Mark Matthews v. EI DuPont de Nemours & Co

OPINION * HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge. Mark Matthews appeals the District Court’s summary judgment in favor of his former employer, E.I. DuPont De Nem-ours & Company, in a case arising under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. The District Court held that the decision of DuPont’s Plan Administrator to revise Matthews’ pension-benefit calculation was entitled to deference under ERISA. Matthews argues that the District Court should have reviewed the Administrator’s decision de novo because it was interpreting a state court order instead of the Plan. We agree with the parties that the standard of review dictates the result in this appeal and because the District Court should have applied de novo review, we will reverse. I Four undisputed facts set the stage for this dispute. First, Matthews earned a pension from DuPont while working there from 1973 to 2013. Second, Matthews married his ex-wife in 1973 and divorced in 1993, meaning they were together for about half of his tenure at DuPont. Third, Matthews’ divorce decree, entered by the Delaware Family Court in 1995, included a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) that required DuPont to pay a •specified portion of Matthews’ pension benefit directly to his ex-wife. And fourth, DuPont amended its Plan at the end of 2007, reducing benefits to pensioners for post-2007 work by two-thirds. II Although Matthews’ pension benefit determination involved numerous byzantine calculations, this appeal turns on one number: the denominator of the “marital fraction.” The marital fraction is a ratio that determines the percent of Matthews’ pension to which his ex-wife is entitled. Contained in the QDRO, the marital fraction is calculated by dividing the “[njumber of *150 months [Matthews] was in the Plan during the marriage” by the total “[n]umber of months [Matthews] was in the Plan.” App. 13. This basic formula, which has been approved by the Delaware Supreme Court and is often used in Delaware QDROs, is known as the Cooper Formula. See Simms v. Greene-Simms, 22 A.3d 727, 732 (Del. Fam. Ct. 2009). DuPont altered the basic arithmetic of the Cooper Formula on the heels of its 2007 Plan amendment, which reduced Matthews’ accrual of future benefits by two-thirds. To account for that change, DuPont began crediting each year after 2007 as only one-third of a year for marital-fraction purposes. This change “ensure[d] that an employee’s months of post-2007 participation are not unfairly weighted given the reduced accrual rate for that period.” DuPont Br. 6. Accordingly, Matthews’ final six years of service (from 2008 to 2013) counted only as two years in his marital fraction, reducing his marital-fraction denominator from 487 to 439 months. That change resulted in Matthews’ ex-wife receiving an additional $262.11 per month. Matthews challenged this determination through two layers of internal appeals, but his claims were denied by the DuPont Benefit Determination Review Team. He then filed this ERISA action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware. The District Court reasoned that “[w]hat DuPont has done here occurs at the border between interpretation of the [QDRO] (to which I owe its decision no deference) and its interpretation of the Plan (to which I owe it substantial defdrence).” Mathews v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., 2015 WL 8082315, at *2 (D. Del. Dec. 7, 2015). After determining that DuPont’s interpretation was “within the umbrella of its discretionary decision-making,” the District Court granted summary judgment to DuPont. Id. Matthews filed this appeal. Ill 1 Matthews raises two related issues on appeal: (1) whether the District Court erred in reviewing DuPont’s determination for abuse of discretion; and (2) whether DuPont’s pension determination was correct. As we noted at the outset, the answer to the second question is dictated by the way the first question is resolved. A Matthews claims DuPont’s determination was based on an interpretation of the QDRO, which we would review de novo. See Hullett v. Towers, Perrin, Forster & Crosby, Inc., 38 F.3d 107, 114 (3d Cir. 1994). DuPont counters that its determination was based on an interpretation of the Plan, which we review to determine whether the Administrator’s decision was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. See Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989); Miller v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 632 F.3d 837, 844 (3d Cir. 2011). We agree with Matthews that DuPont was interpreting the QDRO. At the most basic level, the dispute is about the meaning of “months [Matthews] was in the Plan” (i.e., does “months ... in the Plan” refer to literal calendar months, or does it have some latent meaning that allows for DuPont’s re-weighting?). See App. 13. That provision—and the entire marital frac *151 tion—is found in the QDRO entered by the Delaware state court. DuPont’s arguments against this straightforward conclusion fall short. Although DuPont asserts somewhat opaquely that it was interpreting the 2007 amendment, it neither identifies the Plan provision it claims to be interpreting nor quotes the Plan at all. In fact, DuPont indicated throughout the appeal process that it was interpreting the QDRO. For example, in a letter to Matthews by the Benefit Determination Review Team, DuPont explained that it “interprets the language in a [QDRO] using a marital fraction to mean 3/3 of a month for each month prior to January 1, 2008, and 1/3 of a month for each month [thereafter].” App. 531. It also stated that the QDRO “is-written in a certain way and that based on DuPont’s procedures we will interpret it a certain way.” App. 569. 2 Thus, even had the 2007 amendment factored into DuPont’s determination, it would have been as a backdrop for interpreting the language of the QDRO. DuPont next claims it was merely “implementing” the QDRO. DuPont Br. 17. While it is true that a QDRO formula is not self-executing and will require some math, such implementation does not permit the discretionary alteration of the Cooper Formula that DuPont made here. See, e.g., Blue v. UAL Corp., 160 F.3d 383, 386 (7th Cir. 1998) (“Administrators are entitled to implement what the forms say.... So, too, plans may mechanically implement orders from state courts.”); Hullett, 38 F.3d at 114 (explaining that the administrator would implement the QDRO “by making an actuarial calculation converting the present value of one half of Hullett’s pension”). B We turn now to the merits. Matthews argues almost exclusively that DuPont’s benefit recalculation cannot withstand de novo review because it is contrary to the terms of the QDRO. For its part, DuPont argues exclusively that its determination was not an abuse of discretion. As' the parties tacitly concede, the result of this appeal is dictated by the standard of review. Having explained why de novo review applies, our analysis begins and ends with the text of the QDRO, which states that Matthews’ ex-wife’s benefit should be determined by taking the “[n]umber of months [Matthews] was in the Plan during the marriage” and dividing by the “[n]umber of months [Matthews] was in the Plan.” App. 13. There is no indication in the QDRO that “[n]umber of months ... in the Plan” should mean anything other than a tally of the number of months Matthews was a participant in the DuPont Plan. The controlling state law supports this straightforward reading. 3 “Delaware adheres to the ‘objective’ theory of contracts, i.e. a contract’s construction should be that which would be understood by an objective, reasonable third party.... [Therefore w]hen the contract is clear and unambiguous, [Delaware courts] will give effect to the plain-meaning of the contract’s terms and provisions.” Estate of Osborn ex *152 rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1159-60 (Del. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). As the District Court rightly noted, DuPont all but concedes that an objective reading of the QDRO supports Matthews’ interpretation. Mathews, 2015 WL 8082315, at *2 (“DuPont is essentially conceding that the usual understanding of the formula, as stated in the Family Court order, supports Plaintiffs position.”). Additionally, DuPont’s interpretation subverts the deference owed to state-court QDROs by ERISA plan administrators. Our sister circuits have explained that “ERISA does not require, or even permit, a pension fund to look beneath the surface of the order.” Brown v. Cont’l Airlines, Inc., 647 F.3d 221, 227 (5th Cir. 2011) (citations omitted); see also Blue, 160 F.3d at 385. Here, the terms of the QDRO support Matthews’ interpretation. Finally, we note that DuPont’s alteration to the Cooper Formula was essentially an effort to do equity on the heels of its reduction in pension benefits. See DuPont Br. 6 (explaining that its interpretation “ensures that an employee’s months of post-2007 participation are not unfairly weighted”). But such equitable considerations are for the Delaware courts, not the DuPont Plan Administrator. 4 Specifically, the Cooper Formula has a “multiplier” that can account for equitable factors such as increased or decreased earnings over time. See Simms, 22 A.3d at 732. If Matthews’ ex-wife believes the QDRO has become inequitable, she may seek relief in family court. [[Image here]] For the reasons stated, we will reverse the judgment of the District Court with respect to Count I. Footnotes [*] This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to 1,0.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding precedent. [1] The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and we have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. "A district court’s determination of the proper standard to apply in its review of an ERISA plan administrator's decision is a legal conclusion which we review de novo.” Viera v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 642 F.3d 407, 413 (3d Cir. 2011). [2] The District Court also framed the issue in such a way that points to the QDRO as the object of interpretation, writing that "DuPont’s method of implementing the QDRO is truer to what Delaware law intends and requires.” Mathews, 2015 WL 8082315, at *2. [3] Because we are interpreting a Delaware QDRO, we look to Delaware state principles of contract interpretation. See Hullett, 38 F.3d at 111 (turning to Pennsylvania law to interpret a QDRO governing a relationship in Pennsylvania). [4] Even if the Plan Administrator were free to reweigh the equities, it is far from clear that DuPont’s decision should be vindicated. As a result of DuPont’s revision, Matthews bears the entirety of the decrease in his pension caused by the 2007 amendment. “[T]he loss in Total Pension Benefit payable with respect to Matthews occasioned by the 2007 Amendments is $1,080.98 per month with Matthews suffering a loss of $1,081.17 per month while Ms. Matthews has a small gain of $0.19 per month.” Matthews Br. 21, The record does not indicate why DuPont determined that its Plan participants should bear the brunt of the reduction in benefits while their ex-spouses remain unaffected.