In Re Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases—Report No. 2016-08

PER CURIAM. The Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases (Committee) has submitted proposed changes to the standard jury instructions and asks that the Court authorize the amended standard instructions for publication and use. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 2(a), Fla. Const. The Committee proposes amending the following existing standard criminal jury instructions: 7.8 (Driving Under the Influence Manslaughter); 7.8(a) (Boating Under the Influence Manslaughter); 9.1 (Kidnapping); 9.2 (False Imprisonment); 18.3 (False Information to Law Enforcement); 20.18(a) (Unlawful Possession of the Personal Identification Information of Another Person); and 28.18 (Failure to Obey the Lawful Order of a [Police] [Fire] [Traffic] Official). The Committee published its proposals for comment in The Florida Bar News. No comments were received by the Committee. The Court did not publish the proposals after they were filed. Having considered the Committee’s report, we authorize amended standard jury instructions 7.8, 7.8(a), 9.1, 9.2, 18.3, and 28.18 for publication and use, with the following modifications. In instructions 7.8 and 28.18, the statutory citations to the definition of “vehicle” are revised to reference the correct statute. We decline to authorize amended instruction 20.18(a) as proposed by the Committee. The Committee proposes to simpli *996 fy the explanations of actual possession, constructive possession, mere proximity, joint possession, inferences of possession, and exceptions to inferences of possession of personal identification information in instruction 20.18(a) by replacing all of the explanations with what the Committee considers a single, simpler explanation of “possession.” The Committee expresses the belief that the existing explanations of the types of possession and inferences of possession in the instruction are deficient and confusing; however, the Court is unaware of any ease law that has held the current explanations of possession deficient. Deciding such substantive matters is appropriate for this Court only within the context of an actual case or controversy. See art. V, § 3(b), Fla. Const.; In re Std. Jury Instrs. in Crim. Cases—Report No. 2015-05, 195 So. 3d 1088, 1089 (Fla. 2016). We therefore decline to authorize amended instruction 20.18(a) for publication and use. The amended criminal jury instructions, as set forth in the appendix to this opinion, are hereby authorized for publication and use. 1 New language is indicated by underlining; deleted language is indicated by struck-through type. In authorizing the publication and use of these instructions, we express no opinion on their correctness and remind all interested parties that this authorization forecloses neither requesting additional or alternative instructions nor contesting the legal correctness of the instructions. We further caution all interested parties that any comments associated with the instructions reflect only the opinion of the Committee and are not necessarily indicative of the views of this Court as to their correctness or applicability. The instructions as set forth in the appendix shall be effective when this opinion becomes final. It is so ordered. LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, CANADY, and POLSTON, JJ., concur. LAWSON, J., did not participate. APPENDIX 7.8 DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE MANSLAUGHTER §§ 316.193(3)(a), (3)(b), and (3)(c)3., Fla. Stat. To prove the crime of Driving under the Influence Manslaughter, the State must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. (Defendant) drove [or was in actual physical control of] a vehicle. 2. While driving [or in actual physical control of] the vehicle,(defendant) Give 2a or 2b or both as applicable. a. was under the influence of [alcoholic beverages] [a chemical substance] [a controlled substance] to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. b. had a [blood] [breath]-alcohol level of .08 or more grams of alcohol per [100 milliliters of blood] [210 liters of breath]. 3. As a result of operating the vehicle,(defendant) caused or contributed to the cause of the death of [(victim) ] [an unborn child], *997 Give if §§ 316.193(3)(a), (3)(b), and (3)(c)3.b., Fla. Stat., is charged. If you find the defendant guilty of Driving under the Influence Manslaughter, you must further determine whether the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that: 4. (Defendant), at the time of the crash, a. knew or should have known that the crash occurred and b. failed to give information as required by law and c. failed to render aid as required by law Florida law requires that the driver of any vehicle involved in a crash resulting in injury to or death of any person, or damage to any vehicle or other property which is driven or attended by any person, must supply [his] [her] name, address, and the registration number of the vehicle [he] [she] is driving to any person injured in the crash or to the driver or occupant of or person attending any vehicle or other property damaged in the crash. Upon request and if available, the driver shall also exhibit [his] [her] license or permit to drive. The driver shall give the same information and, upon request, exhibit his or her license or permit, to any police officer who is at the scene of the crash or who is investigating the crash. The driver shall also render reasonable assistance to any person injured in the crash, including carrying, or the making of arrangements for the carrying, of such person to a physician, surgeon, or hospital for medical or surgical treatment if it is apparent that treatment is necessary, or if such carrying is requested by the injured person. In the event none of the persons specified above are in condition to receive the information to which they otherwise would be entitled, and no police officer is present, the driver of a vehicle involved in the crash, after trying to fulfill the requirements listed above as much as possible, shall immediately report the crash to the nearest office of a duly authorized police authority and supply the information specified above. Give if applicable. § 316.193(4), Fla. Stat.(0ffenses committed prior to October 1, 2008, alcohol level of .20 or higher.) If you find the defendant guilty of Driving under the Influence Manslaughter, you must also determine whether the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt whether: a. the defendant had a [blood] [breath]-alcohol level of .15 or higher while driving [or in actual physical control of] the vehicle. b. the defendant was accompanied in the vehicle by a person under the age of 18 years at the time of the dDriving under the ilnfluence. Definitions. Give as applicable. § 316,003(95), Fla. Stat. “Vehicle” is every device in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, except devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. § 316.193m), Fla. Stat. “Normal faculties” include but are not limited to the ability to see, hear, walk, talk, judge distances, drive an automobile, make judgments, act in emergencies and, in general, to normally perform the many mental and physical acts of our daily lives. *998 Shaw v. State, 783 So.2d 1097 (Fla. 5th DCA2001). “Impaired” means diminished in some material respect. Give if applicable. The option of “on a vehicle” pertains to vehicles such as motorcycles and bicycles. “Actual physical control of a vehicle” means the defendant must be physically in [or on] the vehicle and have the capability to operate the vehicle, regardless of whether [he] [she] is actually operating the vehicle at the time. § 322.01(2), Fla. Stat. “Alcoholic beverages” are considered to be substances of any kind and description which contain alcohol. § 877.111(1), Fla. Stat. (_) is a chemical substance under Florida law. Chapter 893, Fla. Stat. (_) is a controlled substance under Florida law. § 775.021(5), Fla. Stat. An “unborn child” means a member of the species Romo sapiens, at any stage of development, and who is carried in the womb. Give if applicable. § 775.021(5)(b), Fla. Stat. Driving Under the Influence Manslaughter does not require the State to prove that the defendant knew or should have known that (victim) was pregnant or that the defendant intended to cause the death of the unborn child. When appropriate, give one or more of the following instructions on the presumptions of impairment established by §§ 316.1934(2)(a), (2)(b), and (2)(c), Fla. Stat.Give if appropriate. § 316.1934(2)(a) and (2)(b), Fla. Stat. 1. If you find from the evidence that while driving [or in actual physical control of] a motor vehicle, the defendant had a blood or breath-alcohol level of .05 or less, you shall presume that the defendant was not under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired; but this presumption may be overcome by other evidence demonstrating that the defendant was under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. 2. If you find from the evidence that while driving [or in actual physical control of] a motor vehicle, the defendant had a blood or breath-alcohol level in excess of .05 but less than .08, that fact does not give rise to any presumption that the defendant was or was not under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. In such cases, you may consider that evidence along with other evidence in determining whether the defendant was under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. 3. If you find from the evidence that while driving or in actual physical control of a motor vehicle, the defendant had a blood or breath-alcohol level of .08 or more, that evidence would be sufficient by itself to establish that the defendant was under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. But this evidence may be contradicted or rebutted *999 by other evidence demonstrating that the defendant was not under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. It is not necessary to instruct on the “prima facie evidence of impairment” in § 316.198i(2)(c), Fla. Stat., if the State charged, the defendant vñth driving with a blood or breath-alcohol level of ,08 or over. In those cases, if the jury finds that the defendant drove with an unlawful blood or breath-alcohol level, impairment becomes moot. Tyner v. State, 805 So.2d 862 (Fla. 2d PGA 2001). Defense of inoperability; give if applicable. It is a defense to the charge of Driving under the Influence Manslaughter if at the time of the alleged offense, the vehicle was inoperable. However, it is not a defense if the defendant was driving under the influence before the vehicle became inoperable. Therefore, if you are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the vehicle was operable at the time of the alleged offense, you should find the defendant not guilty. However, if you are convinced that the vehicle was operable at the time of the alleged offense, then you should find the defendant guilty, if all the other elements of the charge have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Lesser Included Offenses [[Image here]] Comment This instruction was adopted in 1981 and amended in 1985 [477 So.2d 985], 1987 [508 So. 2d 1221], 1992 [603 So. 2d 1175], 1995 [665 So. 2d 212], 1998 [723 So. 2d 123], 2006 [946 So. 2d 1061], 2009 [6 So. 3d 574], 2016 [190 So. 3d 1055], and 2017. 7.8(a) BOATING UNDER THE INFLUENCE MANSLAUGHTER §§ 327.35(3)(a), (3)(b), and (3)(c)3., Fla. Stat. To prove the crime of Boating under the Influence Manslaughter, the State must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. (Defendant) operated a vessel. 2. While operating the vessel,(defendant) Give 2a or 2b or both as applicable. a. was under the influence of [alcoholic beverages] [a chemical substance] [a controlled substance] to the extent that [his] *1000 [her] normal faculties were impaired. b. had a [blood] [breath]-alcohol level of .08 or more grams of alcohol per [100 milliliters of blood] [210 liters of breath]. 3. As a result of operating the vessel,(defendant) caused or contributed to the cause of the death of [ (victim) ] [an unborn child]. Give if §§ 327.35(3)(a), (3)(b), and (3)(c)3.b., Fla. Stat., is charged. If you find the defendant guilty of Boating under the Influence Manslaughter, you must further determine whether the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that: 4. (Defendant), at the time of the accident, a. knew or should have known that the accident occurred and b. failed to give information as required by law and c. failed to render aid as required by law. Florida law requires that the operator of a vessel involved in a collision, accident, or other casualty, to render to other persons affected by the collision, accident, or other casualty such assistance as is practicable and necessary in order to save them from or minimize any danger caused by the collision, accident, or other casualty, so far as [he] [she] can do so without serious danger to the operators own vessel, crew, and passengers. Florida law also requires the operator to give [his] [her] name, address, and identification of [his] [her] vessel in writing to any person injured and to the owner of any property damaged in the collision, accident, or other casualty. In cases of collision, accident, or other casualty resulting in death or medical treatment beyond immediate first aid, Florida law requires that the operator, without delay and by the quickest means available, give notice of the accident to one of the following agencies: the Division of Law Enforcement of the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; the sheriff of the county within which the accident occurred; or the police chief of the municipality within which the accident occurred. Give if applicable. § 327.35(4), Fla. Stat. If you find the defendant guilty of Boating under the Influence Manslaughter, you must also determine whether the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt whether: a. the defendant had a [blood] [breath]-alcohol level of .2015 or higher while operating the vessel. b. the defendant was accompanied in the vessel by a person under the age of 18 years at the time of the bBoating under the iln-fluence. Definitions. Give as applicable. State v. Davis, 110 So.3d 27 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013). “Vessel” means a boat and includes every description of watercraft, barge, and airboat, other than a seaplane, on the water used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water. § 327.354(1), Fla. Stat. “Normal faculties” include but are not limited to the ability to see, hear, walk, talk, judge distances, operate a vessel, make judgments, act in emergencies and, in general, to normally perform the many mental and physical acts of our daily lives. *1001 GO o CO 8 CQ CO “Operate” means to be in charge of or in command of or in actual physical control of a vessel upon the waters of this state, or to exercise control over or to have responsibility for a vessels navigation or safety while the vessel is underway upon the waters of this state, or to control or steer a vessel being towed by another vessel upon the waters of the state. Shaw v. State, 783 So.2d 1097 (Fla. 5th DCA2001). Impaired means diminished in some material respect. § 322.01(2), Fla. Stat. “Alcoholic beverages” are considered to be substances of any kind and description which contain alcohol. (_) is a controlled substance under Florida law. Ch. 893, Fla. Stat. (_) is a chemical substance under Florida law. § 877.111(1), Fla. Stat. § 775.021(5), Fla. Stat. An “unborn child” means a member of the species Homo sapiens, at any stage of development, and who is carried in the womb. Give if applicable. § 775.021(5) (b), Fla. Stat. Boating Under the Influence Manslaughter does not require the State to prove that the defendant knew or should have known that (victim) was pregnant or that the defendant intended to cause the death of the unborn child. When appropriate, give one or more of the following instructions on the presumptions of impairment established by §§ 327.354(2) (a), (2)(b), and (2)(c), Fla. Stat.Give if appropriate. § 327.354(2)(a) and (2)(b), Fla. Stat. 1. If you find from the evidence that while operating or in actual physical control of the vessel, the defendant had a [blood] [breath]- alcohol level of .05 or less, you shall presume that the defendant was not under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired; but this presumption may be overcome by other evidence demonstrating that the defendant was under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. 2. If you find from the evidence that while operating or in actual physical control of the vessel, the defendant had a [blood] [breath]- alcohol level in excess of .05 but less than .08, that fact does not give rise to any presumption that the defendant was or was not under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. In such cases, you may consider that evidence along with other evidence in determining whether the defendant was under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. 3. If you find from the evidence that while operating or in actual physical control of the vessel, the defendant had a [blood] [breath]— alcohol level of .08 or more, that evidence would be sufficient by itself to establish that the defendant was under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. But this evidence may be contradicted or rebutted *1002 by other evidence demonstrating that the defendant was not under the influence of alcoholic beverages to the extent that [his] [her] normal faculties were impaired. It is not necessary to instruct on the “prima facie evidence of impairment” in § 327.851(2)(c), Fla. Stat, if the State charged the defendant with boating with a blood or breath-alcohol level of .08 or over. In those cases, if the jury finds that the defendant operated a vessel with an unlawful blood or breath-alcohol level, im- pairment becomes moot. Tyner v. State, 805 SoM 862 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001). Defense of inoperability; give if applicable. It is a defense to the charge of Boating under the Influence Manslaughter if the vessel was inoperable at the time of the alleged offense, unless the defendant was controlling or steering the vessel while it was being towed by another vessel upon the waters of the state. However, it is not a defense if the defendant was boating under the influence before the vessel became inoperable. Lesser Included Offenses [[Image here]] Comment This instruction was adopted in 2009 [6 So.3d 574] and amended in 2016 [190 So.3d 1055], and 2017. 9.1 KIDNAPPING § 787.01, Fla. Stat. To prove the crime of Kidnapping, the State must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. (Defendant) [forcibly] [secretly] [by threat] [confined] [abducted] [imprisoned] (victim) against [his] [her] will. 2.(Defendant) had no lawful authority to do so. 3.(Defendant) acted with intent to: Give 3a, 3b, 3c, or 3d as applicable. If 3b is given, define applicable felony. a. hold (victim) for ransom or reward or as a shield or hostage. b. commit or facilitate the commission of (applicable felony). c. inflict bodily harm upon or to terrorize (victim) or another person. *1003 d. interfere with the performance of any governmental or political function. Give when 3b is alleged. See Faison v. State, 426 So.2d 963 (Fla. 1983). In order to be kKidnapping, the [confinement] [abduction] [imprisonment] a. must not be slight, inconsequential, or merely incidental to the (applicable felony); b. must not be of the kind inherent in the nature of the (applicable felony); and c. must have some significance independent of the (applicable felony) in that it makes the (applicable felony) substantially easier of commission or substantially lessens the risk of detection. Definition. Give if applicable. Bishop v. State, 46 So.Sd 75 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010). “Secretly” means the defendant intended to isolate or insulate (victim) from meaningful contact or meaningful communication with the public. Read only if confinement is alleged and victim is under 13 years of age. Confinement of a child under the age of 13 is against the child’s will if such confinement is without the consent of the child’s parent or legal guardian. If a violation of § 787.01(3), Fla. Stat., is charged, instruct as follows: If you find the defendant guilty of Kidnapping, you must also determine whether the State has proved the following aggravating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. At the time of the Kidnapping, (victim) was under 13 years of age; and 2. In the course of committing the Kidnapping, (defendant) committed [an Aggravated Child Abuse] [a Sexual Battery against (victim) ] [a Lewd or Lascivious Battery] [a Lewd or Lascivious Molestation] [a Lewd or Lascivious Conduct] [a Lewd or Lascivious Exhibition] [a Procuring a Child for Prostitution upon (victim) ] [a Forcing, Compelling, or Coercing Another to Become a Prostitute upon (victim)] [an Exploitation of a Child upon (victim) ] [Human Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Activity in which [a Child under the Age of 18] [a Mentally Defective Person] [or] [a Mentally Incapacitated Person] was Involved]. Define applicable felony unless included in other instructions. If the State has charged and is seeking the adidt-on-minor sex offense multiplier in § 921.0024(1)(b), Fla. Stat., instruct as follows. Alleyne v. United States, — U.S. —, 133 S.Ct. 2151, 186 L.Ed.2d 314 (2013). If you find the defendant guilty of Kidnapping, you must also determine whether the State has proved the following four elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. At the time of the Kidnapping, (defendant) was 18 years of age or older. 2. At the time of the Kidnapping, (victim) was younger than 18 years of age. 3. The Kidnapping was committed on or after October 1, 2014. 4. In the course of committing the Kidnapping, (defendant) committed [Sexual Battery] [Lewd or Lascivious Battery] [Lewd or Lascivious Molestation] [Lewd or Lascivious Conduct] [Lewd or Lascivious Exhibition] [Lewd or Lascivious Exhibition Over a Computer Service] *1004 against (same victim as in element # 2). Define applicable felony unless included m other instructions. Lesser Included Offenses [[Image here]] Comments The Kidnapping statute does not exempt a parent from criminal liability for kidnapping his or his own child. See Davila v. State, 75 So.3d 192 (Fla. 2011). *If the State alleged the life felony of Kidnapping with aggravating circumstances in § 787.01(3), Fla. Stat., then those aggravating circumstances would be lesser-jncluded crimes. *If the State charged the defendant in a way to score the adult-on-minor sex offense multiplier in § 921.0024(l)(b), Fla. Stat., then those sex crimes would be lesser-included crimes. This instruction was adopted in 1981 and amended in 1985 [477 So.2d 985] , 2014 [152 So. 3d 475], 2015 [167 So. 3d 443] , and 2017. 9.2 FALSE IMPRISONMENT § 787.02, Fla. Stat. To prove the crime of False Imprisonment, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. (Defendant) [forcibly] [secretly] [by threat] [confined] [abducted] [imprisoned] [restrained] (victim) against [his] [her] will. 2. (Defendant) had no lawful authority to do so. Definition. Give if applicable. Bishop v. State, 46 So.3d 75 (Fla. 5th DCA 2010). “Secretly” means the defendant intended to isolate or insulate (victim) from meaningful contact or meaningful communication with the public. Read only if confinement is alleged and victim is under 13 years of age. Confinement of a child under the age of 13 is against the child’s will if such confinement is without the consent of the child’s parent or legal guardian. If a violation of § 787.02(3), Fla. Stat., is charged, instruct as follows: If you find the defendant guilty of False Imprisonment, you must also determine whether the State has proved the following aggravating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. At the time of the False Imprisonment, (victim) was under 13 years of age; and 2. In the course of committing the False Imprisonment, (defendant) committed [an Aggravated Child Abuse] [a Sexual Battery against *1005 (victim) ] [a Lewd or Lascivious Battery] [a Lewd or Lascivious Molestation] [a Lewd or Lascivious Conduct] [a Lewd or Lascivious Exhibition] [a Procuring a Child for Prostitution upon (victim) ] [a Forcing, Compelling, or Coercing Another to Become a Prostitute upon (victim) ] [an Exploitation of a Child upon (victim) ] [Human Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Activity in which [a Child under the Age of 18] [a Mentally Defective Person] [or] [a Mentally Incapacitated Person] was Involved], Define applicable felony unless included in other instructions. If the State has charged and is seeking the adult-on-minor sex offense multiplier in § 921.0021(1)(b), Fla. Stat., instruct as folloivs. Alleyne v. United States, — U.S. —, 133 S.Ct. 2151, 186 L.Ed.2d 314 (2013). If you find the defendant guilty of False Imprisonment, you must also determine whether the State has proved the following four elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. At the time of the False Imprisonment, (defendant) was 18 years of age or older. 2. At the time of the False Imprisonment, (victim) was younger than 18 ■ years of age, 3. The False Imprisonment was committed on or after October 1, 2014. 4. In the course of committing the False Imprisonment, (defendant) committed [Sexual Battery] [Lewd or Lascivious Battery] [Lewd or Lascivious Molestation] [Lewd or Lascivious Conduct] [Lewd or Lascivious Exhibition] [Lewd or Lascivious Exhibition Over a Computer Service] against (same victim as in element # 2). Define applicable felony unless included in other instructions. Lesser Included Offenses [[Image here]] Comments The Faison test for determining whether a particular confinement or movement during the commission of another crime constitutes kidnapping, does not apply to false imprisonment. Sanders v. State, 905 So.2d 271 (Fla. 2d DCA2005). *If the State alleged the first-degree felony punishable by life of False Imprisonment with aggravating circumstances in § 787.02(3), Fla. Stat,, then those aggravating circumstances would be lesser-inciud-ed crimes. *If the State charged the-defendant in a way to score the adult-on-minor sex offense multiplier in § 921.0024(l)(b), Fla. Stat., then those sex crimes would be lesser-included crimes. This instruction was adopted in 1981 and was amended in 1985 [477 So.2d 985], 1998 *1006 [723 So. 2d 123] , 2014 [152 So. 3d 475], 2015 [167 So. 3d 443], and 2017. 18.3 FALSE INFORMATION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT § 837.055 Fla. Stat. To prove the crime of False Information to Law Enforcement, the State must prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 1. (Name of law enforcement officer) was conducting a [missing person investigation] [felony criminal investigation]. 2. (Name of law enforcement officer) was a law enforcement officer. 3. (Defendant) knew that (name of law enforcement officer) was a law enforcement officer. 4. (Defendant) knowingly and willfully gave false information to (name of law enforcement officer). 5. (Defendant) intended to mislead (name of law enforcement officer) or impede the investigation. Definition. “Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly and purposely. Lesser Included Offenses No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. Comment This instruction was adopted in 2008. 28.18 FAILURE TO OBEY THE LAWFUL ORDER OF A [POLICE] [FIRE] [TRAFFIC] OFFICIAL § 316.072(3), Fla. Stat. To prove the crime of Failure to Obey the Lawful Order of a (insert type of official from the list in § 316.072(8) Fla. Stat.), the State must prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 2.L (Defendant) was [operating a [vehicle] [bicycle]] [walking] upon [a state-maintained highway] [county-maintained highway] [municipal street or alley] [place where vehicles have the right to travel]. 3.2. (Name of official) gave a lawful [order] [or] [direction] to (defendant) regarding the operation of a vehicle or bicycle or the movement of a pedestrian. 4.3. At the time, (name of official) was acting in [his] [her] capacity as a [law enforcement officer] [traffic crash investigation officer] [traffic infraction enforcement officer] [member of the fire department who was at the scene of a fire, rescue operation, or other emergency]. 5.4. (Defendant) knew that [he] [she] had been given a[n] [order] [direction] by a [law enforcement officer] [traffic crash investigation officer] [traffic infraction enforcement officer] [member of the fire department who was at the scene of a fire, rescue operation, or other emergency]. 6.5. (Defendant) willfully failed to obey [or] [willfully refused to comply] with the [order] [or] [direction] given. Definitions. Give as applicable. § 316.003(95), Fla. Stat. A “vehicle” is every device, in, upon, or by which any person or property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. Patterson v. State, 512 So.2d 1109 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987). “Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. *1007 § 316.003(2), Fla. Stat. A “bicycle” is every vehicle propelled solely by human power, and every motorized bicycle propelled by a combination of human power and an electric helper motor capable of propelling the vehicle at a speed of not more than 20 miles per hour on level ground upon which any person may ride, having two tandem wheels, and including any device generally recognized as a bicycle though equipped with two front or two rear wheels. The term does not include such a vehicle with a seat height of no more than 25 inches from the ground when the seat is adjusted to its highest position or a scooter or similar device. § 316.64.0, Fla. Stat. A “traffic crash investigation officer” is an individual who successfully completed instruction in traffic accident investigation and court presentation through the Selective Traffic Enforcement Program as approved by the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission and funded through the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration or a similar program approved by the Criminal Justice Standards and Training Commission, and who is employed by (insert relevant agency listed in § 316.640, Fla. Stat.). § 316.640, Fla. Stat. A “traffic infraction enforcement officer” is an individual who successfully completed instruction in traffic enforcement procedures and court presentation through the Selective Traffic Enforcement Program as approved by the Division of Criminal Justice Standards and Training of the Department of Law Enforcement, or through a similar program, and who is employed by (insert relevant agency listed in § 316.640, Fla. Stat.). Note to judge: A special instruction may be necessary when the defendant claims the order or direction ivas not lawful. Lesser Included Offenses [[Image here]] Comment This instruction was adopted in 2015 [166 So.3d 161] and amended in 2017. Footnotes [1] The amendments as reflected in the appendix are to the Criminal Jury Instructions as they appear on the Court’s website at www. floridasupremecourt.org/jury_instructions/ instrqctions.shtml. We recognize that there may be minor discrepancies between the instructions as they appear on the website and the published versions of the instructions. Any discrepancies as to instructions authorized for publication and use after October 25, 2007, should be resolved by reference to the published opinion of this Court authorizing the instruction.