Fuentes v. Griffin

14-3878 Fuentes v. Griffin 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 ------ 4 August Term, 2015 5 (Argued: November 17, 2015 Decided: July 15, 2016) 6 Docket No. 14-3878 7 _________________________________________________________ 8 JOSE ALEX FUENTES, 9 Petitioner-Appellant, 10 - v. - 11 T. GRIFFIN, Superintendent, 12 Respondent-Appellee.* 13 _________________________________________________________ 14 Before: KEARSE, STRAUB, and WESLEY, Circuit Judges. 15 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of 16 New York, Sandra L. Townes, Judge, denying amended petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 for 17 habeas corpus on the grounds that the prosecution suppressed a record of the alleged rape victim's 18 psychiatric consultation, in violation of petitioner's due process rights, see Brady v. Maryland, 373 19 U.S. 83 (1963), and that petitioner's trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. The district court 20 denied the petition on the ground that the state courts' rejections of Fuentes's constitutional claims * The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the official caption to conform with the above. 1 were neither contrary to nor unreasonable applications of clearly established federal law. We 2 conclude that Fuentes's petition should have been granted on the ground that the state court's rejection 3 of his Brady claim was an unreasonable application of the materiality standard established by Kyles 4 v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419 (1995). 5 Reversed and remanded. 6 Judge Wesley dissents in a separate opinion. 7 COLLEEN P. CASSIDY, New York, New York (Federal Defenders 8 of New York, Inc., Appeals Bureau, New York, New York, on 9 the brief), for Petitioner-Appellant. 10 AMY APPELBAUM, Assistant District Attorney, Brooklyn, New 11 York (Kenneth P. Thompson, District Attorney of Kings 12 County, Leonard Joblove, Assistant District Attorney, 13 Brooklyn, New York, on the brief), for Respondent-Appellee. 14 KEARSE, Circuit Judge: 15 Petitioner Jose Alex Fuentes, a New York State ("State") prisoner convicted of rape 16 in the first degree and sodomy in the first degree, appeals from a judgment of the United States 17 District Court for the Eastern District of New York, Sandra L. Townes, Judge, denying his amended 18 petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 for a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that the prosecution 19 suppressed a psychiatric record of an evaluation of the complainant, in violation of Fuentes's due 20 process rights, see Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and that Fuentes's trial counsel rendered 21 ineffective assistance by failing to prepare cross-examination or call expert witnesses to counter 22 expert testimony introduced by the prosecution. The district court denied the petition on the ground 23 that the State courts' rejections of Fuentes's constitutional claims were neither contrary to nor [2] 1 unreasonable applications of clearly established federal law, the standard set by the Antiterrorism and 2 Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"). On appeal, Fuentes contends principally that the 3 rejection by the New York Court of Appeals of his Brady claim was an unreasonable application of 4 the materiality standard established by Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419 (1995), and that the decision 5 of the Kings County Supreme Court--the highest State court to address his ineffective-assistance-of- 6 counsel claim on the merits--was an unreasonable application of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 7 668 (1984). For the reasons that follow, we conclude, without need to assess the claim of ineffective 8 assistance of counsel, that Fuentes's petition should have been granted with respect to the Brady claim. 9 The contents of the suppressed psychiatric record provided information with which to impeach the 10 complaining witness and to support the defendant's version of the events. The New York Court of 11 Appeals, as the State concedes, misread the psychiatric record. And although the State argues that 12 the error was harmless, the Court's conclusion that suppression of the document had no prejudicial 13 effect resulted from its lack of understanding of what the psychiatric record stated, along with its 14 failure to balance the evidence in light of the record as a whole and its inability to appreciate the 15 import of the document in the unique context of this case, where (a) the issue was not whether an 16 alleged rapist was the defendant but instead whether what occurred was a rape rather than a sexual 17 encounter in which the complainant participated willingly, (b) the complainant provided the only 18 evidence that what occurred was a crime, and (c) the withheld document was the only evidence by 19 which the defense could have impeached the complainant's credibility as to her mental state. We 20 reverse the decision of the district court and instruct that a new judgment be entered, ordering that 21 Fuentes be released unless the State affords him a new trial within 90 days. [3] 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 The present case arises out of the alleged sexual assault by Fuentes on a woman-- 3 referred to herein as "G.C."--on the roof of her apartment building in the early morning hours of 4 January 27, 2002. It is undisputed that Fuentes and G.C. had oral and vaginal intercourse on that roof; 5 but the only persons present were G.C. and Fuentes, and the issue for trial was whether the sex was 6 consensual. As set out in greater detail below, G.C., who was 22 years old in January 2002, testified 7 that in the wee hours of January 27 she had gone to an arcade with friends; that a few hours later she 8 left with the same friends to go home; and that when she exited the subway alone near her home, a 9 stranger--later identified as Fuentes--followed her home, threatened her with a knife, and raped and 10 sodomized her. In contrast, Fuentes, 23 years old in January 2002, testified that he and G.C. had met 11 in a bar at the arcade, hit it off, left together, went to G.C.'s building for the mutual purpose of having 12 sex, and had done so; however, when G.C. suggested that they see each other again and Fuentes 13 demurred, she became angry and self-deprecating and said he would be sorry. The principal issue on 14 this appeal is whether Fuentes was denied a fair trial by the prosecution's nondisclosure of the 15 psychiatric record made with respect to G.C. later on January 27. 16 A. The State's Evidence at Trial 17 The State's trial evidence included G.C.'s medical records and the testimony of several 18 witnesses. In addition to G.C., the State's witnesses included one of the friends who had been with 19 G.C. at the arcade on January 27, two police officers, and expert witnesses. [4] 1 1. G.C.'s Testimony 2 G.C. testified that just after midnight on January 27 she, her friend Tammy Little (or 3 "Tammy"), and Tammy's sister, cousin, and mother were in Manhattan at an arcade in Times Square. 4 Some three hours later, G.C. and her friends left to go home to Brooklyn by subway. At the 5 appropriate stop, G.C. left the others and switched to a G train to the Flushing Avenue station, near 6 the Marcy Projects where she lived with her mother and three sisters. While walking home from that 7 subway station, G.C. noticed a man--identified at trial as Fuentes--walking behind her. 8 When G.C. entered her building, Fuentes followed her inside. Having "a bad feeling," 9 G.C. declined to get into the building's elevator with Fuentes, intending to use it after he had used it. 10 (Trial Transcript ("Tr.") 368-69.) However, when the elevator returned to the ground floor, Fuentes 11 was still inside. He appeared to be exiting, but as G.C. was entering, he pushed her in and followed 12 her; Fuentes put a knife to her neck, and told her, "'don't do nothing stupid or I'll cut you.'" (Id. 13 at 369-70.) They took the elevator to the sixth floor, the top floor and the floor on which G.C.'s 14 apartment was located; they then walked up a flight of stairs to the roof. Once on the roof, Fuentes 15 forced G.C. to engage in oral and vaginal sex. G.C. did not see a condom and did not recall that one 16 was used. (See id. at 375, 426.) 17 They then took the stairs and elevator down, with Fuentes holding his knife to G.C.'s 18 neck. After they exited the building, Fuentes put the knife away, put his arm around G.C.'s shoulders 19 as if she "was his girlfriend," and "asked [G.C.] to walk with him to the train station." (Id. at 377.) 20 On the way, Fuentes apologized and said "he was going through something." (Id. at 377-78.) Fuentes 21 told G.C. his mother was from Honduras, and G.C. testified that she "must have" told him she too was 22 Honduran. (Id. at 403.) Fuentes told G.C. his name was "Alex." (Id. at 378, 428.) [5] 1 When they arrived at the subway station and went down the stairs, Fuentes took G.C.'s 2 cell phone, powered it down, wiped its surface, and returned it to her. He warned G.C. not to call the 3 police. (See id. at 379.) When Fuentes asked G.C. "'which side goes to Queens?'" she informed him 4 they were on the wrong side; they went back up to the street, and Fuentes crossed to the side on which 5 the G train goes to Queens. (See id.) 6 G.C. watched Fuentes descend toward the Queens-bound platform; she then walked 7 back to her apartment and went to sleep. (See id. at 380-81.) She did not tell her mother she had been 8 raped. Asked why, G.C. responded, "[b]ecause she wouldn't have believed me." (Id. at 381.) 9 When G.C. awoke around noon, she got dressed and went to Tammy's home, where 10 she told Tammy and Tammy's sister and mother that she had been raped. After about an hour, G.C. 11 left and went to Woodhull Hospital and reported that she had been raped. A rape kit was prepared, 12 and hospital personnel informed the police. (See id. at 383.) G.C. described her attacker to the police. 13 2. Testimony of Tammy Little 14 Tammy Little, G.C.'s good friend since high school, testified that she, her mother, and 15 her sister were at the arcade in Times Square with G.C. in the early morning hours of January 27; 16 Tammy testified that the four of them eventually left Manhattan together via subway. (See 17 Tr. 501-02). Tammy did not see Fuentes that night, nor did she see G.C. talk to any men while they 18 were at the arcade. (See id. at 504-05.) 19 Tammy testified that G.C. came to her house in the afternoon on January 27 and told 20 Tammy and Tammy's mother that she had been raped "when she was home, she was going into the 21 building." (Id. at 503.) Tammy testified that G.C. did not provide any other details; she "didn't tell 22 [them] she got raped at knifepoint" (id. at 507): [6] 1 Q. And when she told you she got raped, what did she say to you? 2 What did she say? 3 A. That was it, that she was raped. 4 (Id.) In response, Tammy and her mother were in shock, did not tell G.C. to call the police, and said 5 nothing. (See id. ("I didn't say anything.").) G.C. departed; Tammy did not know where she went 6 (see id. at 504): 7 Q. So she came in, told you she was raped and just left? 8 A. Yes. 9 (Id. at 508.) 10 3. Police Witness Testimony 11 Police officer Kevin Fedynak and his partner interviewed G.C. at Woodhull Hospital 12 on January 27. Fedynak testified that G.C. described her attacker as a well-dressed "male Hispanic, 13 light skin, about six foot two, 200 pounds, going by the name of Alex." (Tr. 456; see id. at 465.) 14 Police detective Steven Litwin testified that two years later, in January 2004, he was 15 informed that the male DNA collected in G.C.'s rape kit matched that of Fuentes. He arrested Fuentes 16 in June of that year. (See id. at 676-78.) 17 Litwin had interviewed G.C. in September of 2002--her first police interview since 18 January 27, 2002, another detective having made several unsuccessful attempts to interview her in the 19 interim. (See id. at 675-76, 682-83; see also id. at 405-08 (testimony of G.C.).) Litwin testified--after 20 reviewing the record of his September 2002 interview of G.C.--that in describing the January 27 21 events to him, G.C. told him that Fuentes was not on her building's elevator when it returned to the 22 ground floor; instead, she got on the empty elevator alone, but the elevator then stopped at the second [7] 1 floor. (See id. at 684-85.) (G.C., in her testimony, denied having given Litwin this version of the 2 event (see id. at 419-20).) 3 4. Medical and Expert Evidence 4 The record of G.C.'s physical examination at the hospital on January 27 indicated that 5 her appearance was within normal limits, as were her skin, sensory organs, and alertness. (See 6 Tr. 568-71, 573.) The examination did not reveal any bruises, swelling, or lacerations anywhere on 7 her body, or any marks on her neck to indicate any trauma. (See id. at 571-72, 576-77, 586-87 ("no 8 signs of trauma to any" "parts of [G.C.'s] body that were examined").) On "the assumption that she 9 [had been] sexually assaulted," G.C. "was given prophylactic antibiotics for sexually transmitted 10 diseases." (Id. at 565.) The examination had revealed "no external or internal trauma . . . in the pelvic 11 area." (Id. at 564.) 12 The State called two expert witnesses with respect to the effects of rapes on victims. 13 One, Daniel McSwiggan, was a Woodhull Hospital nurse who was certified in sexual assault forensic 14 examination. McSwiggan, who had not examined G.C., testified that "the absence of visible trauma 15 to [G.C.'s] vaginal area," noted during her January 27 pelvic examination, did not mean that she had 16 not been raped. (Id. at 565-66.) 17 The other, Dr. Eileen Treacy, was a psychologist who also had not examined G.C. She 18 testified that "a recognizable pattern of behavior that is exhibited by victims of sexual assault," called 19 "rape trauma syndrome" (id. at 646), may include delayed reporting of the event. However, rapes by 20 strangers are "reported with higher frequency" than non-stranger rapes. (Id. at 653, 659.) [8] 1 B. Fuentes's Defense 2 Fuentes testified in his own defense and called one additional witness. The latter was 3 Aubry Weekes, a private investigator who was a retired New York City detective and who 4 interviewed G.C. for the defense in February 2005. Weekes testified that G.C. told him she had met 5 Fuentes at the arcade and had left with him; she "[s]aid Mr. Fuentes took her home." (Tr. 711.) (G.C., 6 in her testimony, denied having told Weekes that she met Fuentes at the arcade (see id. at 430-31).) 7 Weekes testified that G.C. did not tell him she had left the arcade with Tammy (see id. at 711); she 8 did not tell him she was raped at knifepoint (see id. at 698); she did not tell him she was raped (see 9 id.). 10 Fuentes testified that in the early morning hours of January 27, 2002, he and two 11 friends were at the arcade in Times Square, and there he met G.C. in the bar on the second floor. (See 12 id. at 716-18.) Fuentes told G.C. his name was "Alex Fuentes" (id. at 759); he testified that he is 13 called "Alex" although his first name is "Jose," because all of the males in his family have the first 14 name Jose and they all go by their middle names (id. at 716). Fuentes testified that he and G.C. 15 conversed, discussing school, their jobs, their birthdays, their shared connection to Honduras, music, 16 and the Honduran singer "Lisa Left Eye Lopez" [sic]. (Id. at 719-20.) 17 Around 4 a.m., Fuentes said he was leaving; G.C. said she was leaving too, and 18 Fuentes suggested that they go to a place near where he lived in Queens, or to his apartment. He and 19 G.C. left the arcade together, taking the R train to Queens, and engaging in kissing, heavy petting, and 20 giggling en route (see id. at 742, 744). However, when Fuentes mentioned that they would need to 21 be quiet in his apartment because a relative was living with him, G.C. told him that "she had a better 22 spot [for them] to go to." (Id. at 723.) Fuentes and G.C. changed trains at Queens Plaza and took the 23 G train to the Flushing Avenue stop. G.C. led Fuentes from the subway station to her apartment [9] 1 building, where she took him to the roof. Once on the roof, Fuentes and G.C. engaged in oral and 2 vaginal intercourse. Fuentes stated that he put on a condom prior to the vaginal intercourse, but that 3 it broke during the act; in the heat of the moment, with G.C.'s encouragement, he continued without 4 one. 5 When they were done, Fuentes asked G.C. how to get back to the subway, and she 6 offered to walk with him. (See id. at 754-55.) On the way, G.C. suggested that the two of them "go 7 to South Street Seaport and basically hang out again." (Id. at 755.) Fuentes, however, preoccupied 8 with thoughts of the need to get an STD test because he had had unprotected sex with someone he had 9 just met, did not immediately respond. G.C. asked Fuentes if he was listening to her and pointed out 10 that he had not yet asked for her phone number. When Fuentes suggested that they just "'leave things 11 the way they are,'" G.C. asked if Fuentes thought she was "'a ho.'" (Id. at 757.) Fuentes assured G.C. 12 that he was not judging her, but reiterated that it was a "'one-night stand'" and that he would like to 13 "'leave it at that.'" (Id.) Now upset, G.C. told Fuentes that he must think she was "'a ho'" and that he 14 was "'going to be sorry.'" (Id. at 757-58.) Fuentes testified that G.C. was so vehement that a subway 15 employee in the booth looked up at them. Because G.C. "was acting erratic" and seemed "unstable," 16 Fuentes told G.C. that he was leaving and did not want her phone number. (Id. at 758.) When he 17 walked away, G.C. cursed at him. 18 C. The Undisclosed Psychiatric Record 19 While in the middle of his closing argument, Fuentes's attorney was leafing through 20 the trial exhibits, including the medical records the State had introduced. He discovered among G.C.'s 21 medical records a page--titled "Record of Consultation"--that the prosecution had not produced to the 22 defense. The Record of Consultation (or "ROC") disclosed that when G.C. was at Woodhull Hospital [10] 1 on January 27 having reported she had been raped, she had a psychiatric consultation. In pertinent 2 part, the Record of Consultation reads as follows: 3 [G.C.] is a 22 y-o Black female, single, living w/ mothe[r], working in 4 McDonalds x 2m, reporting depression x 2y and ideas of killing herself since 5 then, because she has "family problems" feeling mistreated by mother, 6 frequent crying spells, withdrawn, lack of energy - Now, she feels angry at 7 herself "because she went home late and put herself a[t] risk" - Fair sleep - She 8 has no SI currently and her depression is "as usual" 9 -PPH: (-) - Substance Abuse Hx: Marijuana use x 2, last y 10 -PMH: Asthma - LMP: 1/02 11 -MSE: A + 0 x3, mood depressed, denies S/H ideations or A/V hallucinations, 12 no delusions elicited. 13 IMP: I Dysthymic Disorder: Pt wants someone to talk to about her problems. - 14 Cannabis Abuse. 15 Suggest: Refer to Psych Clinic upon D/C. 16 (Court Exhibit A-1 (emphases added).) 17 Upon discovering the previously undisclosed Record of Consultation, Fuentes's 18 attorney requested a sidebar, and he later moved for a mistrial on the ground that the nondisclosure 19 of the ROC constituted a Brady due process violation. Fuentes's attorney had been assured by the 20 prosecutor that all of G.C.'s medical records had been turned over (see, e.g., Tr. 843-44), and yet the 21 defense had not been given the Record of Consultation (see, e.g., id. at 844-45). He argued that the 22 cross-examination he could have conducted if he had known of the ROC "would have had a major 23 effect on th[e] jury's opinion of [G.C.'s] credibility in this case." (Id. at 847.) Further, G.C.'s mental 24 health history as shown in the ROC would have substantiated Fuentes's account of G.C.'s erratic 25 behavior at the subway station, and thus supported Fuentes's version of the events. (See, e.g., id. 26 at 863-64.) Counsel also pointed out that during her trial testimony, G.C. "broke down on the stand 27 and cried many times. And the jury could have very easily been led to believe the reason she was 28 crying was the result of this incident. Now, after looking at this psych. record, we find she was crying 29 well before the events of that evening . . . ." (Id. at 851.) [11] 1 The prosecutor admitted to the judge that she had intentionally withheld the Record 2 of Consultation from discovery but stated that she did so out of concern for psychiatrist-patient 3 privilege. The court admonished the prosecutor for failing to at least disclose the document to the 4 court to obtain a ruling on discoverability; it reserved judgment on Fuentes's mistrial motion until 5 after return of the verdict. 6 The jury, on its second day of deliberations, found Fuentes guilty of first-degree rape 7 and first-degree sodomy. The court did not grant a mistrial, having concluded (see id. at 866-67) that 8 the Record of Consultation was not Brady evidence because the document did not contain anything 9 exculpatory. After denying a posttrial motion to set aside the verdict because of the asserted Brady 10 violation, inter alia, the court sentenced Fuentes principally to 25 years' imprisonment. 11 D. The State-Court Appeals 12 Fuentes appealed his conviction, renewing his contention, inter alia, that the State's 13 deliberate suppression of the Record of Consultation constituted a Brady violation that denied him 14 a fair trial. The Appellate Division affirmed, stating that "[w]hile the People unquestionably have a 15 duty to disclose exculpatory material in their control, a defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial 16 is not violated when, as here, he is given a meaningful opportunity to use the allegedly exculpatory 17 material to cross-examine the People's witnesses or as evidence during his case . . . ." People v. 18 Fuentes, 48 A.D.3d 479, 479 , 851 N.Y.S.2d 628, 628 (2d Dep't 2008), aff'd on other grounds, 12 19 N.Y.3d 259 , 879 N.Y.S.2d 373 (2009). 20 The New York Court of Appeals, in a 5-2 decision, affirmed, concluding that "the 21 undisclosed document is not material," and that therefore, "the People's nondisclosure, while ill- 22 advised, does not constitute a Brady violation." People v. Fuentes, 12 N.Y.3d at 260, 879 N.Y.S.2d 12 1 at 374. The Court of Appeals majority (or "Majority") recognized that although all of G.C.'s medical 2 records had supposedly been disclosed to the defense pursuant to the State's open-file discovery 3 agreement, and they were all introduced in evidence by the State during its direct case, the Record of 4 Consultation, made by a hospital psychiatrist who interviewed G.C. on January 27, had been withheld 5 from discovery. See id. at 261-62 , 879 N.Y.S.2d at 375. Thus, "[u]naware of its existence, defense 6 counsel did not cross-examine any of the People's witnesses regarding the information contained in 7 the consultation note." Id. at 262, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 375. The Majority stated that 8 [t]he Due Process Clauses of the Federal and State Constitutions both 9 guarantee a criminal defendant the right to discover favorable evidence in the 10 People's possession material to guilt or punishment (see Brady, 373 US 11 at 87-88; People v Bryce, 88 NY2d 124, 128 [1996]). Impeachment evidence 12 falls within the ambit of a prosecutor's Brady obligation (see Giglio v United 13 States, 405 US 150, 154-155 [1972]). To establish a Brady violation, a 14 defendant must show that (1) the evidence is favorable to the defendant 15 because it is either exculpatory or impeaching in nature; (2) the evidence was 16 suppressed by the prosecution; and (3) prejudice arose because the suppressed 17 evidence was material (see Strickler v Greene, 527 US 263, 281-282 [1999]). 18 People v. Fuentes, 12 N.Y.3d at 263, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 376 (emphases added). 19 The Court noted that, under New York law, if the accused has "ma[de] a specific 20 request for a document" that is withheld, the appropriate standard to measure materiality is whether 21 there is "a reasonable possibility" that the failure to disclose the exculpatory evidence contributed to 22 the verdict. Id., 879 N.Y.S.2d at 376 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Majority assumed the 23 applicability to Fuentes of the "reasonable possibility" standard--a burden lower than the federal 24 standard of "reasonable probability," see People v. Vilardi, 76 N.Y.2d 67, 72, 75-77 , 556 N.Y.S.2d 25 518, 520, 522-23 (1990) (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphases in Vilardi)--but concluded that 26 Fuentes had not shown materiality, as it found that the document would have been more valuable to 27 the prosecution than the defense: [13] 1 [D]isclosure of this one-page document would not have altered the outcome 2 of the case. Significantly, the document notes that the victim was upset 3 because she placed herself in danger when she walked home from the train by 4 herself in the early morning hours preceding her attack. That information 5 would have undoubtedly strengthened the People's case by corroborating the 6 victim's testimony that she walked home alone when defendant accosted her 7 at knifepoint. 8 People v. Fuentes, 12 N.Y.3d at 263-64, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 376-77 (footnote omitted) (emphases 9 added). In concluding that the document's value to the defense, in contrast, would have been "at best, 10 minimal," the Court stated that 11 [a]lthough the document notes that the victim had experienced suicidal 12 thoughts, it is unclear whether these thoughts were the result of having been 13 raped only hours earlier, or due to more general feelings of depression, 14 stemming from a strained relationship with her mother. Further, the record of 15 consultation does not note that the victim was suffering from any serious 16 psychiatric conditions creating hallucinations or delusions; in fact it indicates 17 that the victim had no previous psychiatric history. . . . 18 Defendant argues that the statement in the document noting the victim's 19 "cannabis abuse" would have changed the outcome of the case. The report 20 explains that the victim only used marijuana twice during the past year, and 21 nowhere does it state that she took any other substances that could have 22 seriously impacted or impaired her perceptions of reality. Therefore, in the 23 context of this case, the value of the undisclosed information as admissible 24 impeachment evidence would have been, at best, minimal. 25 Id. at 264, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 377 (emphases added). The Court stated further that 26 defendant's version of events was contradicted in several key respects. The 27 friend's testimony refuted defendant's version because she testified that the 28 victim left Manhattan and boarded a train with her and her family without 29 defendant ever being present. Further, the victim testified in specific detail 30 regarding how defendant took steps to avoid apprehension, including turning 31 her cell phone off and wiping it clean of fingerprints. It is also contrary to 32 common sense to believe that the victim would have invented a rape and 33 subjected herself to an invasive hospital examination in the hope of getting 34 revenge for defendant's supposed refusal of her advances. She did not have a 35 way of leading the police to defendant, or any reason to be confident he would 36 ever be caught; he was not identified until the DNA match was found years 37 later. 38 Id. at 264-65, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 377 (emphases added). [14] 1 The Majority concluded that disclosure of the Record of Consultation "would not have 2 changed the outcome of the trial," and hence did not meet the Brady materiality standard because of 3 what the Majority viewed as the "strength of the People's case," "the implausibility of defendant's 4 version of [the] events," and the "document's extremely limited utility as impeachment evidence." 5 Id. at 265, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 377. 6 E. The Federal Habeas Proceedings 7 In 2011, Fuentes, proceeding pro se, timely commenced the present habeas case, 8 raising multiple constitutional claims. In 2012, following exhaustion of his claims in state court, the 9 district court appointed counsel to represent him, and the amended habeas petition was filed, asserting 10 only the Brady claim and a Sixth Amendment claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Both claims 11 were rejected by the district court. 12 The magistrate judge to whom the district court referred Fuentes's petition for report 13 and recommendation recommended that the petition be granted on the ground that the New York 14 Court of Appeals unreasonably applied the materiality standard for Brady claims set by the Supreme 15 Court in Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419 . The magistrate judge concluded principally that the New 16 York Court of Appeals majority erred (a) in not realizing that the Record of Consultation stated that 17 G.C. had been in a state of depression for two years, (b) in apparently not recognizing that the 18 prosecution's failure to produce this document deprived Fuentes of the opportunity to investigate and 19 cross-examine G.C. with regard to her mental health history, and (c) in unreasonably discounting the 20 importance of this impeachment material, given that G.C.'s testimony was the only inculpating 21 evidence. [15] 1 The district court, in a Memorandum and Order dated September 30, 2014 ("D.Ct. 2 Ord."), denied habeas, rejecting the recommendation to grant the writ on the basis of the Brady claim. 3 Although agreeing with the magistrate judge that the New York Court of Appeals misread the Record 4 of Consultation with respect to the duration of G.C.'s depression, the district court concluded that "it 5 was not clearly established by federal law that the information contained in the ROC was material for 6 Brady purposes," D.Ct. Ord. at 10-11, because "[t]he Supreme Court has not addressed whether 7 mental health information such as the type contained in the ROC is considered 'material' for Brady 8 purposes," id. at 12. The district court also stated that the Record of Consultation in no way suggested 9 that G.C. was unable to accurately and truthfully perceive and recall events. Id. 10 II. DISCUSSION 11 Fuentes moved in this Court for a certificate of appealability, arguing that the New 12 York Court of Appeals' rejection of his Brady claim was an unreasonable application of federal law, 13 and that the State Supreme Court's rejection of his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim was an 14 unreasonable application of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 . This Court granted the motion. 15 As we now conclude that the writ should have been granted on the basis of the Brady claim, awarding 16 Fuentes release or a new trial, we do not further address his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 17 A. AEDPA Principles 18 To the extent pertinent here, AEDPA provides that "with respect to any claim that was 19 adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings," a federal court may not grant a state prisoner's 20 petition for habeas corpus relief unless the state court's adjudication of the claim [16] 1 resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable 2 application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme 3 Court of the United States, [4] 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d)(1) (emphases added). "'[C]learly established Federal law' under § 2254(d)(1)" 5 refers to "the governing legal principle or principles set forth by the Supreme Court at the time the 6 state court renders its decision." Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 71-72 (2003) ("Andrade"). 7 A state-court decision is "contrary to" clearly established federal law "'if the state court 8 applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in [the Supreme Court's] cases' or 'if the state 9 court confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of th[e Supreme] 10 Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from [Supreme Court] precedent.'" Id. at 73 11 (quoting Williams [Terry] v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-06 (2000) ("Williams [Terry]")). A state- 12 court decision is an "unreasonable application of" clearly established federal law "'if the state court 13 identifies the correct governing legal principle from th[e Supreme] Court's decisions but unreasonably 14 applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner's case.'" Andrade, 538 U.S. at 75 (quoting Williams 15 [Terry], 529 U.S. at 413 ). 16 In order to hold that a state court's adjudication constituted "an unreasonable 17 application of" a Supreme Court holding, a federal court must find more than just "that the relevant 18 state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly," Williams 19 [Terry], 529 U.S. at 411 , for "the purpose of AEDPA is to ensure that federal habeas relief functions 20 . . . not as a means of error correction," but rather "as a 'guard against extreme malfunctions in the 21 state criminal justice systems,'" Greene v. Fisher, 132 S. Ct. 38, 43 (2011) (quoting Harrington v. 22 Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011) ("Richter") (other internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, "[r]elief 23 is available under § 2254(d)(1) only if the state court's decision is objectively unreasonable." 24 Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 665 (2004) ("Alvarado"); see, e.g., Williams [Terry], 529 U.S. 25 at 410-13; Andrade, 538 U.S. at 75 . [17] 1 Ultimately, "[a]s a condition for obtaining habeas corpus from a federal court, a state 2 prisoner must show that the state court's ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so 3 lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law 4 beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement." Richter, 562 U.S. at 103 . In applying this 5 principle, we bear in mind that 6 the range of reasonable judgment can depend in part on the nature of the 7 relevant rule. If a legal rule is specific, the range may be narrow. Applications 8 of the rule may be plainly correct or incorrect. Other rules are more general, 9 and their meaning must emerge in application over the course of time. 10 Applying a general standard to a specific case can demand a substantial 11 element of judgment. As a result, evaluating whether a rule application was 12 unreasonable requires considering the rule's specificity. The more general the 13 rule, the more leeway courts have in reaching outcomes in case-by-case 14 determinations. 15 Alvarado, 541 U.S. at 664 . But "[c]ertain principles are fundamental enough that when new factual 16 permutations arise, the necessity to apply the earlier rule will be beyond doubt." Id. at 666 . 17 B. Due Process and the Prosecutorial Duty of Disclosure 18 The due process principles applicable here are well and clearly established. "The 19 prosecution[ has an] affirmative duty to disclose evidence favorable to a defendant . . . ." Kyles, 514 20 U.S. at 432. That duty 21 can trace its origins to early 20th-century strictures against misrepresentation 22 and is of course most prominently associated with th[e Supreme] Court's 23 decision in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). See id., at 86 (relying on 24 Mooney v. Holohan, 294 U.S. 103, 112 (1935), and Pyle v. Kansas, 317 U.S. 25 213, 215-216 (1942)). 26 Kyles, 514 U.S. at 432 . The contours of the duty have progressively been refined. In Brady, the 27 Supreme Court held "that the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon [18] 1 request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, 2 irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution." 373 U.S. at 87 . In United States v. 3 Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 107 (1976), the Court held that the duty to disclose such evidence is applicable 4 irrespective of whether the accused made a request. In United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667 , 676 5 (1985), the Court held that the duty to disclose exists irrespective of whether the information bears 6 on the defendant's innocence or a witness's impeachment. And if the withheld evidence contains 7 material for impeachment, it falls within the Brady principles even if it may also be inculpatory: "Our 8 cases make clear that Brady's disclosure requirements extend to materials that, whatever their other 9 characteristics, may be used to impeach a witness." Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263 , 282 n.21 10 (1999); see, e.g., Bagley, 473 U.S. at 676 . 11 However, the withholding of such evidence does not violate the accused's due process 12 right unless the evidence is "material," in the sense that "there is a reasonable probability that, had the 13 evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Id. 14 at 682. In Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668 (2004), the Supreme Court stated, 15 [o]ur touchstone on materiality is Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419 (1995). 16 Kyles instructed that the materiality standard for Brady claims is met when 17 "the favorable evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in 18 such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict." 514 U.S., 19 at 435. 20 Banks, 540 U.S. at 698 (emphases ours). Thus, the Brady materiality 21 question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have 22 received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he 23 received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of 24 confidence. A "reasonable probability" of a different result is accordingly 25 shown when the government's evidentiary suppression "undermines confidence 26 in the outcome of the trial." Bagley, 473 U.S., at 678 . 27 Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434 (emphases ours). The "defendant need not demonstrate that after discounting 28 the inculpatory evidence in light of the undisclosed evidence, there would not have been enough left [19] 1 to convict." Id. at 434-435 . He need only show, considering the record as a whole, a "reasonable 2 probability"--and "the adjective is important," id. at 434 (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis 3 ours)--of a different result great enough to "undermine[] confidence" that the jury would have found 4 him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 5 In Strickler, in which the petitioner had been convicted of capital murder, one issue 6 at trial was the identity of the robbers/murderers, and evidence for impeachment of an eyewitness to 7 the robbery had been suppressed. The Supreme Court noted that there was "considerable forensic and 8 other physical evidence linking petitioner to the crime," including: the petitioner's fingerprints on the 9 inside and outside of the victim's car; "shoe impressions," near where the victim's body was found, 10 "match[ing] the soles of shoes belonging to petitioner"; a bag at petitioner's mother's house containing 11 identification cards belonging to the victim; and hairs near the victim's body that "were 12 microscopically alike in all identifiable characteristics to petitioner's hair." Strickler, 527 U.S. at 293 13 & n.41, 268-69 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Strickler Court approved the rejection of the 14 petitioner's Brady claim because it was "not convinced . . . that there [wa]s a reasonable probability 15 that the jury would have returned a different verdict" if the testimony of the eyewitness in question 16 "had been either severely impeached or excluded entirely." Id. at 296 . In sum, "in Strickler, 17 considerable forensic and other physical evidence link[ed] [the defendant] to the crime and supported 18 the capital murder conviction," Banks, 540 U.S. at 701 (internal quotation marks omitted), and "[t]he 19 witness whose impeachment was at issue in Strickler gave testimony that was in the main 20 cumulative," id. at 700 . "In contrast" in Banks, the Court's confidence in the verdict was undermined 21 where the testimony of the witness who could have been impeached by the withheld evidence was 22 "the centerpiece" of the relevant phase of the prosecution's case. Id. at 701 . [20] 1 With these principles in mind, and reviewing the decision of the district court de novo, 2 see, e.g., Contreras v. Artus, 778 F.3d 97, 106 (2d Cir. 2015), we conclude (1) that the district court 3 erred in ruling that federal law as set forth by the Supreme Court did not sufficiently clearly establish 4 that records as to a witness's mental health may be Brady material, and (2) that the decision of the 5 New York Court of Appeals was an unreasonable application of the above Brady standards. 6 C. The Applicability of Brady to Available Psychiatric Records as Clearly Established by the 7 Supreme Court of the United States 8 The district court ruled that AEDPA precludes habeas relief to Fuentes on his Brady 9 claim on the ground that the United States Supreme Court has not sufficiently clearly addressed 10 whether records as to a witness's mental health, such as the Record of Consultation here showing 11 G.C.'s depression and Dysthymic Disorder, may properly be considered Brady material. We disagree. 12 Based on clearly established fundamental rights and principles, we think it indisputable that if the 13 prosecution has a witness's psychiatric records that are favorable to the accused because they provide 14 material for impeachment, those records fall within Brady principles, and that the Supreme Court has 15 so recognized. 16 The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, made applicable to the states by 17 the Fourteenth Amendment, see Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403-06 (1965), guarantees the 18 defendant in a criminal prosecution the right to confront the witnesses against him. This "means more 19 than being allowed to confront the witness physically," for "[t]he main and essential purpose of 20 confrontation is to secure for the opponent the opportunity of cross-examination," Davis v. Alaska, [21] 415 U.S. 308, 315-16 (1974) (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted), and "the cross- 22 examiner has traditionally been allowed to impeach, i.e., discredit, the witness," id. at 316 . [21] 1 In particular, a witness's "credibility" may be attacked "by means of cross-examination 2 directed toward revealing possible biases, prejudices, or ulterior motives of the witness as they may 3 relate directly to issues or personalities in the case at hand." Id. (emphases added); see, e.g., United 4 States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45, 52 (1984) ("[b]ias is a term used . . . to describe the relationship between 5 a party and a witness which might lead the witness to slant, unconsciously or otherwise, his testimony 6 in favor of or against a party" (emphasis added)). Cross-examination is especially "important where 7 the evidence consists of the testimony of individuals whose memory might be faulty or who, in fact, 8 might be perjurers or persons motivated by malice, vindictiveness, intolerance, prejudice, or 9 jealousy." Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S. 474, 496 (1959) (emphases added). "A successful showing 10 of bias on the part of a witness would have a tendency to make the facts to which he testified less 11 probable in the eyes of the jury than it would be without such testimony." Abel, 469 U.S. at 51 . 12 These principles are sufficiently fundamental that their applicability to available 13 psychiatric evidence raising questions about the witness's biases and the reliability of his or her 14 testimony is beyond doubt. In Williams [Michael] v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420 (2000) ("Williams 15 [Michael]"), one of the Supreme Court's earliest opinions exploring AEDPA, the Court dealt with a 16 habeas claim that "the prosecution had violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), in failing to 17 disclose a report of a . . . psychiatric examination" of Jeffrey Alan Cruse, the petitioner's collaborator 18 in robbery and murder who was the main witness against the petitioner at trial. Williams [Michael], 19 529 U.S. at 427. The report described Cruse as having feelings of worthlessness and constant suicidal 20 thoughts, see id. at 439; and at Cruse's sentencing, his attorney cited the report's statement that Cruse 21 was suffering from, inter alia, severe depression, see id. at 438. There was no question that the 22 prosecution's failure to disclose the psychiatric report could be a proper basis for a habeas petition 23 under Brady: The Supreme Court noted that when Cruse was sentenced, there were "repeated [22] 1 references to a 'psychiatric' or 'mental health' report in [the sentencing] transcript . . . . with details that 2 should have alerted counsel to a possible Brady claim." Id. (emphases added). 3 Rather, the question facing the Supreme Court was whether, under AEDPA, the 4 petitioner could be given a federal-court evidentiary hearing on the claim, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (e)(2) 5 (limiting the right to such a hearing "[i]f the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim 6 in State court proceedings"). The Supreme Court noted that although "[t]he transcript put petitioner's 7 state habeas counsel on notice of the report's existence and possible materiality," Williams [Michael], 8 529 U.S. at 439--indeed, "state habeas counsel" had "attached [a copy of the transcript] to the state 9 habeas petition he filed," id. at 438--"[p]etitioner did not develop, or raise, . . . the prosecution's 10 alleged Brady violation regarding Cruse's psychiatric report until he filed his federal habeas petition," 11 id. at 429. The Court thus concluded that Williams was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing because 12 he had "not exercise[d] the diligence required to preserve the claim that nondisclosure of Cruse's 13 psychiatric report was in contravention of Brady." Williams [Michael], 529 U.S. at 437-38. 14 We think it beyond doubt that the Supreme Court recognizes the application of Brady 15 principles to a witness's psychiatric records, possessed by the prosecution, that may be used to 16 impeach his credibility, particularly where, as here, the witness's testimony is the only evidence that 17 there was in fact a crime and the State's other evidence is not strong enough to sustain confidence in 18 the verdict. 19 D. The Decision of the New York Court of Appeals 20 Although the New York Court of Appeals recognized that Brady principles are 21 applicable to impeachment evidence in available psychiatric records, we conclude that its ultimate 22 determination in this case--that the suppression of the Record of Consultation was not prejudicial-- 23 constituted an unreasonable application of Supreme Court principles for several reasons. [23] 1 First, a materiality analysis requires a careful, balanced examination of the nature and 2 strength of the evidence presented, as well as an evaluation of the potential impact of the evidence on 3 the witness's credibility. Entirely missing from the Majority's reasoning is any analysis of how the 4 ROC might have benefited the defense. That failure was due in large part to the fact that the Court 5 of Appeals' assessment of the Record of Consultation itself was fundamentally flawed because the 6 Majority misread the document. The Majority found that the psychiatric record had "extremely 7 limited utility as impeachment evidence," People v. Fuentes, 12 N.Y.3d at 265, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 377, 8 believing that it was "unclear" that G.C.'s suicidal thoughts mentioned in that document were not 9 simply "the result of having been raped only hours earlier," id. at 264, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 377. However, 10 the Record of Consultation stated precisely that G.C. "report[ed] depression x 2y and ideas of killing 11 herself since then" (Court Exhibit A-1 (emphases added)), and the State concedes that "x 2y" means 12 extending for "two years" (State's brief on appeal at 48 ("Fuentes is correct that New York Court of 13 Appeals mistakenly concluded that the record of consultation was unclear as to whether the 14 complainant's suicidal thoughts were present before the incident . . . . [T]he record of consultation 15 shows that her suicidal thoughts were present as early as two years before the incident.")). 16 Thus, the suppressed psychiatric record stated unambiguously that on January 27, 17 2002, G.C. told the hospital psychiatrist that she had been depressed and suicidal for two years. This 18 information was consistent with the Record of Consultation's notation of "Dysthymic Disorder" (Court 19 Exhibit A-1), a condition whose "essential feature," according to the American Psychiatric 20 Association's Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) ("DSM-IV")-- 21 which is "an objective authority on the subject of mental disorders," Fuller v. J.P. Morgan Chase & 22 Co., 423 F.3d 104, 107 (2d Cir. 2005)--is a "chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the 23 day more days than not for at least 2 years," DSM-IV at 345, with symptoms that may include "low [24] 1 self-esteem," id. at 345, 347. Among "the most commonly encountered symptoms in Dysthymic 2 Disorder may be feelings of inadequacy" and "excessive anger," id. at 346; and the "chronic mood 3 symptoms may contribute to interpersonal problems or be associated with distorted self-perception," 4 id. at 347. 5 Thus, while the Court of Appeals majority, not recognizing the actual content of the 6 psychiatric record, viewed its impeachment value as "at best, minimal," the information as to G.C.'s 7 chronic depression and Dysthymic Disorder would have, inter alia, provided a way to cross-examine 8 G.C. as to her mental state, and potentially corroborated Fuentes's account of her behavior as 9 "unstable" and "erratic" when he declined to see her again, to wit, being angry and volubly upset at 10 being rejected. (Tr. 757-58.) And, importantly, timely disclosure of the ROC would have provided 11 defense counsel with an opportunity to seek an expert opinion with regard to the ROC's indication of 12 other significant symptoms, in order to establish reasonable doubt in the minds of the jurors because 13 of G.C.'s predisposition toward emotional instability and retaliation--an opinion he was able to obtain 14 after he eventually learned of the psychiatric record but not in time to present it to the jury. 15 In short, given the Majority's inaccurate reading of the ROC, its application of the 16 Brady principles to the instant case was objectively unreasonable because of its inability to make a 17 reasonable assessment of the benefits to the defense of exploring G.C.'s mental state as revealed in 18 the ROC. 19 Second, the Majority also found that suppression of the Record of Consultation did not 20 result in prejudice in part because of "the strength of the People's case," stating that Fuentes's version 21 of the events was "implausib[le]," People v. Fuentes, 12 N.Y.3d at 265, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 377, and 22 "was contradicted in several key respects," id. at 264, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 377. This did not reflect a 23 careful, balanced, or fair examination of the nature and strength of the evidence presented, for it both [25] 1 overstated the strength of the State's case and disregarded evidence that supported the plausibility of 2 Fuentes's version. 3 Contrary to the Majority's depiction, the State's other evidence was not overwhelming. 4 In only one respect was Fuentes's version contradicted by evidence other than the testimony of G.C. 5 herself. As there was no disagreement that intercourse in fact occurred, the presence of semen in 6 G.C.'s vagina did not contradict Fuentes's version. As the State's DNA expert testified, "there isn't" 7 a test for whether a sexual encounter was "consensual" (Tr. 618-19); "[a]ll I can tell you is his semen 8 is present" (id. at 619). 9 Nor did the other medical evidence contradict Fuentes's version, for there was no 10 affirmative scientific evidence that force had been used against G.C. The hospital examination 11 revealed no trauma or abnormality, external or internal, in G.C.'s pelvic area--or indeed anywhere on 12 her body. Instead, the State's expert medical evidence consisted of testimony that the "absence" of 13 trauma (and the lack of a prompt rape report) did not mean that there had not been rape. 14 Tammy Little's testimony that G.C. left Manhattan with Tammy and family was the 15 only evidence, other than G.C.'s own testimony, that contradicted Fuentes's version of the events. As 16 the Court of Appeals dissenters noted, credibility was central; and indeed, the jury, during its 17 deliberations, requested rereading of the testimonies of various witnesses, including Tammy (see 18 Tr. 859, 872). If the jury had also had before it the information from G.C.'s psychiatric record that 19 was consistent with Fuentes's testimony, it could well have questioned the credibility of Tammy, 20 especially in light of her description of G.C. as coming to Tammy's home and announcing--without 21 detail--that she had been raped (see id. at 507 (Tammy's testimony that G.C. said "that she was raped"; 22 "[t]hat was it"); id. at 508 ("she came in, told [us] she was raped and just left"))--and of the response 23 of Tammy and her mother, doing nothing and saying nothing (id. at 507). [26] 1 The only other evidence that the Court of Appeals could cite as contradicting Fuentes's 2 version of the events was the testimony of G.C. herself. The Majority cited Strickler in mentioning 3 the materiality element of a Brady claim; but this case was nothing like Strickler, where there was 4 ample forensic evidence on the key issue (see, e.g., Part II.B. above) and the testimony of the witness 5 in question was cumulative. Here, there was no forensic evidence of rape; G.C.'s testimony was the 6 sine qua non of the State's case. Without her testimony, there could be no prosecution at all. The 7 Majority could not properly conclude that the suppression of evidence impeaching G.C. would be of 8 little value because of G.C.'s own testimony. 9 This is particularly so in light of several significant red flags in G.C.'s testimony, which 10 were nowhere adverted to in the Majority's opinion. For example, the Majority did not mention that 11 G.C. admitted on cross-examination that she had shared some of her personal details with Fuentes, 12 including her Honduran descent and probably her birthday (see Tr. 402-03). That testimony could 13 be viewed in a different light had the jury been aware of the ROC. In addition, there were aspects of 14 G.C.'s trial testimony describing the event that were contrary to what other witnesses testified G.C. 15 had told them. For example, she testified at trial that Fuentes pushed her into the elevator on the 16 ground floor (id. at 369-70); but Detective Litwin testified that G.C., when interviewed, told him that 17 when the elevator returned to the ground floor it was empty, that she got in, but then it stopped on the 18 second floor (see id. at 684-85; but see id. at 419-20 (G.C. denying that she had given Litwin that 19 version)). Further, G.C. testified that Fuentes had taken her cell phone, powered it down, and used 20 his sleeve to wipe it clean of his fingerprints after they went into the subway station (see Tr. 379); but 21 Officer Fedynak testified that when he and his partner interviewed G.C. on January 27, she had not 22 described that action as taking place in the subway; instead, G.C. told them Fuentes took her phone 23 and wiped it off in the elevator on the way down after she and Fuentes had left the roof (see id. [27] 1 at 465)--action that would seem to have been impossible if, as G.C. testified at trial (see id. at 376-77), 2 he was holding a knife to her neck during that entire time. In addition, Weekes, a retired police 3 detective, testified that G.C. told him (though at trial she denied so telling him (see id. at 430-31)) that 4 she had met Fuentes at the arcade, and that Fuentes "took her home" (id. at 711). Nor is it clear how 5 Fuentes would have known to take G.C. to the roof of her building, had he just been a stranger 6 following her home. 7 Lastly, in assessing Fuentes's version of the events as implausible, the Majority made 8 no mention whatever of the fact that Fuentes told G.C. his name. G.C. testified that he told her his 9 name was "Alex" (Tr. 378, 428); she so informed the police officers who interviewed her at the 10 hospital (see id. at 456 (testimony of Officer Fedynak)); and Fuentes testified he had told her his name 11 (see id. at 759). It was thus beyond dispute that Fuentes told G.C. his name; what was in dispute was 12 where and when that occurred. And, as an objective matter, it seems more plausible that he would 13 have told her his name when meeting and talking with her in a bar than after stalking her from the 14 subway and raping her. 15 The Majority thus significantly overstated the strength of the State's case, and it 16 concluded unreasonably that Fuentes's version of the events was "contrary to common sense," People 17 v. Fuentes, 12 N.Y.3d at 265, 879 N.Y.S.2d at 377. At trial, the jury deliberated for two days 18 considering which version to accept, asking for, inter alia, read-backs of the testimonies of G.C., 19 Fuentes, and Tammy. As the Court of Appeals dissenters noted, "the issue of credibility was central 20 to the jury's consideration of the case," id. at 266, 879 N.Y.S. 2d at 378. See United States v. Gil, 297 21 F.3d 93 , 104 (2d Cir. 2002) (noting, where the key "question hinged on credibility," that the jury's 22 "struggl[e]" with that question--evinced by its request for read-backs of testimony--was relevant to 23 the determination of materiality). Accordingly, far from evaluating the "trial testimony as a whole," [28] 1 People v. Fuentes, 12 N.Y.3d at 264 n.*, 879 N.Y.S. 2d at 376 n.*, the Majority ignored substantial 2 aspects of the testimony, thereby overstating the strength of the State's case, and in so doing failed to 3 make a reasonable assessment of how the ROC could benefit the defense. 4 Third, the Majority's assessment of the Record of Consultation as having "at best, 5 minimal" value was based in part on its view that the ROC would have "strengthened" the State's case 6 by corroborating G.C.'s testimony that she had walked home from the subway alone. Id. at 264, 879 7 N.Y.S.2d at 376-77. But reliance on potentially inculpatory aspects of the suppressed document is 8 not a proper application of Brady principles. See, e.g., Strickler, 527 U.S. at 282 n.21 (rejecting the 9 prosecution's contention that documents were not Brady material because they were "inculpatory," 10 stating that "[o]ur cases make clear that Brady's disclosure requirements extend to materials that, 11 whatever their other characteristics, may be used to impeach a witness" (internal quotation marks 12 omitted)). 13 Finally, the Majority failed to consider the unique importance of this evidence. We 14 do not suggest that a prior history of depression or even suicidality by itself necessarily constitutes 15 material impeachment evidence. But the Majority focused on the absence of any indication that G.C. 16 suffered from hallucinations or delusions, see People v. Fuentes, 12 N.Y.3d at 264, 879 N.Y.S.2d 17 at 377; the lack of notation as to a cognitive disorder, however, was not significant in the 18 circumstances here, where the key issue at trial was not whether G.C. was impaired as to her 19 perceptions. The question was not G.C.'s ability to identify Fuentes as the man in question but rather 20 her motivation for accusing Fuentes of engaging in conduct to which she had not consented; and the 21 Record of Consultation was pertinent to the issue of her motivation because it identified a relevant 22 mood disorder. [29] 1 At bottom, the trial record presented two diametrically opposing versions of what 2 happened, and the jury had to decide whether G.C.'s version of the events, despite Fuentes's version, 3 should be believed beyond a reasonable doubt. G.C.'s testimony was the only evidence that what 4 occurred on the rooftop was a rape rather than a sexual encounter in which she was a willing 5 participant; Fuentes's version was that the encounter was consensual and that G.C. thereafter became 6 angry and vindictive when it became clear that he did not want to see her again. If the jury had been 7 aware of the psychiatric record revealing that G.C. suffered from a chronic disorder characterized by 8 low self-esteem, feelings of inadequacy, and excessive anger--and if counsel had been able to develop 9 this line of defense further by obtaining in time for trial a psychiatric opinion that was obtainable only 10 after the belated discovery of the withheld Record of Consultation--the jury could well have given 11 greater credence to Fuentes's version of the events. 12 In sum, the suppressed psychiatric record provided the only evidence with which the 13 defense could have impeached G.C. as to her mental state and explained why she might have 14 fabricated a claim of rape. The Majority's failure to consider the context of this impeachment 15 evidence renders its Brady-materiality analysis objectively unreasonable. 16 Accordingly, we conclude that the Court of Appeals majority's determination that 17 G.C.'s psychiatric record had no more than minimal value was based principally on (a) its failure to 18 understand what that Record of Consultation stated, (b) its failure to recognize weaknesses in the 19 State's case, (c) its impermissible reliance on the fact that the ROC also contained information that 20 could be considered consistent with G.C.'s accusation, (d) its reliance on the content of the testimony 21 of G.C. herself, the witness to be impeached, and (e) its failure to consider the uniquely important 22 nature of the ROC in these circumstances, where G.C. provided the only evidence that Fuentes's 23 conduct was a crime and where the ROC was the only evidence by which the defense could have [30] 1 impeached G.C.'s credibility as to her mental state. In light of these failures and in light of evidence 2 in the record as a whole that was not mentioned by the Majority and that was consistent with Fuentes's 3 version of the events, we conclude that the Court of Appeals' decision that the State's suppression of 4 G.C.'s psychiatric record was not prejudicial was an objectively unreasonable application of Supreme 5 Court law. The State's suppression of the psychiatric record, which would have revealed a disorder 6 that both provided a basis for questioning G.C.'s credibility and provided further support for Fuentes's 7 version of the events, undermines confidence in the outcome of Fuentes's trial. 8 CONCLUSION 9 We have considered all of the State's arguments in support of the New York Court of 10 Appeals' decision and have found them to be without merit. The judgment of the district court is 11 reversed, and the matter is remanded for entry of a new judgment ordering that Fuentes be released 12 unless the State affords him a new trial within 90 days. [31] WESLEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting: Today, the majority holds that a young woman’s struggle with a minor depressive disorder is so obviously damaging to her credibility in the prosecution of her alleged rapist that there is no room for fairminded disagreement. The majority reaches this conclusion by speculating about the victim’s emotional state based on symptoms nowhere present in the record; instead, the majority extrapolates them from a medical text’s general description of symptoms that may be—but are not always—present in people who suffer from the same disorder. The majority’s opinion misapplies Supreme Court precedent and creates facts for its AEDPA analysis where none exist in the record. I therefore dissent. “The writ of habeas corpus is the fundamental instrument for safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary and lawless state action.” Harris v. Nelson, 394 U.S. 286 , 290–91 (1969). Yet it also “intrudes on state sovereignty to a degree matched by few exercises of federal judicial authority.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011). Accordingly, in an effort to protect both individual liberty and federalism, a federal court may grant a writ of habeas corpus in disagreement with a state court’s decision only if that decision “was [1] contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d). In order to hold that a state court’s decision was an “unreasonable application” of federal law, a federal court must conclude “that there was no reasonable basis for the state court to deny relief,” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 98 , and that “there [was] no possibility fairminded jurists could disagree that the state court’s decision conflicts with [the Supreme] Court’s precedents,” id. at 102 . When considering the consistency of the state court decision with Supreme Court precedent, “[t]he more general the rule, the more leeway courts have in reaching outcomes in case‐ by‐case determinations.” Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004). Accordingly, in reviewing Fuentes’s petition for habeas relief under a Brady claim, we grant the state court “a deference and latitude that are not in operation when the case involves review under the [Brady] standard itself.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 101 . Critically, our review must defer to the decision, i.e., the substantive conclusion, reached by the state court—not the reasoning it employed to reach that decision. Our Circuit adopted this position in 2001, stating candidly, “[W]e are determining the reasonableness of the state courts’ [2] ‘decision,’ not grading their papers.” Cruz v. Miller, 255 F.3d 77, 86 (2d Cir. 2001) (citation omitted) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d)(1)); accord Cotto v. Herbert, 331 F.3d 217, 248 (2d Cir. 2003); see also Sellan v. Kuhlman, 261 F.3d 303, 311 (2d Cir. 2001) (“Nowhere does [§ 2254(d)] make reference to the state court’s process of reasoning.”). The Supreme Court has reinforced this approach in two cases applying deferential review to state court decisions entirely lacking any explanation of their reasoning. See Johnson v. Williams, 133 S. Ct. 1088, 1094 (2013); Harrington, 562 U.S. at 96–97. Further, in Premo v. Moore, decided on the same day as Harrington, the Court framed habeas review of a state court’s Strickland analysis not as whether the state court had properly conducted the analysis but “whether there [was] any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.” 562 U.S. 115 , 123 (2011) (emphasis added).1 Likewise, our sister circuits have overwhelmingly interpreted § 2254 to require deference to the state court’s result, not to the presence or the particulars of its reasoning. See, e.g., Holland v. Rivard, 800 F.3d 224 , 236–37 (6th Cir. 2015); Makiel 1 Though Cruz left open the possibility that the state court’s analysis may be “so flawed as to undermine confidence that the constitutional claim had been fairly adjudicated,” 255 F.3d at 86 , this dicta cannot survive Harrington‐Premo, in which the Supreme Court essentially applied the same “any reasonable argument” standard regardless of whether the state court had offered its reasoning (Premo) or not (Harrington). See Premo, 562 U.S. at 123 ; Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102 . [3] v. Butler, 782 F.3d 882, 906 (7th Cir. 2015); Williams v. Roper, 695 F.3d 825 , 831–32 (8th Cir. 2012); Gill v. Mecusker, 633 F.3d 1272 , 1291–92 (11th Cir. 2011); Clements v. Clarke, 592 F.3d 45, 55 (1st Cir. 2010); Hernandez v. Small, 282 F.3d 1132, 1140 (9th Cir. 2002); Neal v. Puckett, 239 F.3d 683, 696 (5th Cir. 2001); Bell v. Jarvis, 236 F.3d 149, 159 (4th Cir. 2000) (en banc); Aycox v. Lytle, 196 F.3d 1174 , 1177–78 (10th Cir. 1999).2 As the majority acknowledges, the availability of writs of habeas corpus in federal court “is a guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems, not a substitute for ordinary error correction through appeal.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102–03 (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, to obtain habeas relief, a state prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well 2 Judge Posner has aptly explained the flaws of a reasoning‐focused review: [It] would place the federal court in just the kind of tutelary relation to the state courts that the [AEDPA] amendments are designed to end. . . . A federal court in a habeas corpus proceeding cannot remand the case to the state appellate court for a clarification of that court’s opinion; all it can do is order a new trial, though the defendant may have been the victim not of any constitutional error but merely of a failure of judicial articulateness. Hennon v. Cooper, 109 F.3d 330, 335 (7th Cir. 1997). [4] understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement. Id. at 103. This standard is “difficult to meet . . . because it was meant to be”; it is grounded in respect for the State’s sovereignty, its “good‐faith attempts to honor constitutional rights,” and its “significant interest in repose for concluded litigation.” Id. at 102–03 (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Burt v. Titlow, 134 S. Ct. 10, 16 (2013) (“We will not lightly conclude that a State’s criminal justice system has experienced the extreme malfunction for which federal habeas relief is the remedy.” (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted)). As our Court has explained in the past, “we cannot grant habeas relief where a petitioner’s claim pursuant to applicable federal law, or the U.S. Constitution, has been adjudicated on its merits in state court proceedings in a manner that is not manifestly contrary to common sense.” Anderson v. Miller, 346 F.3d 315, 324 (2d Cir. 2003). The majority bases its decision in this case on what it identifies as errors in the New York State Court of Appeals majority’s reasoning, including misreading of the record of consultation (“ROC”), improperly weighing the trial evidence, and failing to consider the “uniquely important nature of the ROC in these circumstances.” Majority Op., ante, at 39. But, as discussed above, we are to [5] determine whether there is “any reasonable argument” that the ROC was not material under the Brady standard, Premo, 562 U.S. at 123 , not parse the state court opinion for “deficient reasoning,” Cruz, 255 F.3d at 86 . In other words, we must conclude not only that the suppression of the ROC creates a “‘reasonable probability’ of a different result” and “undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial,” Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1995) (quoting United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 678 (1985)), but that a contrary conclusion would be “so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 103 (emphasis added). The majority attempts to vault over this high barrier on the assertion that G.C.’s psychiatric report is unquestionably material to her motives and credibility—an assertion premised exclusively on the thin straw of two words contained in the ROC: “Dysthymic Disorder,” App. 536. By way of overview, dysthymic disorder is “a chronically depressed mood,” accompanied by “at least two of the following additional symptoms”: “poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self‐esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness.” [6] DSM‐IV, at 345. In other words, a chronically depressed mood is the only symptom that exists in every diagnosis of dysthymic disorder; to make a diagnosis, a doctor must conclude that two (or more) of the other listed symptoms are present, but the specific two may vary among individual cases. Importantly, therefore, the existence of a diagnosis alone does not indicate which of the possible additional symptoms are present. Furthermore, although “chronic” carries a connotation of severity in common parlance, in the context of dysthymic disorder, it simply means “present for more days than not over a period of at least 2 years.” DSM‐IV, at 343; see also Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia), The Mayo Clinic, http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases‐conditions/persistent‐depressive‐ disorder/home/ovc‐20166590 (last visited July 11, 2016) (characterizing dysthymia as “a continuous long‐term (chronic) form of depression”). Dysthymic disorder is considered “less severe” than “Major Depressive Disorder,” which involves episodes of at least two weeks in which the depressive mood is “present for most of the day, nearly every day.” DSM‐IV, at 343. The DSM‐IV estimates that, at any given time, three percent of the population suffers [7] from dysthymia, and another three percent has suffered from it in the past. See id. at 347. The majority’s analysis takes the general description of this disorder and runs with it. Without any evidence that G.C. actually experienced any such symptoms, the majority ominously warns that dysthymic disorder “may” also be accompanied by “feelings of inadequacy,” “excessive anger,” “interpersonal problems,” or “distorted self‐perception.” Majority Op., ante, at 31 (internal quotation marks omitted). It then converts generally associated features that “may be” present in people who suffer from this disorder into a conclusion that “G.C. suffered from a chronic disorder characterized by low self‐esteem, feelings of inadequacy, and excessive anger.” Id. at 38 (emphasis added). This analytical leap is simply untenable: these symptoms are not part of the “Diagnostic Features” of the disorder, DSM‐IV, at 345–46, but instead are part of the DSM‐ IV’s “Associated Features” category, id. at 346–47, which is a category describing “clinical features that are frequently associated with the disorder but that are not considered essential to making the diagnosis,” id. at 8. In other words, the fact that these symptoms may appear in individuals with the disorder cannot be extrapolated as characteristics of the disorder for every individual suffering from [8] dysthymic disorder.3 No aspect of the record here indicates that the doctor diagnosed G.C. with these specific associated features; while the ROC mentions that G.C. experienced difficulty with her mother, frequently cried, and was angry at herself “because she went home late and put herself at risk,” J.A. 536 (internal quotation marks omitted), these statements are hardly diagnoses of “excessive” anger or systemic “interpersonal problems.” The majority then says, incredibly, that this generic description of the possible associated features of a minor depressive disorder—a disorder that between roughly 4.5 and 9.5 million people will experience this year4— “potentially corroborated Fuentes’s account of her behavior as ‘unstable’ and ‘erratic’ when he declined to see her again, to wit, being angry and volubly upset at being rejected.” Majority Op., ante, at 32 (emphasis added). First, there is simply no connection between the symptoms actually diagnosed in the ROC and this conclusion. Second, potentially corroborating Fuentes’s account is not enough. To grant habeas relief, the majority has to conclude not only that the 3 It bears repeating that, even of the diagnostic symptoms, only a chronically depressed mood is present in all cases of the disorder and therefore is the only symptom that can be logically extrapolated from the fact of diagnosis alone. 4 See DSM‐IV, at 347; Dysthymic Disorder Among Adults, National Institute for Mental Health, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/dysthymic‐disorder‐ among‐adults.shtml (last visited July 11, 2016). [9] suppression of this record “undermines confidence” in the verdict, Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434 (internal quotation marks omitted), but also that it does so to such an overwhelming level of objective certainty that no fairminded jurist could disagree, see Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102 . Some psychiatric history evidence unquestionably will be so material to witness or victim credibility that the only objectively reasonable conclusion is that its suppression violates Brady. This evidence, however, is not in that category. Cases in which courts have held mental health histories so clearly material under Brady that habeas relief is warranted—including all the ones on which Fuentes relies—uniformly show a significantly higher severity of diagnosis and a significantly stronger nexus between the nature of the disorder and its effect on the particular witness’s credibility. In Browning v. Trammell, for example, the psychiatric report described “a severe mental disorder” that made the prosecution’s “indispensable witness” “hostile, assaultive, combative, and even potentially homicidal” with a tendency to “blur reality and fantasy and project blame onto others.” 717 F.3d 1092, 1106 (10th Cir. 2013); see also Gonzalez v. Wong, 667 F.3d 965 , 982–84 (9th Cir. 2011) (holding psychiatric reports to be material where they detailed a history of deceitful and manipulative behavior by [10] a witness as well as symptoms of schizophrenia, implicating his “competency to perceive accurately and testify truthfully”). The Third Circuit found a mental health evaluation of an eyewitness showing blackouts, dissociative tendencies, poor judgment, and distorted perceptions of reality to constitute material impeachment evidence. See Wilson v. Beard, 589 F.3d 651 , 665–66 (3d Cir. 2009); cf. United States v. Pryce, 938 F.2d 1343, 1346 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (reversing conviction based on failure to permit cross‐examination of an eyewitness on the basis of recent hallucinations). The Ninth Circuit held that the withholding of expert reports on a developmentally disabled victim’s ability to understand consent was sufficiently material to warrant habeas relief. See Bailey v. Rae, 339 F.3d 1107 , 1114–15 (9th Cir. 2003). Into the company of mental health characteristics that are clearly and expressly tied to a critical component of witness credibility, the majority adds “a chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years.” DSM‐IV, at 345. One of these things is not like the others. Despite Fuentes’s arguments to the contrary, this case is not analogous to a single‐eyewitness case containing a withheld witness statement that the witness “‘would not know [the perpetrators] if [he] saw them,’” directly contradicting the [11] witness’s statement on the stand that he had “[n]o doubt” about the defendant’s identity, Smith v. Cain, 132 S. Ct. 627 , 629–30 (2012) (second and third alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, each side presented one corroborating witness: the prosecution presented Tammy Little, who testified that Fuentes had not met G.C. at the arcade as he claimed, and the defense presented a private investigator, who testified that G.C. had told him that the sexual activity was consensual. Though the majority recounts at length ways in which G.C.’s version of events could be attacked, see Majority Op., ante, at 33–36, these facts were all known to the jury as a basis for contesting G.C.’s testimony. Nothing in the ROC contradicted her testimony, nor did it provide non‐ speculative evidence that G.C.’s mental state included a propensity to react in an emotionally disturbed or vindictive manner to a one‐night stand’s refusal to see her again.5 Instead, both Fuentes and the majority rely on rampant speculation about symptoms not diagnosed in the psychiatric report in order to claim its materiality. None of the suppositions made about G.C.—that she would become irrational after rejection or that whatever emotional reaction she had would 5 Fuentes’s argument that the ROC’s reference to frequent crying could have been used to portray G.C.’s tears on the stand as unrelated to her retelling an account of sexual assault, see Majority Op., ante, at 14, strikes me as far‐fetched. [12] manifest in a false accusation of rape—is supported by the record that was before the state court. See Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011) (“[R]eview under § 2254(d)(1) is limited to the record that was before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.”). Although Fuentes appeals to the potential for further investigation by defense counsel, as did the state court dissenters, the record provides no basis to think that further investigation would—as opposed to might—have uncovered actual symptoms in G.C. supporting Fuentes’s characterization of her as emotionally volatile or manipulative. See Wood v. Bartholomew, 516 U.S. 1, 6 (1995) (per curiam) (reversing Ninth Circuit’s grant of habeas relief on Brady grounds “based on mere speculation” that suppressed polygraph results “might have led respondent’s counsel to conduct additional discovery that might have led to some additional evidence that could have been utilized”).6 A speculative appeal to possible symptoms—which the excluded document gives us no reason to believe G.C. experienced—is simply not a basis on which to hold a state court’s decision “so lacking in justification that there 6 Not until his federal habeas proceeding did Fuentes provide a report by a psychiatric expert—though not the one who examined G.C. in the hospital—suggesting what further investigation might have revealed. Fuentes wisely does not rely on this report on appeal because, in addition to its speculative content, Cullen limits our review to the record before the state court, see 563 U.S. at 181 . [13] was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 103 . The majority opinion identifies no Supreme Court precedent that squarely addresses psychiatric reports in the Brady context, such that finding no materiality here can be truly be called “an unreasonable application of[] clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (d)(1); see also Smith v. Wenderlich, No. 14‐3920, 2016 WL 3457618, at *6 (2d Cir. June 24, 2016) (Kearse, J.) (“When there is no Supreme Court holding on a given issue, ‘it cannot be said that the state court unreasonabl[y] appli[ed] clearly established Federal law’ within the meaning of AEDPA.” (alterations in original) (quoting Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 77 (2006)). Its only attempt is to cite Williams [Michael] v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420 (2000), a case in which the Court decided the petitioner could not receive an evidentiary hearing on, inter alia, his claims of suppression of a psychiatric report. Williams [Michael], however, did not examine the materiality of a psychiatric report; rather, it concerned whether the petitioner had developed the factual basis for his arguments in state court under § 2254(e)(2). See id. at 440. It is well established in federal habeas law that we must consider only the holdings, not the dicta, of [14] Supreme Court cases. See, e.g., Musladin, 549 U.S. at 74 (citing Williams [Terry] v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 (2000)). Concluding that Williams [Michael] implies the Brady materiality of all psychiatric reports is not applying clearly established federal law. Even if the case were about materiality, however, the psychiatric report in Williams [Michael] showed severe mental health conditions, possessed by the specific witness and with an indisputable impact on his credibility: the report detailed the main cooperating eyewitness’s “little recollection of the [murders], other than vague memories, as he was intoxicated with alcohol and marijuana at the time” and also detailed his post‐traumatic stress disorder, major depression, and overwhelming guilt and shame for his participation in the murders. Williams [Michael], 529 U.S. at 438–39 (internal quotation marks omitted). Like the examples from other circuits cited above, there can be no reasonable disagreement that such information about a key eyewitness seriously calls into question the credibility of his testimony. The same cannot be said for the ROC, which itself contains no information tending to impeach G.C.’s testimony or to portray her as emotionally volatile or vindictive. Williams [Michael] simply does not create a clearly established rule on the materiality of [15] psychiatric reports and especially not of those that do not facially impeach witness testimony. The majority has, in essence, grounded its decision on concerns with what it views to be analytical errors in the Court of Appeals’ opinion. But even a clearly erroneous decision does not satisfy the standard for granting the writ. See Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75 (2003). While focusing on whether or not the Court of Appeals accurately analyzed the record, the majority has “all but ignored the only question that matters under § 2254(d)(1)”—namely, “whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that [the state court’s decision] [is] inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision of th[e] [Supreme] Court.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102 (internal quotation marks omitted). As a result, the majority has committed the same error for which the Supreme Court criticized the Ninth Circuit in Harrington: The Court of Appeals appears to have treated the unreasonableness question as a test of its confidence in the result it would reach under de novo review: Because the Court of Appeals had little doubt that [the petitioner’s] claim had merit, the Court of Appeals concluded the state court must have been unreasonable in rejecting it. This analysis overlooks arguments that would otherwise justify the state court’s result and ignores further limitations of § 2254(d), including its requirement that the state court’s decision be [16] evaluated according to the precedents of this Court. It bears repeating that even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was unreasonable. Id. (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Given that there is no specific holding from the Supreme Court on psychiatric records under Brady, we are left with the highly general Kyles standard, which by necessity creates “more leeway . . . in reaching outcomes in case‐by‐case determinations.” Yarborough, 541 U.S. at 664 . A decision that the ROC does not create a reasonable probability of a different verdict is simply not outside of that leeway. Perhaps it is the prosecutor’s intentional decision to exclude the ROC from a purported open‐file discovery without disclosing that fact to the defendant or to the court that draws the majority’s ire. It is certainly inexcusable for a prosecutor to represent that everything has been produced when it has not—and even more inexcusable to answer a direct question by the court by detailing G.C.’s various physical examinations in the hospital but omitting the psychological evaluation. See J.A. 177–78.7 But—for better or for worse—the 7 Indeed, such conduct could certainly form the basis of professional discipline for ethical violations. See 22 N.Y.C.R.R. § 1200, Rule 3.3(a) (“A lawyer shall not knowingly . . . make a false statement of fact or law to a tribunal or fail to correct a false statement of material fact or law previously made to the tribunal by the lawyer . . . .”); id. Rule 3.4(a)(1) (“A lawyer shall not . . . suppress any evidence that the lawyer or the client has a legal obligation to reveal or produce . . . .”); id. Rule 3.8(b) (“A prosecutor . . . [17] Supreme Court has told us that no greater remedy is available under Brady for a prosecutor’s intentional violation of constitutional standards than for an inadvertent one. See Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). Thus, we are bound to the narrow questions of whether the evidence was favorable, suppressed, and material. See Poventud v. City of New York, 750 F.3d 121, 133 (2d Cir. 2014) (en banc). In no universe does a conclusion that this one‐page, minimally probative document is not prejudicial under Brady constitute an “extreme malfunction[] in the state criminal justice system[]”; instead, the majority has engaged in “ordinary error correction” of the kind we are forbidden by Congress to undertake. Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102 (internal quotation marks omitted). And in making just such an error correction, the majority’s dissatisfaction with the prosecutor’s conduct and the state courts’ treatment of the record has led to its misapplication of § 2254(d)(1) and Supreme Court precedent framing the deferential nature of our habeas review. shall make timely disclosure . . . of the existence of evidence or information known to the prosecutor . . . that tends to negate the guilt of the accused, mitigate the degree of the offense, or reduce the sentence, except when relieved of this responsibility by a protective order of a tribunal.”); id. Rule 4.1 (“[A] lawyer shall not knowingly make a false statement of fact or law to a third person.”). Accordingly, I have directed the Clerk of the Court to forward copies of the majority opinion and this dissent to the Grievance Committee for the Second, Eleventh, and Thirteenth Judicial Districts in the Second Department in order that they may consider whether the prosecutor in this case breached her ethical obligations in a manner warranting professional discipline. [18] Accordingly, I dissent.