United States v. Robert Kolbusz

EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge. A jury convicted Robert Kolbusz of six counts of mail or wire fraud, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343, and he was sentenced to 84 months’ imprisonment (the same term on each count to run concurrently) plus about $3.8 million in restitution. Kolbusz, a dermatologist, submitted thousands of claims to the Medicare system and private insurers for the treatment of actinic keratosis, a skin condition that sometimes leads to cancer. He received mány millions of dollars in payments. The evidence. at trial permitted a reasonable jury to conclude that many if not substantially all of these claims could'not have reflected an honest medical judgment— and that the treatment Kolbusz claimed to have supplied may have failed to help any patient who actually had actinic keratosis. We need not recount the evidence. Kolbusz put on a vigorous defense, but the record permitted the jury to find that he committed the crimes as charged. His lead appellate argument is that the district judge constructively amended the indictment by permitting the prosecutor to present evidence that he submitted false claims on behalf of more than six patients. The indictment charged six particular frauds, so that must be the limit of the evidence, the argument runs. Yet the indictment charged a scheme to defraud (that’s what § 1341 and § 1343 cover). The prosecutor was entitled to prove the scheme as a whole, and not just the six exemplars laid out in the indictment. See, e.g., United States v. Phillips, 745 F.3d 829, 831-33 (7th Cir. 2014); United States v. Salmonese, 352 F.3d 608, 621 (2d Cir. 2003). Kolbusz does not point to any decision holding that the prosecution is forbidden to show that a scheme has more victims than the number of counts in the indictment, and we could not find such a decision in an independent search. After his arrest and indictment, Kolbusz continued to submit claims to Medicare, and many of these were paid. He contends that the judge erred in preventing him from introducing evidence to that effect. But the judge did not abuse his discretion in excluding this evidence, which has more to say about the (lack of) care with which Medicare intermediaries examine physicians’ claims than about the validity of the charges against him. Kolbusz says that the evidence would demonstrate his “good faith,” but we do not understand how — or for that matter why “good faith” in the abstract matters. See United States v. Blagojevich, 794 F.3d 729, 738-39 (7th Cir. 2015). Kolbusz’s state of mind when he was submitting claims between 2003 and 2010 (the period covered by the criminal charges) was relevant; his state of mind in later years was not. It would have been regrettable to divert the trial into an examination of Medicare’s claims-processing procedures in 2013 and 2014, rather, than *813 whether Kolbusz knew that he was submitting false claims in 2010 and earlier. Finally, Kolbusz contends that, when resolving civil litigation that grew out of his claims for reimbursement, some of the insurers agreed to waive restitution. He contends that payments from these insurers should be excluded from the district court’s calculation. The problem with this argument is that the United States was not a party to any of the contracts on •which Kolbusz relies. The award of restitution was entered in litigation betweeh Kol-busz and the United States; contracts between Kolbusz and third parties cannot control. So the Supreme Court held in EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279, 122 S.Ct. 754, 151 L.Ed.2d 755 (2002), when concluding that arbitration agreements between employees and employers do not affect the national government, when it sues as employees’ champion. The Court concluded that private agreements do not bind the United States. That’s equally true when the United States seeks a restitution award, and so multiple courts have held. See, e.g., United States v. Rizk, 660 F.3d 1125, 1137 (9th Cir. 2011); United States v. Gallant, 537 F.3d 1202, 1250 (10th Cir. 2008); United States v. Karam, 201 F.3d 320 (4th Cir. 2000); United States v. Parsons, 141 F.3d 386, 393 (1st Cir. 1998); United States v. Sheinbaum, 136 F.3d 443, 448-49 (5th Cir. 1998). Affirmed