ed., sec. 454. Complaint is also made of the action of the court in refusing to permit plaintiff in error to propound leading questions to the defendant, W. T. Hudgens. We think this was error, notwithstanding he was introduced as witness by plaintiff in error, W. T. Hudgens was necessarily a hostile witness; his position in the case and his defense placed him in hostility to plaintiff in error and the latter should therefore have been permitted to propound leading questions to him. See 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, see. 435. And for the same reason the court should not have permitted his counsel to lead W. T. Hudgens in the development of his defense. See 1 Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 773; 2d volume, same authority, sec. 916; Revised Statutes, art. 2271; International & G. N. Ry. v. Dalwigh, 92 Texas, 655. In the fourteenth assignment complaint is made of the following paragraph of the court’s charge: “If you believe from the evidence that the said W. T. Hudgens, or that he and his wife contracted for the land in controversy for the purpose of making it a homestead, and that they caused it to be improved for a home intending to live thereon and own no other home, then it became their homestead whether it was paid for or not, regardless of whether they occupied it or not; and if that homestead character once attached to said land, then it remained their homestead until both W. T. Hudgens and his wife both abandoned it with the intention of not returning to it and living thereon, or abandoned the idea and intent of malting it their home.” The validity of the defendants’ title was not made an issue, and we think this charge was incorrect as well as objectionable as being on the weight of the testimony. The fact that W. T. Hudgens had not paid for his homestead lot or received deed there *509 for until after his return to Eastland County, was a circumstance proper for the consideration of the jury in determining the issue of abandonment, and the force of the circumstance should not have been destroyed, as was probably done, by the section of the charge quoted. It was also erroneous to instruct the jury, as was in effect done, that the wife’s concurrence in the abandonment of the homestead was absolutely essential, as we have indicated in a former part of our opinion. Some of us also very gravely doubt, under the circumstances of this case, the propriety of the court’s charge complained of in the thirteenth - assignment, to the effect that the burden of proof on the issue of abandonment was upon plaintiff in error. While as a general rule - the burden of proving the abandonment of a homestead once established is upon the party asserting the abandonment (see Welborne v. Downing, 73 Texas, 527), yet where, as here, there had admittedly been no occupancy of the premises, and where the acts of preparation were of the character shown by the testimony in this case, unaccompanied with any declared purpose of occupying the premises as a home; and where liens, as here, have accrued at different times, some of us at least incline to the opinion that the charge on the burden of proof indicated was liable to mislead the jury, it being ordinarily true that the burden of proof was upon defendants in error to establish the homestead character of the premises in controversy at the several times plaintiff in error acquired his liens. We find nothing else in the record requiring notice. We should say perhaps, however, that the eighteenth assignment has not been considered for the reason that the special charge therein quoted was not marked "refused” by the trial court as required by the statute. We conclude that the judgment should be reversed and the cause remanded because of the errors discussed. Reversed and remanded.