United States v. Eduardo Solorio

MEMORANDUM * 1.The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Eduardo Mendoza Solorio’s motion to exclude recordings of the confidential informant on the basis of lack of consent. “In order to establish consent to taping of conversations, it will ordinarily suffice for the government to show that [an] informant engaged in [a] conversation knowing that it was being taped.” United States v. Glickman, 604 F.2d 625, 634 (9th Cir. 1979). Here, the evidence shows that the informant knew that his conversations with Sobrio were being recorded. In investigative reports, the agents described outfitting the informant with recorders. The agents also conducted briefings and debriefings with the informant before and after his conversations with Sobrio. This is sufficient evidence of the informant’s knowledge. Furthermore, Sobrio did not provide evidence that the government secured the informant’s consent through coercion or undue influence. Even if the informant received leniency in exchange for his participation in the investigation, or hoped that his wife would receive leniency, such a deal would not undermine his consent. See United States v. Brandon, 633 F.2d 773, 777 (9th Cir. 1980). 2. The district court also did not abuse its discretion in declining to respond to two withdrawn jury notes. See United States v. Romero-Avila, 210 F.3d 1017, 1024 (9th Cir. 2000). When a jury note is withdrawn, a judge may reasonably assume that the issue raised in the note has been resolved. See id. Here, the district court took the additional step of verifying with the jury foreperson that the jury no longer needed a response to either of the notes. In light of this verification, the district court properly declined to respond to the notes. 3. We assume without deciding that the district court erred by admitting Special Agent O’Connor’s interpretations of drug jargon as lay opinion testimony, but hold that any error was “more probably harmless than not.” See United States v. Freeman, 498 F.3d 893, 905-06 (9th Cir. 2007). There was overwhelming evidence of Solo-rio’s guilt in the form of the recorded conversations with the confidential informant, video recordings of the sales from a camera installed in the confidential informant’s car, the agents’ testimony about their surveillance of the January 3, 2011 meeting and subsequent sales, and the forensic chemist’s testimony about the purity and weight of the methamphetamine procured through the controlled buy. In light of the record as a whole, we conclude that “the jury was not substantially swayed by [any] error.” Id. at 905. 4. Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that the government did not engage in sentencing entrapment. The evidence showed that the case agents in *437 creased the quantity of drugs in the controlled buy because Solorio indicated that the initial amount was “small” and because the agents belatedly received permission to complete a larger buy. Because the agents had “legitimate investigatory reasons” for increasing the drug quantity, the jury permissibly found the absence of sentencing entrapment. United States v. Boykin, 785 F.3d 1352, 1362 (9th Cir. 2015). AFFIRMED. Footnotes [*] This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.