Brandon L. Jones v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Mar 20 2017, 9:27 am

this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK Indiana Supreme Court regarded as precedent or cited before any Court of Appeals and Tax Court court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Stanley L. Campbell Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Fort Wayne, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Justin F. Roebel Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Brandon Jones, March 20, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 02A03-1610-CR-2349 v. Appeal from the Allen Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Wendy W. Davis, Appellee-Plaintiff Judge Trial Court Cause No. 02D05-1604-F2-8

Baker, Judge. Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1610-CR-2349 | March 20, 2019 Page 1 of 7 [1] Brandon Jones appeals his convictions for Dealing in Cocaine, a Level 2

Felony;1 Possession of a Narcotic, a Level 6 Felony;2 Possession of a Controlled

Substance, a Class A Misdemeanor;3 and Carrying a Handgun Without a

License, a Class A Misdemeanor.4 He argues that the trial court erred when it

admitted evidence found on Jones after an officer conducted a pat-down search.

Finding no error, we affirm.

Facts [2] Around 11:24 a.m. on April 11, 2016, Fort Wayne Police Department

Detective George Nicklow was driving northbound on a street when he

observed a silver Chrysler Pacifica driving southbound on the same street. The

speed limit was thirty miles an hour; Detective Nicklow estimated that the

vehicle was traveling at about forty or forty-five miles per hour. The vehicle

crossed the center line, forcing the detective to swerve to get out of the way.

Detective Nicklow turned his vehicle around and attempted to conduct a traffic

stop on the vehicle for leaving its lane. He activated his emergency lights and

siren, but the vehicle continued about two blocks before stopping. In the

detective’s experience, vehicles usually pull over within half a block.

1 Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1(e). 2 I.C. § 35-48-4-6(a). 3 I.C. § 35-48-4-7(a). 4 Ind. Code § 35-47-2-1(a).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 02A03-1610-CR-2349 | March 20, 2019 Page 2 of 7 [3] Once the vehicle stopped, Detective Nicklow approached the car with Detective

Robert Hollo, who had arrived at the scene. Detective Shannon Hughes also

arrived. Two people were inside the car, including Jones, who had been

driving, and Brianna Brown, a passenger. Jones appeared nervous; his hands

were shaking and he avoided eye contact. Jones could not provide a driver’s

license or proof of insurance; Detective Nicklow verified through his squad car

computer that Jones did not have an Indiana driver’s license, and at the same

time, he noted that Jones did not have a permit to carry a handgun. The

detective then asked Jones to exit the vehicle because neither Jones nor Brown,

who also did not have proof of insurance, would be able to legally drive the

vehicle away from the scene. [4] Detective Nicklow decided to conduct a pat-down of Jones. Because of Jones’s

nervous behavior, the length of time that it took Jones to stop his vehicle, and

their location in a high-crime area, Detective Nicklow feared that Jones

“possibly had a weapon on him.” Suppression Hearing Tr. p. 22. He advised

Jones that he would conduct a pat-down for officer safety and instructed him to

put his hands on top of his head. As Detective Nicklow began the pat-down,

Jones twice moved his hands down toward his waist. Detective Nicklow

advised him to not do that or else he would place Jones in handcuffs. When

the detective started the pat-down again, Jones moved his hands again, and the

detective put him in handcuffs. During the pat-down, Detective Nicklow

discovered a semi-automatic handgun inside Jones’s left front sweatpants

pocket. He asked Jones whether Jones had a permit to carry, and Jones

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answered that the gun belonged to his brother. Detective Nicklow placed Jones

under arrest for carrying a handgun without a license. [5] As the detective continued the pat-down, he observed a purple Crown Royal

bag in Jones’s right front sweatpants pocket. Detective Nicklow removed the

bag; inside were five plastic baggies that contained cocaine, a small glass vial

that contained cocaine, a plastic baggie that contained heroin, and several

alprazolam pills. The detective also discovered a digital scale and $445. [6] The State charged Jones with dealing in cocaine, a Level 2 felony; possession of

a narcotic, a Level 6 felony; possession of a controlled substance, a Class A

misdemeanor; and carrying a handgun without a license, a Class A

misdemeanor. Before trial, Jones moved to suppress the evidence found during

the pat-down. At the suppression hearing, the trial court denied his motion. A

bench trial took place on August 10, 2016, and the trial court found Jones guilty

as charged. The trial court sentenced Jones to concurrent terms of eighteen

years for dealing in cocaine, with eleven years executed and seven suspended to

be served on probation; two years for possession of a narcotic; one year for

possession of a controlled substance, and one year for carrying a handgun

without a license. He now appeals.

Discussion and Decision [7] Jones argues on appeal that the trial court erred when it did not grant his

motion to suppress evidence. We initially observe that, because Jones is

appealing after a completed trial, the issue is properly framed as whether the

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trial court erred in admitting the challenged evidence at trial. Lindsey v. State,

916 N.E.2d 230, 238 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). A trial court has broad leeway in

ruling on the admissibility of evidence and we will disturb its rulings only where

the court erred in its ruling. Hoglund v. State, 962 N.E.2d 1230, 1237 (Ind.

2012). An error occurs when the trial court’s decision is clearly against the

logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Id. [8] Jones contends that his pat-down was unreasonable pursuant to the Fourth and

Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.5 Jones does not

challenge the validity of the traffic stop or whether Detective Nicklow had a

reasonable basis for having Jones exit the vehicle; instead, he argues that

Detective Nicklow’s pat-down of him was unreasonable because there was no

reasonable suspicion that he was armed and dangerous. The State responds

that the search was legal under the search incident to arrest exception to the

Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement. [9] The Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure

have been extended to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Wilson v.

State, 754 N.E.2d 950, 954 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Searches and seizures that

occur without prior judicial authorization in the form of a warrant are per se

unreasonable, unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies. Conwell v.

5 Jones does not make an argument regarding the constitutionality of the pat-down search under the Indiana Constitution. Therefore, Jones has waived this argument and we will only address the constitutionality of the search pursuant to the Fourth Amendment.

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State, 714 N.E.2d 764, 766 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). The State bears the burden of

proving that a warrantless search falls within one of the narrow exceptions to

the warrant requirement. State v. Friedel, 714 N.E.2d 1231, 1237 (Ind. Ct. App.

1999). One such exception is the search incident to arrest, which provides that

a police officer may conduct a search of the arrestee's person and the area

within his or her control. Stevens v. State, 701 N.E.2d 277, 280 (Ind. Ct. App.

1998) (citation omitted). [10] It is well settled that a search is “incident” to an arrest when it can be said that

it “is substantially contemporaneous with the arrest and is confined to the

immediate vicinity of the arrest.” VanPelt v. State, 760 N.E.2d 218, 222 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2001). “The critical issue is not when the arrest occurs but whether

there was probable cause to arrest at the time of the search.” Id. at 223

(emphasis original). As long as probable cause existed to make the arrest, “the

fact that a suspect was not formally placed under arrest at the time of the search

incident thereto will not invalidate the search.” Id. Probable cause to arrest

exists when an officer “has knowledge of facts and circumstances that would

warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe that a suspect has committed

the criminal act in question.” Id. An officer’s actual knowledge of objective

facts and circumstances determines whether the officer has probable cause. Id. [11] Here, Detective Nicklow had probable cause to arrest Jones prior to the search

of his person. After Detective Nicklow observed Jones driving at a high rate of

speed and crossing the center line, he stopped Jones’s vehicle and asked him for

identification. When Jones could not provide a driver’s license or proof of

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insurance, Detective Nicklow verified through his squad car computer that

Jones did not have an Indiana driver’s license. Indiana Code section 9-24-18-1

provides that operating a vehicle without a license is at least a Class C

misdemeanor. Indiana Code section 35-33-1-1(a)(4) provides that Indiana

police officers may arrest individuals whom they have probable cause to believe

committed a misdemeanor in their presence. The fact that Jones was driving

without a license would have warranted a man of reasonable caution to believe

that Jones had committed a misdemeanor and provided probable cause for his

arrest. Accordingly, Detective Nicklow had probable cause to arrest Jones due

to Jones driving without a license, making Jones’s arrest and Detective

Nicklow’s pat-down of Jones legal. [12] Because the pat-down search was lawful under the Fourth and Fourteenth

Amendments and the evidence seized from it was legally obtained, the trial

court did not err in admitting the evidence. [13] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Mathias, J., and Pyle, J., concur.

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