Zhaoqing Tifo New Fibre Co. v. United States

OPINION RIDGWAY, JUDGE: In this action, Plaintiff Zhaoqing Tifo New Fibre Co., Ltd. (“Zhaoqing Tifo”) — a Chinese producer and exporter of polyester staple fiber — has contested the Final Determination of the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) in the fourth administrative review of the 2007 antidump-ing duty order on polyester staple fiber from the People’s Republic of China. 1 The period of review is June 1, 2010 through May 31, 2011.'See generally Certain Polyester Staple Fiber From the People’s Republic of China: Final Results of Anti-dumping Duty Administrative Review; 2010-2011, 78 Fed. Reg. 2366 (Jan. 11, 2013) (“Final Determination”) 2 ; Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the 2010-2011 Administrative Review (Jan. 4, 2013) (Pub. Doc. No. 108) (“Issues & Decision Memorandum”) 3 ; *1317 Zhaoqing Tifo New Fibre Co. v. United States, 39 CIT -, 60 F.Supp.3d 1328 (2015) (“Zhaoqing Tifo I”). In its Complaint, Zhaoqing Tifo charges, inter alia, that the antidumping margin calculated by Commerce in its Final Determination “double counts” certain energy costs, because those costs are reflected in the financial statements of P.T. Tifico Fiber Indonesia Tbk (“P.T. Tifico”) (on which the Final Determination relied) and then are counted again elsewhere in the agency’s calculations (¿a, in the factors of production database (“FOP database”)). Zhaoqing Tifo contends that its dumping margin is therefore inflated. See Complaint, Counts I — III; see also, e.g., Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1333, 1339 n.16. Because the Final Determination failed to address Zhaoqing Tifo’s double counting claim, Zhaoqing Tifo I remanded the matter to Commerce, to permit the agency to analyze whether energy costs are already reflected in the surrogate financial ratios that the agency derived from the financial statements of P.T. Tifico, such that the agency’s inclusion of coal in the FOP database results in double-counting. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1361-65. Now pending is Commerce’s Remand Determination, filed pursuant to Zhaoqing Tifo I. See generally Final Results of Re-determination Pursuant to Court Remand (Supp. Pub. Doc. No. 5) (“Remand Results”). On remand, Commerce reopened the decision that it made in its Final Determination concerning the selection of financial statements, abandoning its earlier selection of the financial statements of P.T. Tifico and substituting an entirely different set of financial statements that break out energy costs. Based on that set of financial statements, Commerce excluded energy costs from the surrogate financial ratios and included them in the FOP database, thus accounting for energy costs but avoiding double counting. See generally Remand Results. Emphasizing that the issue of Commerce’s selection of financial statements was never appealed to this Court, Zhaoq-ing Tifo contends that, as a result, finality attached to that aspect of Commerce’s Final Determination, and the agency thus lacked the authority to revisit the issue and to select a different set of financial statements on remand. Zhaoqing Tifo further argues that, in any event, the remand that Zhaoqing Tifo I ordered did not permit Commerce to reconsider its Final Determination as to the selection of financial statements and that the Remand Results therefore exceeded the scope of the remand. See generally Plaintiffs Comments in Opposition to Remand Redetermination (“PL’s Brief’); Plaintiffs Reply Comments on Remand Redetermination (“PL’s Reply Brief’). 4 In contrast, both the Government and the Defendant Intervenor, DAK Americas LLC (the “Domestic Producer”), maintain *1318 that' the Remand Results should be sustained. They counter that Commerce did not exceed the scope of the remand ordered in Zhaoqing Tifo I, and that the agency properly eschewed P.T. Tifico’s financial statements and selected a different set of statements on remand in order to avoid double-counting. The Government and the Domestic Producer further contend that Zhaoqing Tifo’s double counting claim and the issue of the selection of financial statements are so integrally related that analysis of Zhaoqing Tifo’s claim necessarily raises the issue of Commerce’s selection of financial statements. See generally Defendant’s Response to Comments on Remand [Determination] (“Def.’s Brief’); Defendant Interverior’s Comments In Response to Plaintiffs Comments on Reman'd Redetermination (“Def.-Int.’s Brief’). Jurisdiction lies under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2006). 5 For the reasons set forth below, this matter must be remanded to Commerce for a second time. I. Background Zhaoqing Tifo I laid out the relevant statutory scheme, including citations to the statute and other pertinent authorities. That explanation, together with other relevant background, is summarized below, for the sake of convenience and completeness. As Zhaoqing Tifo I explained, dumping occurs when merchandise is imported into the United States and sold at a price lower than its “normal value,” resulting in material injury (or the threat of material injury)-to the U.S. industry. The difference between the normal value of the merchandise and the U.S. price is the “dumping margin.” When normal value is compared to the U.S. price and dumping is found, antidumping duties equal to the dumping margin are imposed to offset the dumping. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1332 (and authorities cited there). Normal valge generally is calculated using either the price in the .exporting market (ie., the price in the,“home market” where the goods are produced) or the cost of production of the goods, when the exr porting country is a market economy country. 6 However, where — as here — the exporting country has a non-market economy, there is often concern that the factors of production (inputs) that are consumed in producing the merchandise at issue are under state control, and that home market sales therefore may not be reliable indicators of normal value. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1332 (and authorities cited there). In cases like this, where Commerce concludes that concerns about the sufficiency or reliability of the available data do not permit the normal value of the merchandise to be determined in the typical manner, Commerce identifies one or more market economy countries to serve as a “surrogate” and then “determine^ the normal value of the subject merchandise on the basis of the value of the factors of production” in the relevant surrogate *1319 country or countries, 7 including “an amount for general expenses and profit plus the cost of containers, coverings, and other expenses.” This surrogate value analysis is designed to determine a producer’s costs of production as if the producer operated in a hypothetical market economy. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1332-33 (and authorities cited there). Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(3), the factors of production to be valued “include, but are not limited to — (A) hours of labor required, (B) quantities of raw materials employed, (C) amounts of energy and other utilities consumed, and (D) representative capital cost, including depreciation.” However, valuing the factors of production consumed in producing subject merchandise does not capture certain items such as (1) manufacturing/factory overhead, (2) selling, general, and administrative expenses (“SG & A”), and (3) profit. Commerce calculates those surrogate values using ratios — known as “surrogate financial ratios” — that the agency derives from the financial statements of one or more companies that produce identical (or at least comparable) merchandise in the relevant surrogate market economy country. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1333 (and authorities cited there). Zhaoqing Tifo’s claim here is that there are certain energy costs that are embedded in the surrogate financial ratios that Commerce used in its Final Determination that are also included elsewhere in the agency’s antidumping calculations (specifically, in the FOP database), resulting in the “double counting” of energy costs and inflating Zhaoqing Tifo’s antidumping margin, 8 As Zhaoqing Tifo I noted, in Commerce’s Preliminary Determination here, Commerce selected Indonesia as the surrogate country and relied on the financial statements of P.T. Asia Pacific, an Indonesian producer of polyester' staple fiber. Commerce based that decision in part on *1320 its understanding at that time that P.T. Asia Pacific “shares the same level of integration as Zhaoqing Tifo.” See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1336 (quoting Certain Polyester Staple Fiber From the People’s Republic of China: Preliminary Results of the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 77 Fed. Reg. 39,990, 39,991-93, 39,995 (July 6, 2012)) (“Preliminary Determination”). P.T. Asia Pacific’s financial statements are relatively detailed, and include separate line items for that company’s energy inputs. In Commerce’s Preliminary Determination, the agency therefore was able to exclude all energy costs from the surrogate financial ratios that it derived from P.T. Asia Pacific’s financial statements, and to value all of Zhaoqing Tifo’s energy inputs — coal, electricity, and water — separately, in the FOP database, with no concerns about double counting. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1336 (and authorities cited there). 9 In the administrative case brief that it filed with Commerce following the Preliminary Determination, Zhaoqing Tifo argued that the operations of P.T. Asia Pacific are much more highly integrated than those of Zhaoqing Tifo, and that it was therefore not appropriate for Commerce to rely on P.T. Asia Pacific’s financial statements in calculating surrogate financial ratios for this administrative review. For example, Zhaoqing Tifo characterized P.T. Asia Pacific as “an integrated producer of ‘purified terephthalic acid’ (‘PTA’), a main raw material of polyester,” the production of which is highly “capital intensive.” In contrast, Zhaoqing Tifo described itself as a “simple regenerated fiber producer that consumes mainly recycled PET materials,” more comparable to P.T. Tífico — an Indonesian producer of polyester fiber which, according to Zhaoqing Tifo, has “less integrated, less complex, production operations.” As such, Zhaoqing Tifo argued that Commerce should use P.T. Tifico’s financial statements in its Final Determination. See generally Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1336-37 (and authorities cited there, including, inter alia, Zhaoqing Tifo’s Administrative Case Brief (Pub. Doc. No. 94), quoted above). Although it did not file an administrative case brief, the Domestic Producer filed a rebuttal brief responding to Zhaoqing Tifo’s case brief. There, the Domestic Producer argued that, in calculating surrogate financial ratios, Commerce’s Final Determination should continue to rely on the financial statements of P.T. Asia Pacific that were used in the Preliminary Determination. The Domestic Producer argued that Zhaoqing Tifo “ha[d] not demonstrated that the difference in integration levels actually exists” and that, in any event, any differences between the levels of integration of Zhaoqing Tifo and P.T. Asia Pacific are “trivial.” See generally Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1337-38 (and authorities cited there, including, inter alia, Domestic Producer’s Administrative Rebuttal Brief (Pub. Doc. No. 101), quoted above). *1321 In addition, the Domestic Producer emphasized that the financial statements of P.T. Tífico are less “complete and detailed” than those of P.T. Asia Pacific — a- consideration that the Domestic Producer deemed “more critical” than any differences in the levels of integration of the companies’ operations. In particular, the Domestic Producer expressly and specifically cautioned Commerce that, because P.T. Tifico’s financial statements “ “include[] no separate breakout of [P.T. Tifi-co’s] energy costs,” Commerce’s use of P.T. Tifico’s financial statements in the Final Determination would require the agency to “place all potential energy- costs into the [manufacturing/factory] overhead numerator” in the surrogate financial ratios and to “turn off all company-specific energy and water consumption factors, in order to capture all costs while also preventing double-counting.” In other words, the Domestic Producer stated flatly and unequivocally that — if Commerce used the financial statements of P.T. Tífico in the Final Determination to derive surrogate financial ratios — Commerce would have no choice but to remove coal from the FOP database in order to avoid double counting, because the lack of detail in P.T. Tifico’s financial statements would make it impossible for the agency to identify and exclude energy expenses from the surrogate financial ratios. See generally Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1338 (and authorities cited there, including the Issues & Decision Memorandum, and Domestic Producer’s Administrative Rebuttal Brief, quoted above). In its Final Determination, Commerce reversed course. Instead of relying on P.T. Asia Pacific’s financial statements (as Commerce had in the Preliminary Determination), Commerce used the financial statements of P.T. Tífico to derive the surrogate financial ratios. In the words of the Final Determination, Commerce concluded that P.T. Tifico’s “less integrated and less complex production, operations are more comparable to Zhaoqing Tifo’s than those of P.T. Asia Pacific.” See generally Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1338 (and authorities cited there, including the Issues & Decision Memorandum, quoted above). The Final Determination acknowledged the Domestic Producer’s admonition regarding the lack of detail in P.T. Tifico’s financial statements, noting that P.T. Tifi-co’s statements “do[ ] not include a separate breakout of [P.T. Tifico’s] costs for electricity and water.” Therefore, “in order to prevent double counting,” Commerce in its Final Determination “placed all electricity and water costs into the [manufacturing/factory] overhead numerator” (ie., included electricity and water in the surrogate financial ratios) and removed from the FOP database the “electricity and water consumption factors” that the agency had included in the database for purposes of the Preliminary Determination. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1338-39 (and authorities cited there, including the Issues <& Decision Memorandum, and Domestic Producer’s Administrative Rebuttal Brief, quoted above). However, Commerce left coal in the FOP database. Commerce did not explain why concerns about double, counting— which led the agency to exclude water and electricity from the FOP database in the Final Determination — do not apply with equal force to coal. Nor did Commerce confront the Domestic Producer’s statement that using P.T. Tifico’s financial statements would require Commerce to remove coal from the FOP database, in order to avoid double-counting. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1339 (and authorities cited-there, including the Issues & Decision Memorandum). *1322 Zhaoqing Tifo appealed, alleging, inter alia, that Commerce’s Final Determination double-counts certain energy expenses. Specifically, Zhaoqing Tifo contends that Commerce’s inclusion of coal in the FOP database in the Final Determination is unsupported by substantial evidence, contrary to law, and arbitrary and capricious, because energy costs are already reflected in the surrogate financial ratios that Commerce, derived from the financial statements of P.T. Tífico. See PL’s Complaint, Counts I — III. . .Significantly, no party sought judicial review of Commerce’s selection.of financial statements, (ie., Commerce’s decision between the financial statements of P.T. Tífi-co and those of P.T. Asia Pacific) for use .in the Final Determination. Because Zhaoqing Tifo had successfully advocated for the use of P.T. Tifico’s financial statements in the Final Determination, Zhaoqing. Tifo’s Complaint does not raise the issue of Commerce’s selection of financial statements. Zhaoqing Tifo’s double-counting claim is much more narrow, specific, and refined — ie., that if energy expenses cannot be isolated and excluded from the surrogate financial ratios» that Commerce derives from P.T. Tifico’s-finan-cial statements, then coal expenses must be excluded from the FOP database in order to avoid double counting. The Domestic Producer intervened in the instant action. The Domestic Producer could have filed its own action, to challenge Commerce’s selection of. financial statements in the Final Determination — ie., Commerce’s decision to use the financial statements of P.T. Tífico, rather than those of.P.T..Asia Pacific (which--the Domestic Producer had favored). Certainly the Domestic Producer had exhausted its administrative remedies-. As summarized above, the Domestic Producer had exhorted Commerce -to use the financial statements of P.T. Asia Pacific, rather than the statements of P.T. Tífico. The Domestic Producer had explicitly warned Commerce that the use of P.T. Tifico’s statements would require the agency to exclude energy expenses (including coal) from the FOP database in order" to avoid double counting, because the agency would find it impossible to‘isolate and exclude energy expenses from P.T. Tifico’s statements. However, for whatever reason, the Domestic Producer elected not to ‘seek ‘judicial review of Commerce’s selection of financial statements and thus waived the issue. In. the briefing that preceded Zhaoqing Tifo I, the parties devoted much ink and energy to debate over whether or not Zhaoqing Tifo had failed to exhaust its double-counting claim at the administrative level. Zhaoqing Tifo I concluded that the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies does not bar Zhaoqing Tifo’s claim. See generally Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1343-59. Turning to. the merits of Zhaoqing Tifq’,s claim, Zhaoqing Tifo I found, in essence, that there was no rationale or record evidence to indicate that Commerce had considered whether both using surrogate financial. ratios derived from P.T. Tifico’s financial statements and separately valuing coal in the. FOP database resulted, in the double-counting .of energy costs in the Final Determination. See generally Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1361-65; Specifically, Zhaoqing Tifo I observed that “the Issues and Decision Memorandum .., give[s] no indication whether Commerce ever considered the potential for double counting of energy inputs other than electricity and water, much less the rationale for any determination on that issue. Commerce’s explanation is not merely thin; it is non-existent.” Id., 39 CIT. at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1364-65. *1323 This matter was therefore remanded to Commerce, to allow the agency to determine whether — as Zhaoqing Tifo contends — energy expenses are embedded in the surrogate financial ratios derived from P.T. Tifico’s financial statements, such that Commerce’s inclusion of coal in the FOP database results in double counting in the Final Determination, and, in addition, to allow the agency, if appropriate, to explain any disparity in its treatment of water and electricity versus coal. Significantly, in urging Commerce to consider reopening the administrative record on remand, Zhaoqing Tifo I noted that additional information could be placed on the record addressing “the energy sources that P.T. Tífico uses in its production of polyester staple fiber, whether P.T. Tífico uses those energy sources for any other purpose, and how the sources are treated in P.T. Tifi-co’s financial statements and in the surrogate financial ratios that Commerce derived from the financial statements.” Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1365 (emphasis added). The remand instructions said nothing about revisiting the already-settled issue of the selection of financial statements. Nor did the remand instructions refer to the use of any financial statements other than those of P.T. Tífico. On remand, rather than analyzing Zhaoqing Tifo’s claim (which is confined to the financial statements of P.T.'Tífico,-the inclusion of coal in the FOP database, and the alleged resulting double counting of energy expenses), Commerce instead reopened the issue of the selection of financial statements as a whole — an issue which was not raised by any party to this litigation and one which Commerce had decided in the Final Determination. Ultimately, Commerce flip-flopped once again in the Remand Results, reverting back to the financial statements of P.T. Asia Pacific— the same financial statements on which the agency had relied in its Preliminary Determination. See Remand Results at 2, 9-10. In effect, the Remand Results do not reconsider Commerce’s decision in the Final Determination to leave coal in the FOP database notwithstanding an apparent inability to exclude energy expenses from P.T. Tifico’s financial statements and any resulting double-counting. Rather, the Remand Results reconsider a different decision from the Final Determination: ie., Commerce’s decision in the Final Determination to select the financial statements of P.T, Tífico for the surrogate financial ratios over those of P.T. Asia Pacific. The Remand Results do not directly address why Commerce on remand did not focus specifically on P.T. Tifico’s financial statements and related surrogate financial ratios from the Final .Determination, in order to determine whether it is possible to isolate and exclude energy expenses. The Remand Results also offer no explanation for the disparate treatment of water, electricity, and coal in the Final Determination, where Commerce relied on the fi-náncial statements of P.T. Tífico and removed water and electricity from the FOP database for the professed purpose of avoiding double cóunting, but left coal in the database. Similarly, the Remand Results give no indication as to whether Commerce has conducted a considered analysis of the matter and has concluded that using P.T. Tifico’s financial statements’ while including coal in the FOP database in fact results in double-counting. In unraveling the Final Determination and reconsidering the issue of the selection of- financial statements, the Remand Results once again survey all of the.financial statements on the administrative record, and their respective pros and cons, much as Commerce did when the agency analyzed the issue previously in the Final *1324 Determination. See Remand Results at 5-6. And, much as it did in its Final Determination, Commerce once again quickly narrows the field to the financial statements of P.T. Tífico and those of P.T. Asia Pacific. Id. As between those two, Commerce attributes its “about-face” in selecting the financial statements of P.T. Asia Pacific to an asserted factual error in its analysis of the issue in the Final Determination. See generally id. at 7-9. According to the Remand Results, “[u]pon reexamination of both financial statements,” Commerce found that it had “erred in [the Final Determination] in evaluating the similarities between Zhaoq-ing Tifo and P.T. Tífico on one hand, and the dissimilarity between P.T. Tífico and P.T. Asia Pacific on the other hand in terms of the level of integration,” which were the bases for its decision in the Final Determination. Remand Results at 7. Focusing first on similarities between Zhaoqing Tifo and P.T. Tífico, the Remand Results state that, in evaluating the two companies’ relative levels of integration, Commerce “made a factual error [in its Final Determination] when stating that P.T. Tífico purchases polyester chips from third parties which then go into the production of [polyester staple fiber].” See Remand Results at 7 (apparently referring to Final Determination at 10). The Remand Results contrast Commerce’s finding in the Final Determination with P.T. Tifi-co’s financial statements, which state that, in fact, P.T. Tífico is “primarily engaged in the manufacture of polyester chips, staple fiber,” and other products. Remand Results at 7. The Remand Results conclude that — because P.T. Tífico manufactures its own polyester chips, while Zhaoqing Tifo purchases recycled polyester input — the Final Determination’s finding that P.T. Ti-fico’s level of integration parallels that of Zhaoqing Tifo was incorrect. Id. at 7 (apparently referring to Final Determination at 10). The Remand Results also revisit the Final Determination’s conclusions on similarities between the production processes of Zhaoqing Tifo and P.T. Tífico. See generally Remand Results at 8 (apparently referring to Final Determination at 10). The Remand Results state that — because Zhaoqing Tifo purchases recycled polyester input and manufactures its polyester staple fiber from “used bottles from waste collection companies,” while P.T. Tífico “purchased] supplies from chemical companies as raw materials” and manufactures its own polyester chips which it then uses to produce its polyester staple fiber, the Final Determination erred to the extent that it found similarities in “the respective production processes of P.T. Tífico and ... Zhaoqing Tifo.” Remand Results at 8 (apparently referring to the Final Determination at 10). In addition to reevaluating similarities in the respective levels of integration of P.T. Tífico and Zhaoqing Tifo (discussed above), the Remand Results also re-examined Commerce’s findings in the Final Determination as to dissimilarities in the levels of integration of P.T. Tífico and P.T. Asia Pacific. See Remand Results at 8-9 (apparently referring to Final Determination at 10). In the Final Determination, Commerce based its selection of the financial statements of P.T. Tífico over those of P.T. Asia Pacific in part on Commerce’s understanding that P.T. Asia Pacific is significantly more highly integrated than P.T. Tífico. See Final Determination at 10-11. According to the Remand Results, Commerce no longer believes that to be true in light of facts about the two companies’ production processes as the agency now knows them. See Remand Results at 8-9. The Remand Results thus conclude that “the record *1325 does not reflect that there is a meaningful difference in the level of integration between these two potential surrogate companies P.T. Tifico and P.T. Asia Pacific], such that level of integration would be the deciding factor in determining which statement represents the best available information” and that “both P.T. Tifico and P.T. Asia [Pacific] have a production process that is equally dissimilar from that of Zhaoqing Tifo.” Id. at 8-9. 10 In the Remand Results, Commerce decided that, if the choice between the financial statements of P.T. Tifico and P.T. Asia Pacific was no longer driven by the three companies’ relative levels of integration, the decisive factor would be the level of detail reflected in the financial statements. Noting that P.T. Tifico’s financial statements do not include a separate breakout of the company’s energy expenses, the Remand Results state that, if the agency were to use P.T. Tifico’s statements, it would be necessary to exclude coal from the FOP database in order to avoid double-counting. 11 In the Remand Results, Commerce therefore selected P.T. Asia Pacific’s financial statements, which are more detailed and include line item breakouts for energy expenses (among others), allowing the agency to exclude energy from the surrogate financial ratios and to *1326 instead value - it separately in the FOP database, without double-counting.. See generally Remand Results at 2, 9-10, Commerce’s use of P.T. Asia Pacific’s financial statements in the Remand Results significantly increases Zhaoqing Tifo’s dumping margin. The Final Determination, which used the financial statements of P.T. Tífico, calculated Zhaoqing Tifo’s dumping margin as 9.98% — a margin which, according to Zhaoqing Tifo, double counts certain energy expenses and thus would be even lower if the double-counting were eliminated. In the Remand Results, which use the financial statements of P.T. Asia, Zhaoqing Tifo’s dumping margin jumps to 25.56%. II. Standard of Review In reviewing a remand determination by Commerce in an antidumping duty case, the agency’s determination must be upheld except to the extent that it is found to be “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i); see also NMB Singapore Ltd, v. United States, 557 F.3d 1316, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2009). In addition, the remand determination is reviewed for compliance with the court’s remand order. Yantai Xinke Steel Structure Co. v. United States, 38 CIT -, —, 2014 WL 1387529, *2 (2014) (quoting Xinjiamei Furniture (Zhangzhou) Co. v. United States, 38 CIT -, -, 968 F.Supp.2d 1255, 1259 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted)); Since Hardware (Guangzhou) Co. v. United States, 39 CIT -, -, 49 F.Supp.3d 1268, 1272 (2015) (same); see also Changzhou Wujin Fine Chemical Factory Co. v. United States, 701 F.3d 1367, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (analyzing on review whether Commerce’s remand, results were “within the scope of the Court of International Trade’s remand order” and sustaining the Court of International Trade’s conclusion on that point). A trial court’s determination as to the scope of its own remand order is entitled to great deference. See, e.g., Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1375 (explaining that “an appellant ‘faces a very high hurdle when it tries to convince us that, despite the remanding Court’s satisfaction, we must conclude that the [agency] on remand acted outside the scope of the remand directions’ ”) (quoting Trent Tube Div., Crucible Materials Corp. v. Avesta Sandvik Tube AB, 975 F.2d 807, 814 (Fed. Cir. 1992)). III. Analysis Zhaoqing Tifo objects to the Remand Results, advancing two principal arguments — one based on the scope of this litigation, and the other based on the scope of the remand instructions as -set forth in Zhaoqing Tifo I. The two arguments are analyzed below, together with the counterarguments of the Government and the Domestic Producer. A. The Scope of This Litigation Raising arguments concerning, inter alia, the Court’s jurisdiction and the applicable statute of limitations, Zhaoqing Tifo reasons that, because the scope of this litigation is determined by Zhaoqing Tifo’s Complaint, and because, that Complaint does not challenge Commerce’s selection of P.T. Tifico’s financial statements over those of P.T. Asia Pacific, Commerce on remand “[did] not have the authority” to reconsider the issue of the selection of financial statements for use in calculating Zhaoqing Tifo’s dumping margin. See PL’s Brief at 2 (caption, modified to lower case letters); see generally id. at 2-4; PL’s Reply Brief at 1-6. The statute (together with relevant agency regulations and the ■ applicable *1327 Rules of the Court) strikes a balance between the significant interests in the accuracy and completeness. of Commerce’s determinations and the competing, equally compelling, need for “finality.” See generally, e.g., Southern Rambler Sales, Inc. v. American Motors Corp., 375 F.2d 932, 938 (5th Cir. 1967) (underscoring importance of finality, observing that “[a]ll things must end — even litigation”), In the interests of finality, Com-meree’s final determination in any anti-dumping proceeding is essentially immune to attack, except to the extent that a party commences a timely challenge of that final determination in. this Court — and, even then, only to. the extent of those specific issues that are raised in the complaint. See generally 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(l) (requiring that any action challenging a final determination in an antidumping proceeding be commenced by the filing of a summons within 30 days after Federal Register publication of the determination, followed by a complaint within 30 days thereafter); US-CIT Rule 3(a)(2) (same). In other words, finality attaches to all aspects of a final determination except those that are challenged in a timely-filed complaint. 12 A party that does not file its own complaint may be permitted to intervene in a case, to participate in the briefing and argument on issues raised in the plaintiffs complaint. See generally 28 U.S.C. §.2631(j)(1)(B) (specifying .requirements applicable to motions to intervene in anti-dumping cases); USCIT Rule 24(a) (setting forth timing and other requirements applicable to motions to intervene in anti-dumping eases). But an intervenor is not permitted to raise its own challenges to the final determination at issue. The scope of any litigation is confined to the issues raised in the plaintiffs complaint. An inter-venor must take a case as it lies. See, e.g., Vinson v. Washington Gas Light Co., 321 U.S. 489, 498, 64 S.Ct. 731, 88 L.Ed. 883 (1944) (explaining that an intervening party “is admitted to a proceeding as it stands, and in respect of the pending issues, but is not permitted to enlarge those issues”); Laizhou Auto Brake Equip. Co. v. United States, 31 CIT 212, 212-15, 477 F.Supp.2d 1298, 1299-1301 (2007) (similar); Habas Sinai ve Tibbi Gazlar Istihsal Endustrisi A.S. v. United States, 30 CIT 542, 425 F.Supp.2d 1374 (2006) (noting that it is “clear beyond cavil” that intervenors “must take a case as they find it”); Siam Food Prods. Public Co. v. United States, 22 CIT 826, 830, 24 F.Supp.2d 276, 280 (1998) (concluding that movants there were “time barred from bringing their own case and thus even as intervenors ... [could] not bring their own challenges to [Commerce’s] determination”) (citation omitted). Further, as a matter of first principles, Commerce is not permitted to attack its own final determination 13 ; nor is a *1328 court permitted to sua sponte interject issues into litigation. Issues that are not the subject of a timely-filed complaint are, as a general rule, beyond the court’s jurisdiction and cannot be entertained by the court. See generally, e.g., Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 1309-10, 1311-13 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (holding that Court of International Trade lacked jurisdiction over action where party failed to file timely appeal). As such, “finality” trumps “accuracy/completeness,” and the complaint defines and delimits the scope of litigation before the court. See generally, e.g., Civil Aeronautics Board v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 367 U.S. 316, 321-22 & n.5, 81 S.Ct. 1611, 6 L.Ed.2d 869 (1961) (explaining that “[wjhenever a question concerning administrative, or judicial, reconsideration arises, two opposing policies demand recognition: the desirability of finality, on the one hand, and the public interest in reaching what, ultimately, appears to be the right result on the other,” and noting that “[sjince these policies are in tension, it is necessary to reach a compromise”); Federated Department Stores, Inc. v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394, 401, 101 S.Ct. 2424, 69 L.Ed.2d 103 (1981) (stating that, in the interests of finality, “[pjublic policy dictates that there be an end of litigation; that those who have contested an issue shall be bound by the result of that contest, and that matters once tried shall be considered forever settled as between the parties”); NTN Bearing Corp. v. United States, 74 F.3d 1204, 1208 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (acknowledging, on appeal in an antidump-ing duty case, that “[i]n some instances, a tension may arise between finality and [a] correct result”); Alloy Piping Prods., Inc. v. Kanzen Tetsu Sdn Bhd., 334 F.3d 1284, 1292 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (recognizing the “strong interest in the finality of Commerce’s decisions”). 14 Here, Zhaoqing Tifo’s timely-filed Complaint defines and delimits the scope of this litigation; and it does not include a challenge to Commerce’s selection of financial statements. 15 *1329 In its briefs contesting the Remand Results, Zhaoqing Tifo draws on the principles and authorities summarized above (which no party disputes), and advances arguments as to both the scope and the timing of this litigation. As Zhaoqing Tifo correctly observes, the issue of the selection of financial statements is beyond the scope of its Complaint. Significantly, no party contends that Zhaoqing Tifo’s Complaint challenges Commerce’s selection of financial statements — ie., Commerce’s decision to rely on the financial statements of P.T. Tifico for purposes of the agency’s Final Determination. Certainly Zhaoqing Tifo has not sought to amend its Complaint to add such a challenge. The Domestic Producer could have — and apparently should have — preserved its rights by timely filing its own complaint, so as to challenge Commerce’s selection of P.T. Tifico’s financial statements over those of P.T. Asia Pacific. 16 But it is far too late for the Domestic Producer to do that now. See generally 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(1); USCIT Rule 3(a)(2). Neither the Government nor the Domestic Producer makes any real effort to respond to Zhaoqing Tifo’s arguments concerning the limited scope of this litigation (including the role of the Complaint vis-á-vis the court’s jurisdiction and the strict time limits for filing an action challenging a Final Determination). See Def.’s Brief, passim; Def.-Int.’s Brief, passim. The Government acknowledges in passing that Zhaoqing Tifo “argues that Commerce lacks the statutory authority” to revisit on remand the selection of 'financial statements; and the Government asserts broadly that Zhaoqing Tifo’s argument lacks merit. See Def.’s Brief at 4. However, the Government’s briefing on the matter consists of no more than a few sentences *1330 and does not address the substantive merits of the significant points that Zhaoqing Tifo raises. See id. at ll. 17 The Domestic Producer similarly acknowledged Zhaoqing Tifo’s argument, but, like the Government, gives the argument very short shrift and does not directly -confront it. See Def.Int.’s Brief at 6, ll. 18 Zhaoqing Tifo candidly notes that — notwithstanding the (nearly) ironclad rule prizing finality over accuracy/completeness in circumstances such as these — 'Segments of antidumping proceedings have been reopened on extremely rare occasions, in but a handful of cases. See generally Pl.’s Brief at 3-4; Pl.’s Reply Brief at 2. 19 However, in such cases, the inherent tension between finality and accuracy/completeness is resolved in favor of reopening Commerce’s determination because such extraordinary action is required in order to ensure the fundamental integrity of Commerce’s processes. See, e.g., Tokyo Kikai Seisakusho, Ltd. v. United States, 31 CIT 117, 122-23, 473 F.Supp.2d 1349, 1354-55 (2007), aff'd in part and rev’d in part, 529 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (explaining that “an agency may act pursuant to its inherent authority to protect the integrity of its proceedings from fraud”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Elkem Metals Co. v. United States, 26 CIT 234, 240 & n.6, 193 F.Supp.2d 1314, 1321 & n.6 (2002) (involving allegations of “serious material misrepresentations” and “price-fixing conspiracy” that assertedly tainted prior agency investigation); Alberta Gas Chemicals, Ltd. v. Celanese Corp., 650 F.2d 9, 12-13 (2d Cir. 1981) (invoking “the power' of an administrative agency to insure the integrity of proceedings before it,” in action involving alleged perjured testimony in earlier ITC *1331 proceeding, -which had concluded). 20 This is not such a case. Commerce’s alleged factual error here plainly does not implicate the fundamental integrity of Commerce’s processes. No party contends otherwise. As the Government itself acknowledges, the referenced line of cases “recognize[s] Commerce’s inherent authority to take actions to guard against fraud” and thus involves facts that are “entirely different” from the facts of ‘the instant case. Def.’s Brief at 11. In sum, Zhaoqing Tifo’s points concerning the scope of this litigation (including matters such as the court’s jurisdiction, the requirements governing the timing of the filing of a challenge to a final determination, and the limiting function of its Complaint) are well-taken. There is, however, no need here to reach a definitive determination as to whether or not the court could have ordered a remand in which Commerce was free to re-open the issue of the selection of financial statements — because, as explained below, the court did not do. so. B. The Scope of the Remand Order in Zhaoqing Tifo I ■ Zhaoqing Tifo’s second major argument focuses not on the scope of this litigation (discussed immediately above), but, rather, on the scope of the remand instructions in Zhaoqing Tifo I. Zhaoqing Tifo here assumes, arguendo', that the court could have ordered a remand in which Commerce would have been permitted to revisit the issue of the agency’s selection of P.T. Tifi-co’s financial statements over the financial statements of P.T; Asia Pacific for purposes of the agency’s Final Determination. In other words, in- advancing this second argument, Zhaoqing Tifo assumes that there were no statutory bars (vis-á-vis the court’s jurisdiction and requirements governing the timely filing of complaints) that would preclude the court from directing such a broad remand. Zhaoqing Tifo argues 'that Commerce nevertheless was not' permitted on remand to re-analyze the issue of the relative merits of the different financial statements on the administrative record because that issue lies beyond the scope of the remand that was ordered in Zhaoqing Tifo I. See generally Pl.’s Brief at 2-4; PL’s Reply Brief at 1-6. In contrast, the Government and the Domestic Producer contend that Zhaoqing Tifo reads the remand instructions too narrowly and that, under Zhaoqing Tifo I, Commerce was permitted to reach back and reconsider the issue of the agency’s selection of financial statements. As outlined below, Zhaoqing Tifo’s reading of the remand instructions in Zhaoqing Tifo I is the correct one. The Government and the Domestic Producer maintain that nothing in- the remand instructions in Zhaoqing Tifo I barred Commerce from re-opening the issue of the selection of financial statements. See, e.g., Def.’s Brief at 5; Def.-Int.’s Brief at 6. The Government and the Domestic Producer assert, in essence, that the remand instructions in Zhaoqing Tifo I should be given a broad reading, as permitting Com *1332 merce to reconsider its selection of final statements, because — according to the Government and the Domestic Producer— the court could not have intended a “limited remand,” which is generally “disfavored.” See Def.’s Brief at 3; Def.-Int.’s Brief at 10; Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1374-75 (explaining that the Court of Appeals “generally disfavors limited remands that restrict Commerce’s ability to collect and fully analyze data on a contested issue”). 21 But see Ad Hoc Committee of AZ-NM-TX-FL Producers of Gray Portland Cement v. United States, 68 F.3d 487 (unpublished table decision), available at 1995 WL 596834 *1, 68 F.3d 487 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (per curiam) (where Court of Appeals remanded action to agency with “specific and concise” instructions for very limited remand (ie., directing agency “to recalculate the dumping margins without [certain] deductions” on remand), criticizing “Commerce’s excursion beyond the mandate of [the Court of Appeals’ remand],” but nevertheless affirming agency action where the dumping margin recalculated on remand “[did] not include the prohibited deduction”). .To similar ends, the Government and the Domestic Producer emphasize that, in the initial round of briefing in this case (ie., before Zhaoqing Tifo I issued), the relief that Zhaoqing Tifo sought was an order directing Commerce “to remove the coal energy factor from the [factors of production] database and recalculate Zhaoqing Tifo’s antidumping duty margin.” See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1365 (citation omitted); Def.’s Brief at 3; Def.-Int.’s Brief at 10. As the Government and the Domestic Producers note, Zhaoqing Tifo I declined to grant that specific relief, ruling that, in light of the procedural posture of the case at that time, such relief was “not warranted.” See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1365; Def.’s Brief at 3; Def.-Int.’s Brief at 10. The Government and the Domestic Producer point to the court’s decision declining to direct Commerce on remand “to remove the coal energy factor from the [factors of production] database” as support for their claim that the remand instructions authorized Commerce to do what it did in the Remand Results — i. e., to revisit and re-open Commerce’s decision to rely on P.T. Tifico’s financial statements for purposes of the agency’s Final Determination. See Def.’s Brief at 5; Def.-Int.’s Brief at 10-11. However, the Government and the Domestic Producer set up a false dichotomy between a disfavored “limited re-rnand,” on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a remand permitting Commerce to reexamine the relative merits of the financial statements of P.T. Tífico and P.T. Asia Pacific. Mindful that limited remands are disfavored (and for other reasons), Zhaoq-ing Tifo I declined to instruct Commerce *1333 “to remove the coal energy factor from the [factors of production] database” on remand. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1341 n.18. 22 But, contrary to the implications of the Government and the Domestic Producers, the court’s decision declining Zhaoqing Tifo’s request for highly specific remand instructions does not — as a matter of fact and logic — automatically and necessarily mean that Zhaoqing Tifo I authorized Commerce to reconsider the selection of financial statements that the agency made in its Final Determination. On remand, Commerce was required to continue to rely on the financial statements of P.T. Tífico — the financial statements that Commerce selected in its Final Determination, in a decision as to which no party sought judicial review. Under Zhaoqing Tifo’s reading of Zhaoqing Tifo I, there were a number of avenues open to Commerce on remand (some of which are not mutually exclusive): For example, on remand, Commerce at least conceivably could have defended its selection and treatment of financial statements in the agency’s Final Determination. In other words, Commerce conceivably could have developed and proffered an explanation for the seeming disparity between the Final Determination’s treatment of water and electricity (which Commerce removed from the FOP database in the Final Determination, due to the agency’s concerns about double counting of energy inputs) versus the Final Determination’s treatment of coal (which Commerce included in the FOP database in the Final Determination, with no explanation as to any potential double counting). Under this option, Commerce’s explanation would set forth in full, inter alia, the basis for the agency’s confidence that the inclusion of coal in the FOP database would not result in double-counting,--and the agency would detail with specificity substantial record evidence to support that position. 23 Commerce conceivably also could have reopened the administrative record on remand and sought further evidence to' help clarify which energy sources (coal, water, and/or electricity) are reflected elsewhere in P.T. Tifico’s financial statements (and, thus, in the agency’s calculations), which, to avoid double-counting, therefore presumably would not be included in the FOP database. Commerce conceivably could have eliminated the disparity in its treatment of coal versus water and electricity by removing coal from the FOP database, clearly explaining that decision and anchoring that action in substantial evidence. Alternatively, Commerce conceivably could have eliminated the disparity in the treatment of coal versus water and electricity by including all three sources in the FOP database, clearly explaining its decision (detailing, in particular, the basis for the agency’s confidence that such treatment does not result in double-counting) and rooting the agency’s decision in substantial evidence. The listing above is illustrative, not exhaustive. No doubt there were other options open to Commerce on remand that have hot been catalogued here. In any event, as the listing above demonstrates, the reading that Zhaoqing Tifo gives the remand instructions in Zhaoqing Tifo I cannot fairly be characterized as a “limited remand.” Indeed, constrained only by the applicable standard of review- (“substantial *1334 evidence,” “in accordance with law,” and not “arbitrary and capricious”), Zhaoqing Tifo I essentially gave Commerce unfettered discretion on remand to do whatever the agency deemed appropriate to ascertain how to properly account for water, coal, and electricity using thq financial statements of P.T. Tífico, while at, the same time avoiding double-counting. What Commerce was not permitted to do on remand was to reopen and re-review the settled issue of the agency’s decision in its Final Determination to select the financial statements of P.T. Tífico — rather than those of P.T. Asia Pacific — as the basis for the surrogate financial ratios used to calculate the dumping margin for Zhaoqing Tifo. The issue of Commerce’s selection of financial statements was laid to rest in the Final Determination and, because the Domestic Producer failed to seek judicial review, the issue cannot be resurrected. The Government and the Domestic Producer ’ excerpt language from Zhaoqing Tifo I in an effort to support their broad reading of the remand instructions and their assertion that, under Zhaoqing Tifo I, Commerce was permitted to reconsider the selection of financial statements that it made in the agency’s Final Determination. For example, the Government reads much into the language in the conclusion section' of Zhaoqing Tifo I which states that, “[f]or the reasons set forth above, Plaintiffs Motion for Judgment bn • the Agency Record must be granted- and this matter remanded to the U.S. Department of Commerce for further action not inconsistent with this opinion.” Defi’s Brief at 7 (quoting Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1365) (emphasis added by Defendant). The reliance of the Government and the Domestic Producer is misplaced. The quoted language is, in essence, “boilerplate,” not a license for Commerce to do whatever it pleases on remand. The language.must be read in the broader context of the rest of Zhaoqing Tifo I. Moreover, the expansive reading' that the Government and-the Domestic Producer give the referenced text would lead to absurd results. Re-opening the issue of the selection of the surrogate country, or the issue of the valuation of the 'cost of inland freight, would not have been “inconsistent with” Zhaoqing Tifo I. But surely the Government and the Domestic Producer do not contend that Commerce was permitted to reconsider those issues' on remand. In actuality, it is Commerce’s reopening of the issue of the selection of financial statements that is “inconsistent with” the remand instructions here. The Government and the Domestic Producer similarly seize on the language in Zhaoqing Tifo I which “encouraged [Commerce] to reopen the administrative record on remand, to ensure that the Remand Results are based on an appropriate record and to allow the parties an adequate opportunity to place on the record, for the consideration of the agency, information to illuminate or'clarify key points.” See Def.’s Brief at 7 (quoting Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1365) (emphasis added by Defendant); Def.-Int.’s Brief at 6. However, the Government and the Domestic Producer fail to note that the “key points” listed in Zhaoqing Tifo I that were to be illuminated or clarified by reopening the record are “the energy sources that P.T. Tífico uses ..., whether P.T. Tífico uses those energy sources for any other purpose, and how the sources are treated in P.T. Tifico’s financial statements and in the surrogate financial .ratios that Commerce derived from the financial statements,” Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1365 (emphases added). As discussed above, the Government and the Domestic Producer also highlight the language in Zhaoqing Tifo I which declined *1335 Zhaoqing Tifo’s request for “specific limiting instructions” directing the agency on remand “to remove the coal energy factor from the [factors of production] database and recalculate Zhaoqing Tifo’s antidump-ing duty margin.” See Def.’s Brief at 10 (quoting Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1365); Def.-Int.’s Brief at 10. As explained elsewhere herein, however, the court’s decision not to issue such “specific limiting instructions” is, as a matter of logic and fact, a far cry from authorizing Commerce to reopen on remand its decision on the issue .of the selection of financial statements — a decision that Commerce reached in the Final Determination. In yet another example, the Government and the Domestic Producer emphasize that Zhaoqing Tifo I directed Commerce on remand to “expressly consider any ... potential for double counting of energy inputs.” Def.’s Brief at 9 (quoting Zhaoq-ing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1365); Def.Int’s Brief at 10. Again, however, the reading that the Government and the Domestic Producer suggest is at odds with the whole of Zhaoqing Tifo I and, even more importantly, Zhaoqing Tifo’s claim, which is specific to the use of P.T. Tifico’s financial statements, Commerce’s inclusion of coal in the FOP database, and the alleged “potential for double counting of energy inputs.” The Government and the Domestic Producers cherry-pick their quotations from Zhaoqing Tifo I, reading too much into them and taking them out of context. Reading Zhaoqing Tifo I fairly, in context, and as a whole makes plain the court’s intent to have Commerce grapple on remand with the treatment of energy in the surrogate financial ratios that, the agency derived from the financial statements of P.T. Tifico (which the agency itself selected for use in the Final Determination), and to analyze whether, in light of the treatment of energy in those financial statements, coal can be included in the FOP database without double-counting. See generally, e.g., Changzhou, 701 F.3d at 1375 (highlighting the great deference accorded a trial court’s determination'as to whether agency action on remand was within the scope of the court’s remand order). Lastly, the Government and the Domestic Producer argue that the issue of the relative merits of the financial statements, of P.T..Tifico and P.T. Asia Pacific (ie., the matter that Comjnerce reopened on remand) is inextricably intertwined with the specific, narrow issue raised in Zhaoqing Tifo’s Complaint — ie., the extent to which there are energy.costs that are already embedded in P.T. Tifico’s financial statements (and thus reflected- in Commerce’s surrogate financial ratios), such that Commerce’s inclusion of coal in Zhaoqing Tifo’s FOP database results in double-counting. See generally Defi’s Brief at 6 & n.l; Def.-Int.’s Brief at 11. If in fact the issues are inextricably intertwined, the logical extension of the argument is that Commerce was free to revisit on remand the issue of its selection of final statements without regard to the intent behind the remand ordered in Zhaoqing Tifo I and the language of the remand instructions, and without regard to any considerations of finality that would otherwise apply. The Government and the Domestic Producer assert, for example, that the issue that Zhaoqing Tifo has raised (concerning the treatment of energy factors in the financial statements of.'P.T. Tifico and the potential for double-counting of energy factors if Commerce separately values coal) “necessarily” implicates the múch broader issue of Commerce’s selection, of financial statements, that the two issues “cannot be divorced,” and that the double-counting issue “cannot be viewed in iso *1336 lation.” Def.’s Brief at 6- & n,l; Def.-Int.’s Brief at 11. It is true that the issue that Zhaoqing Tifo has raised is-related to the issue of Commerce’s selection of financial statements. However, the two issues are entirely discrete. There is — as a matter of logic — no need for Commerce to reassess the relative merits of the financial statements of P.T. Tifico and P.T. Asia Pacific in order to address the issue that Zhaoqing Tifo has raised, which is specific to P.T; Tifi- co — i.e., whether Commerce can exclude energy costs from the surrogate financial ratios derived from the financial statements of P.T. Tifico, such that Commerce may separately value coal in the FOP database without double-counting. Contrary to the assertions of the Government and the Domestic Producer, it is entirely possible for Commerce to analyze how P.T. Tifico’s energy costs are reflected in the company’s financial statements, and the consequences that flow from that, without reopening the agency’s decision to rely on P.T. Tifico’s financial statements rather than the statements of P.T. Asia Pacific for purposes of Commerce’s Final Determination. As both Commerce and the Domestic Producer have now acknowledged, one simple, straightforward way to avoid double counting while relying on P.T. Tifico’s financial statements would be to exclude coal from the FOP database. Commerce and the Domestic Producer may be dissatisfied with such a “fix.” They posit that such an approach may under-value Zhaoq-ing Tifo’s energy costs. 24 But the point is that, contrary to the assertions of the Government and the Domestic Producer, Commerce in fact can — and, indeed, must— respond to Zhaoqing Tifo’s concern about double-counting without resorting to financial statements other than those of P.T. Tifico. Even assuming that, if the issue of the selection of financial Statements were before it. today, Commerce would reverse its earlier decision and choose P.T. Asia Pacific’s financial statements rather than those of P.T. Tifico, that fact is of no moment and no relevance to the task that now confronts Commerce. Because no party sought judicial review of Commerce’s selection of P.T. Tifico’s financial statements in the Final Determination, Commerce *1337 now must focus solely on P.T. Tifico’s financial statements, to the exclusion of all others. Commerce now must consider the treatment of energy costs in P.T. Tifico’s financial statements and must ascertain whether it is possible to identify and exclude those costs from the statements so that the agency may instead include coal in the FOP database without double-counting. If Commerce ultimately concludes, whether on the existing administrative record or on an expanded record, that it cannot identify and extract energy costs from P.T. Tifico’s financial statements, or if Commerce ultimately concludes that energy costs are not reflected in the surrogate financial ratios derived from P.T. Tifi-co’s financial statements but Commerce cannot support that conclusion with a reasoned explanation and substantial evidence, the remedy is not that Commerce goes back to the drawing board and selects another, more detailed set of financial statements (as the agency did on remand here). For purposes of its Final Determination in the administrative review that- is the subject of this case, Commerce selected the financial statements of P.T. Tífico and valued coal separately in the FOP database. Finality attached to Commerce’s selection of P.T. Tifico’s financial statements when no party challenged that selection in litigation. That ship has sailed. In contrast, raising concerns about the potential for double-counting, Zhaoqing Tifo has timely challenged Commerce’s decision in the Final Determination to value coal separately in the FOP database while relying on P.T. Tifico’s financial statements. If Commerce cannot establish — by substantial evidence — that, given its decision to rely on P.T. Tifico’s financial statement, the inclusion of-coal in the FOP database does not result in double-counting, Commerce apparently will have no choice but to, remove coal from the database — the very outcome that the Domestic Producer explicitly warned Commerce about before Com-, merce issued its Final Determination. As discussed above, Zhaoqing Tifo’s double-counting claim concerns only the financial statements of P.T. Tífico (and the surrogate financial ratios derived from them) and only to the extent that they bear on any potential for double-counting inherent in Commerce’s treatment of energy costs for purposes of calculating Zhaoqing Tifo’s dumping margin and its inclusion of coal in the FOP database. There is no merit to the assertions of the Government and the Domestic Producer that the issue of the selection of financial statements cannot be severed from Zhaoqing .Tifo’s double-counting claim. Given the specific nature of Zhaoqing Tifo’s double-counting claim, there simply is no scenario in which Commerce would have cause to resort to reconsidering the relative merits of the financial statements of P.T. Tífico and P.T. Asia Pacific. The Remand Results exceeded the scope of the remand. C. A Second Remand to Commerce Because the Remand Results exceeded the scope of the remand ordered in Zhaoq-ing Tifo I, this matter must be remanded to Commerce once again, to permit the agency to reconsider its inclusion of coal in the FOP database in the Final Determination, in light of its use of financial ratios derived from the financial statements of P.T. Tífico, and to expressly consider any associated potential for double counting of energy inputs, explaining its reasoning fully and with reference to the record evidence. Commerce is once again encouraged to give careful consideration to whether it might be helpful to reopen the administrative record on remand (for example, to receive any additional evidence (such as expert opinions) concerning how *1338 energy expenses are treated in the financial statements'of P.T. Tífico, or any other evidence bearing on whether or not the use of surrogate financial ratios derived from the financial statements of P.T. 'Tífi-co, in tandem with the.inclusion of coal,in the FOP database, results in double-count- • ing). ■. • ' , ’ IV. Conclusion Because the Remand Results exceeded the scope of the remand ordered in Zhaoq-ing Tifo I, this matter must be remanded to Commerce once again, to permit the agency to reconsider how the surrogate financial ratios that it derived from P.T. Tifico’s' financial statements account for energy sources and whether the inclusion of coal in the FOP database results in double-counting. In its' redetermination on remand, Commerce shall explain its reasoning fully and with reference to substantial evidence in the administrative record. A separate order will enter accordingly. Footnotes [1] As Zhaoqing Tifo I notes, polyester staple fiber is generally used as stuffing in sleeping bags, mattresses, ski jackets, comforters, cushions, pillows, and furniture. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1334. [2] Antidumping duty investigations (i.e., "original” investigations) determine in the first instance whether the elements necessary for the imposition of an antidumping duty exist. The statute also provides for periodic (typically, annual) administrative reviews of antidump-ing duty orders (initiated at the request of an interested party), to update the applicable an-tidumping duty rate. See generally Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -n.7, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1334 n.7 (and authorities cited there). [3] Because this action has been remanded to Commerce, two administrative records have been filed with the court — the initial administrative record (comprised of the information on which the agency’s Final Determination was based) and the supplemental administrative record compiled during the course of the remand. Each of the two administrative records includes confidential (i.e., business proprietary) information. Therefore, two versions of each of the records — a public version and a confidential version — were filed with the court. The public versions of the administrative record and the supplemental administrative record consist of copies of all public documents in the record, and public versions of confidential documents with all confidential information redacted. The confidential versions consist of complete, un-redacted copies of only those documents that include confidential information. The numbering of public versions of documents differs from the numbering of the confidential versions. All citations to the administrative records herein are to the public versions, which are *1317 cited as “Pub. Doc. No.-" or “Supp. Pub. Doc. No.-,” as appropriate. [4] Although the two arguments outlined above are its principal arguments, Zhaoqing Tifo briefs two other arguments as well. First, Zhaoqing Tifo asserts that the Remand Results constitute "impermissible post hoc rationalization.” See PL's Brief at 8-10; PL's Reply Brief at 6-7. But see Def.'s Brief at 10. In addition, Zhaoqing Tifo contends that, on the merits, Commerce’s selection of a different set of financial statements on remand is not supported by substantial evidence. See PL’s Brief at 10-15; PL’s Reply Brief at 7-15. But see Def.’s Brief at 11-12; Def.-Int.’s Brief at 6-11, 13-16. In light of the disposition of Zhaoqing Tifo's two principal arguments, there is no need here to reach these other two. [5] All citations to statutes herein are to the 2006 edition of the United States Code, and all references to regulations are to the 2010 edition of the Code of Federal Regulations. The pertinent text of the statutes ánd regulations cited remained the same at all times relevant herein. [6] In addition, in certain market economy cases, Commerce may calculate normal value using the price in a third country (i.e., a country other than the exporting country or the United States). See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at - n.3, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1332 n.3 (and authorities cited there). [7] Commerce typically values all factors of production using a single surrogate country. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -n.4, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1332 n.4 (and authorities cited there). [8] As Zhaoqing Tifo I explained, the case law holds that, as a general rule, double counting is not permitted in antidumping calculations, because it is distortive, rendering dumping margins less accurate. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at - n.6, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1333 n.6 (citing DuPont Teijin Films China Ltd. v. United States, 38 CIT -, -, 7 F.Supp.3d 1338, 1345-46 (2014) (ruling that "double counting should be avoided, as it does not provide a fair price comparison”); Geum Poong Corp. v. United States, 26 CIT 322, 326-28, 193 F.Supp.2d 1363, 1369-71 (2002) (remanding matter to agency for reconsideration of double counting, explaining that “Mounting potentially anomalous profit rates twice ... would give a misleading picture of the profit experience of other .,. producers of goods in the same general category as the subject merchandise”); Holmes Products Corp. v. United States, 16 CIT 628, 632, 795 F.Supp. 1205, 1207-08 (1992) (holding that ”[d]ouble-counting is to be avoided”); see also PL's Brief at 22 n-,5 (collecting cases on double counting)); Hangzhou Yingqing Material Co. v. United States, 40 CIT -, -, 195 F.Supp.3d 1299, 1309-10 (2016) (summarizing policy of avoiding double-counting in accounting for labor costs in surrogate financial ratios). Commerce’s administrative determinations are to the same general effect. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at - n.6, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1333 n.6 (citing Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination in the Antidumping Duty Investigation of Multilay-ered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China (Oct. 11, 2011) at 20 (Comment 2) (stating that "[i]t is [Commerce's] longstanding practice to avoid double-counting costs where the requisite data are available to do so” (emphasis omitted) (citation omitted))). [9] Zhaoqing Tifo consumes coal in its production of polyester staple fiber. However, it appears that P.T. Tífico and P.T. Asia Pacific use natural gas instead. Accordingly, although some of the papers filed by the parties in this matter have referred to the "double counting of coal,” it is more accurate to refer to the double counting of "energy inputs” (or "energy sources” or "energy factors”). Zhaoqing Tifo’s concern is that, to the extent that natu-ml gas (or any other such energy input) is embedded in the surrogate financial ratios derived from P.T. Tifico’s financial statements (and cannot be isolated and excluded from those ratios), Commerce’s inclusion of coal in the FOP database results in the double counting of energy expenses. See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at - n.16, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1339 n.16 (and authorities cited there). [10] Commerce was not misled as to the relevant facts here. With respect to the factual errors that Commerce alleges it made in the Final Determination concerning the relative level of integration of Zhaoqing Tifo compared to P.T. Tifico, as well as the relative level of integration of P.T. Tifico compared to P.T. Asia Pacific, Commerce already had the accurate information before it at the time it reached its Final Determination. If Commerce in fact did not know the facts at the time of the Final Determination, it could — and should — have known them. For example, to support Commerce’s new findings on the nature of P.T. Tifico’s business operations, the Remand Results point to a statement in Zhaoqing Tifo’s administrative case brief to the effect that "P.T. Tifico is ... a manufacturer of virgin, or fresh, [polyester staple fiber].” See Remand Results at 8 (citing Zhaoqing Tifo’s Administrative Case Brief at 18-19). Zhaoqing Tifo’s administrative case brief was filed following Commerce's Preliminary Determination, and well before issuance of Commerce’s Final Determination. Commerce also cites P.T. Tifico’s financial statements in support of the agency’s revised findings of fact. However, Zhaoqing Tifo placed those financial statements on the administrative record even before Commerce’s Preliminary Determination — and, thus, obviously, far in advance' of the Final Determination. See Remand Results at 7-8 (citing financial statements of P.T. Tifico). Even more directly, the Domestic Producer’s administrative rebuttal brief, filed following the Preliminary Determination and well before the Final Determination, states — expressly and in no uncertain terms — that P.T. Tifico manufactures its own polyester chips. See Domestic Producer's Administrative Rebuttal Brief at 13 (stating that P.T. Tifico "buys ... chemicals to make polyester chips”). [11] Specifically, the Remand Results indicate that, "[t]o use P.T. Tifico’s financial statements would require placing all potential energy costs into the factory/manufacturing overhead figures [i.e., in the surrogate financial ratios derived from P.T. Tifico's financial statements] and the exclusion [from the FOP database], of company-specific energy consumption figures that would normally be valued as an FOP, in order to capture all costs while also preventing double counting.” See Remand Results at 9-10. This seeming concession by Commerce — which is essentially a recitation of the clear warning that the Domestic Producer gave Commerce before the Final Results' — arguably disposes of Zhaoqing Tifo’s double-counting claim, in favor of Zhaoqing Tifo, leaving nothing for further litigation (at least as to this claim). However, the seeming concession is a wholly conclusory statement. The Remand Results are devoid of any analysis or explanation by Commerce to back it up. Under these circumstances, judgment counsels against treating the statement as a formal and official statement by Commerce of the agency’s considered opinion. [12] Where a plaintiff seeks to amend its timely-filed complaint (e.g., to attempt to belatedly raise a new issue that was not raised in the complaint at the time of filing), the plaintiff’s ability to do so is narrowly circumscribed. See USCIT R. 15(a)(1) — (2) (providing that, where more than 21 days have elapsed since service of complaint, complaint may be amended “only with the opposing party's written consent or the court’s leave ... when justice so requires.”); see also, e.g., Oreck Corp. v. Whirlpool Corp., 639 F.2d 75, 81 (2d Cir. 1980) (affirming district court's denial of motion to amend complaint prior to trial on rémand, emphasizing, in particular, "the[] circumstances of extended delay and failure to raise initially claims of which [the plaintiff] was aware”). [13] Commerce’s procedure for the correction of “ministerial errors” in its determinations is an important, but very limited, exception to this rule. However, the ministerial errors procedure has no bearing on the analysis here. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675(h) (“Administrative review of. determinations; Correction of minis *1328 terial errors”); 19 C.F.R. § 351.224(c)-(g) (under “Disclosure of calculations and procedures for the correction of ministerial errors”). [14] See also, e.g., Comfort v. Lynn School Committee, 560 F.3d 22, 26 (1st Cir. 2009) (observing that, in the interests of finality, "a case cannot be re-opened simply because some new development makes it appear, in retrospect, that a judgment on the merits long since settled was brought about by judicial error”); Oakes v. United States, 400 F.3d 92, 97 (1st Cir. 2005) (characterizing finality as an “institutional value[] that transcends the litigants’ parochial interests). [15] Zhaoqing Tifo's Complaint consists of a total of 10 specific counts. However, as indicated above, none of those counts challenges Commerce’s decision to rely on the financial statements of P.T. Tífico — rather than those of P.T. Asia Pacific — in the agency’s Final Determination. Quite to the contrary, Zhaoqing Tifo's Complaint in fact relies on Commerce’s selection of P.T. Tífico's financial statements, but alleges that — because energy expenses are already embedded in those statements, Commerce must exclude energy expenses from the FOP database. As Zhaoqing Tifo I explained, only the first four counts of the Complaint were addressed in Zhaoqing Tifo’s motion for judgment on the agency record. Each of those four counts relates to Commerce’s inclusion of coal in the FOP database for purposes of the agency’s ■Final Determination, and Zhaoqing Tifo’s attendant concerns about the potential double counting of energy inputs. See generally Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at - n.18, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1341 n.18 (listing the subject of each of 10 counts of Zhaoqing Tifo's Complaint). As such, it is those four counts (now three, as noted below) that are relevant to the Remand Results. In particular, Count I alleges that Commerce’s failure to remove coal from the factors of production database means that Commerce “did not select the 'best available information’ for the surrogate value of coal,” and that the Final Determination is there *1329 fore "unsupported by substantial evidence.” See Complaint, Count I. Count II alleges that Commerce acted "contrary to law” by including coal in the factors of production database at the same time the agency excluded water and electricity. Id., Count II. Count III alleges that it was "arbitrary and capricious” for Commerce to include coal, while excluding water and electricity. Id., Count III. And Count IV alleges that Commerce’s inclusion of coal in the factors of production database, while excluding water and electricity, "was a ministerial error that should have been promptly corrected.” Id., Count IV. Zhaoqing Tifo withdrew Count IV in its opening brief in this litigation, explaining that "the remedy [sought by Count IV] overlaps the remedy sought in Counts I through III, namely the removal of the coal energy factor from [Zhaoqing Tifo’s] [factors of production] database.” See Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -n.18, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1341 n. 18 (citation omitted). Accordingly, only Counts I through III are presently before the court. Counts V, VI, VII, and VIII of the Complaint contest the surrogate values that Commerce used in its Final Determination to value various inputs — including, respectively, coal, inland freight, water, and brokerage and handling. Complaint, Counts V-VIII. Count IX alleges that Commerce erred in rejecting a letter of credit adjustment to brokerage and handling, while Count X asserts that Commerce’s "failure to issue a deficiency questionnaire regarding the sources and meaning of the domestic Indonesian coal surrogate value was contrary to law.” Id., Counts IX-X. Count XI is an all-purpose "catch-all” claim, stating that ”[u]pon information and belief, [Commerce] erred in other aspects of its final results” which are not specified. Id., Count XI; see generally Zhaoqing Tifo I, 39 CIT at -n.18, 60 F.Supp.3d at 1341 n.18. [16] The issue of the selection of financial statements — and the respective pros and cons of the financial statements of P.T. Tifico and P.T. Asia Pacific — was hotly contested by the parties before Commerce's Final Determination issued. Indeed, as noted above, in advocating for use of P.T. Asia Pacific’s statements, the Domestic Producer specifically warned Commerce that the agency’s selection of the financial statements of P.T. Tifico would preclude the agency from including coal in the FOP database, due to the need to avoid double-counting. [17] The Government conflates and then summarily dismisses a number of Zhaoqing Tifo's points with the conclusory assertion that Zhaoqing Tifo’s arguments and authorities "in no way support the notion that this Court lacks jurisdiction' to consider a change by Commerce in the selection of surrogate financial statements." See generally Def.’s' Brief at 'll. [18] Like the Government, the Domestic Producer devotes roughly 10 lines to Zhaoqing Tifo's arguments concerning jurisdiction and the statute of limitations. See Def.-Int.'s Brief at 6, 11. Its treatment of the argument is both brief and substantively wide of the mark. In response to Zhaoqing Tifo’s point that " 'no party appealed’ -the selection of the financial statement^]” used in Commerce’s ¡Final Determination, the Domestic Producer -argues that Zhaoqing Tifo I "did not restrict the universe of sources Commerce could consider on remand.” See, Def.-Int.’s Brief at 6 (citation omitted). But, even assuming that it were true, that assertion is no answer to a claim that the court lacks jurisdiction to entertain a challenge that was not raised in the Complaint. A court cannot expand its own jurisdiction, whether by a remand or by any other means. Elsewhere in its brief, the Domestic Producer responds to Zhaoqing Tifo's arguments concerning the scope of this litigation by quoting an excerpt from the Remand Results in which Commerce asserts that " 'accounting for energy inputs in the [Factors of Production] database is the basis' of [Zhaoq-ing Tifo's] complaint.” See id. at 11 (quoting Remand Results at 11). But the Domestic Producers fail to "connect the dots” by spelling out tire relationship between that idea and the jurisdiction of the court, the Complaint’s limiting effect on the scope of litigation, and/or the time limits for commencing an action to challenge some aspect of the Final Determination here. Moreover,' while Commerce's interpretation of relevant statutes and 'regulations is generally entitled to great deference, its interpretation of a party's complaint carries no special weight. [19] In addition to the exception to the principle of finality set forth above, there are certain other limited and specific circumstances where an issue that is not raised in a complaint may nevertheless be the subject of litigation if that issue is inextricably intertwined with an issue that is raised in the complaint. Such cases are discussed in section III.B, below, [20] See also Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 244-45, 64 S.Ct. 997, 88 L.Ed. 1250 (1944) (setting forth well-settled general rule against reopening settled judgments, based on. "the belief that in most instances society is best served by putting an end to litigation after a case has been tried and judgment entered,” but noting that, “under certain circumstances, one of which is after-discovered fraud, relief will be granted against judgments” without regard to when they were entered); Universal Oil Prods. Co. v. Root Refining Co., 328 U.S. 575, 580, 66 S.Ct. 1176, 90 L.Ed. 1447 (1946) (explaining that "[t]he inherent power of a federal court to investigate whether a judgment was obtained by fraud, is beyond question”); [21] In the terminology of Changzhou, the "contested issue” here is not Commerce's selection of the financial statements of P.T. Tífi-co over those of P.T. Asia Pacific. The “contested issue” here is whether Commerce is double-counting certain energy costs by including coal in the FOP database, when energy costs allegedly are already embedded in the surrogate financial ratios derived from the financial statements of P.T. Tífico. As discussed herein, Zhaoqing Tifo I left Commerce with a number of potential courses of action on remand. Moreover, as discussed herein, the court specifically declined Zhaoqing Tifo’s request for limiting instructions directing Commerce to remove coal from the FOP database on remand. As such, the remand in Zhaoqing Tifo I clearly was not a limited remand. But fact that it was not a limited remand does not mean that it was unbounded. Given the specific nature of the double-counting claim set forth in Zhaoqing Tifo’s Complaint, Commerce was required on remand to continue to rely on the financial statements of P.T. Tífico. [22] There is no need here to decide whether or not remand instructions directing Commerce on remand “to remove the coal energy factor from the [factors of production] database” would constitute a "limited remand,” or whether such remand instructions would be "disfavored” or even improper. [23] See supra, n.ll. [24] Contrary to the implications of the Government and the Domestic Producer, such an approach would not omit energy from Commerce’s calculation of Zhaoqing Tifo's dumping margin. As Zhaoqing Tifo notes, the energy expenses would be embedded in P.T. Tifico’s financial statement and the financial ratios derived from those statements. See generally PL’s Brief at 10. Further, although Commerce may prefer to do things otherwise, Zhaoqing Tifo notes that, in other cases, Commerce has excluded energy from the FOP database because the financial statements on which the agency relied did not break out energy costs — the result that Zhaoqing Tifo seeks here. See id. at 11-12. Zhaoqing Tifo justifiably also takes issue with Commerce’s assertion in the Remand Results that the use of P.T. Tifico’s financial statements “would result in a less accurate antidumping duty margin calculation as significant production costs would not be captured in normal value.” See Remand Results at 9-10; PL’s Brief at 11-12. As explained immediately above, there is no truth to the assertion that any costs — much less “significant production costs” — would be missing if Commerce relies on the financial statements of P.T. Tifico. Moreover, Commerce’s assertion that a dumping margin based on the financial statements of P.T. Tifico would be “less accurate” than a margin based on the statements of P.T. Asia Pacific is unsupportable on the existing record. On the existing record, one can say that a dumping margin based on the financial statements of P.T. Asia Pacific would be higher than one based on the statements of P.T. Tifico. But it is logically impossible, based on the existing record, to say that one would be “less accurate” than the other.