United States v. Wayne Maitland

PER CURIAM: * Defendant-Appellant Wayne Ross Mait-land challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for kidnapping his infant stepson, CW, based on which the district court sentenced him to the statutory minimum of 20 years of imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1), (g). Maitland contends that the government failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was not acting in loco paren-tis when he drove CW from Texas to Louisiana. He contends that he was acting in loco parentis and was therefore exempt from prosecution for kidnapping under § 1201. Although the parties disagree as to the applicable standard of review, we need not resolve that conflict because we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to sustain Maitland’s conviction under the ordinary “rational jury” standard. See United States v. Rodriguez, 553 F.3d 380, 389 (5th Cir. 2008). Section 1201 exempts from prosecution a parent who “seizes, confines, inveigles, decoys, kidnaps, abducts, or carries away” his own minor child. See § 1201(a). We have not yet decided whether someone who is not a biological parent of the victim *182 but who is acting in loco parentis is similarly exempted from prosecution, although two other circuits have answered that question in the affirmative. See United States v. Floyd, 81 F.3d 1517, 1522-25 (10th Cir. 1996); Miller v. United States, 123 F.2d 715, 716-18 (8th Cir. 1941), rev'd on other grounds, 317 U.S. 192, 317 U.S. 601, 63 S.Ct. 187, 87 L.Ed. 179 (1942). Assuming without deciding that the in loco parentis doctrine applies, we conclude that the jury’s verdict was rational. See Rodriguez, 553 F.3d at 389. A person acts in loco parentis when he or she “voluntarily performs all of the duties a parent normally provides to his or her child,” which includes “bestowing upon the child love, affection, support, maintenance, instruction, discipline, and guidance.” Floyd, 81 F.3d at 1523-24. Maitland and CW’s mother, CH, gave competing testimony about the extent to which Maitland functioned as a parent toward CW before and during the offense. The jury evidently chose to believe CH, and we will not second-guess that decision. See United States v. Kuhrt, 788 F.3d 403, 413 (5th Cir. 2015), cert. denied sub nom. Lopez v. United States, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 1376, 194 L.Ed.2d 360 (2016). The jury heard evidence that Maitland had no custodial rights to CW, could only have access to CW with CH’s permission, and had no final say on childrearing decisions. At the time of the offense, Maitland and CH were separated and had begun the divorce process, and Maitland no longer lived with CH or CW. Maitland drove CW to Louisiana and left him outside a hospital in the middle of a cold night then returned to Texas alone. Immediately before driving away, Maitland told CH, “I’ve got your son now.” Viewing the evidence and the inferences drawn from it in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Maitland was not acting in a parental capacity at the time he carried CW away. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); Rodriguez, 553 F.3d at 389. AFFIRMED. Footnotes [*] Pursuant to 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th Cir. R. 47.5.4.