Beck & Beck, LLC v. Costello

PER CURIAM. The defendant, James T. Costello, appeals from the trial court's dismissal of his amended counterclaims and cross claims against the plaintiff, Beck & Beck, LLC, and the counterclaim defendant, Kenneth A. Beck. On appeal, the defendant argues that the court erroneously dismissed his counterclaims and cross claims for lack of standing after finding that the claims belonged to his bankruptcy estate and not to him. We disagree, and accordingly, affirm the judgment of the trial court. The following facts and procedural history are taken from our opinion in a prior appeal in this case. 1 "On August 30, 2011, the plaintiff filed this action in small claims court against the defendant seeking to recover unpaid legal fees for its prior representation of the defendant in a receivership action against the defendant's condominium association. The defendant ... filed an answer, a special defense, and a four count counterclaim alleging breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, professional malpractice, and violation of the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act, General Statutes § 42-110a et seq. After the case was transferred [to the regular docket], the plaintiff filed a motion to strike the defendant's entire counterclaim on the ground that the defendant's claims were legally insufficient because he [could not] possibly establish proximate cause or damages .... The trial court, Levin, J. , granted the plaintiff's motion to strike. "The defendant thereafter moved to cite in the plaintiff's principal, Attorney Kenneth A. Beck, individually, as a counterclaim defendant. After the court granted the defendant's motion to cite in Beck, the defendant filed an amended answer, a special defense, and counterclaim against the plaintiff, and a parallel cross claim against Attorney Beck. The amended counterclaim and parallel cross claim pleaded claims that were essentially identical to those pleaded in the defendant's stricken counterclaim. The plaintiff thereafter moved to strike the defendant's amended counterclaim on two grounds: first, that the defendant could not prevail on any claim set forth in his counterclaim because he could not prove the causation or damages elements of any such claim; and second, that [t]he counterclaims and cross claims mirror the previously stricken counterclaims. "The court, Sommer, J ., granted the plaintiff's motion to strike.... The court determined that the defendant had failed to submit a justiciable claim to the court, thus depriving the court of jurisdiction, that is, the authority to decide those claims on their merits, because it lacks jurisdiction as a matter of law. The court rendered judgment on the counterclaim and cross claim on October 7, 2013 ...." (Footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Beck & Beck, LLC v. Costello , 159 Conn.App. 203 , 205-206, 122 A.3d 269 (2015). The defendant appealed from the trial court's judgment granting the plaintiff's motion to strike. While the defendant's first appeal was pending, the trial on the plaintiff's claims proceeded. Following the trial, the plaintiff was awarded $750 in unpaid legal fees, plus costs. During the pendency of the defendant's first appeal, and after trial on the plaintiff's claims, the defendant filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Connecticut. The defendant completed a chapter 7 voluntary petition, on which he listed certain financial information, including the $750 judgment owed to the plaintiff as an unsecured nonpriority claim. He also noted the underlying action under the section titled "Suits and administrative proceedings, executions, garnishments and attachments." On the defendant's schedule B-personal property form, however, the defendant checked "[n]one" where the form asks for a description of "[o]ther contingent and unliquidated claims of every nature, including ... counterclaims of the debtor ...." On September 17, 2014, the bankruptcy trustee issued a report (report of no distribution) determining that "[t]here is no property available for distribution from the estate." The defendant's bankruptcy case was closed on November 13, 2014. Prior to oral argument in the first appeal, the plaintiff filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, arguing that because the Bankruptcy Court had not made a judicial determination that the defendant's counterclaims and cross claims were abandoned, the defendant was not the real party in interest as the claims still belonged to the bankruptcy estate. At oral argument before this court in 2015, we noted that the issue of whether the defendant had standing was one for the trial court to address on a motion to dismiss and, therefore, we allowed the appeal to proceed. This court reversed the trial court's order granting the plaintiff's motion to strike the defendant's amended counterclaims and cross claims, and remanded the defendant's claims to the trial court for further proceedings. See Beck & Beck, LLC v. Costello , supra, 159 Conn.App. at 208-209 , 122 A.3d 269 . Prior to a trial on the defendant's amended counterclaims and cross claims, the plaintiff filed a motion to dismiss on the grounds that the defendant lacked standing and that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because there was no actual controversy between the plaintiff and the defendant. On February 26, 2016, the court, Arnold, J ., granted the plaintiff's motion to dismiss the defendant's amended counterclaims and cross claims, determining that the defendant did not have standing because the bankruptcy trustee had not abandoned those claims. 2 This appeal followed. We first set forth the applicable standard of review. "A determination regarding a trial court's subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law. When ... the trial court draws conclusions of law, our review is plenary and we must decide whether its conclusions are legally and logically correct and find support in the facts that appear in the record." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Fairfield Merrittview Ltd. Partnership v. Norwalk , 320 Conn. 535 , 548, 133 A.3d 140 (2016). "When a ... court decides a jurisdictional question raised by a pretrial motion to dismiss, it must consider the allegations of the complaint in their most favorable light.... In this regard, a court must take the facts to be those alleged in the complaint, including those facts necessarily implied from the allegations, construing them in a manner most favorable to the pleader.... The motion to dismiss ... admits all facts which are well pleaded, invokes the existing record and must be decided upon that alone.... In undertaking this review, we are mindful of the well established notion that, in determining whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction, every presumption favoring jurisdiction should be indulged." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Dorry v. Garden , 313 Conn. 516 , 521, 98 A.3d 55 (2014). The defendant maintains that the bankruptcy trustee abandoned the amended counterclaims and cross claims when she submitted the report of no distribution and closed the defendant's bankruptcy case. The plaintiff responds that because the defendant did not list the amended counterclaims and cross claims on his bankruptcy petition, the trustee never abandoned those claims and, therefore, the court was correct in dismissing the defendant's amended counterclaims and cross claims for lack of standing. We agree with the plaintiff. "The act of filing a bankruptcy petition transfers a debtor's assets to the bankruptcy estate, and these assets remain assets of the bankruptcy estate unless returned to the debtor by the operation of law.... [I]t is a basic tenet of bankruptcy law ... that all assets of the debtor, including all pre-petition causes of action belonging to the debtor, are assets of the bankruptcy estate that must be scheduled for the benefit of creditors ...." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Crawford v. Franklin Credit Management Corp ., 758 F.3d 473 , 483 (2d Cir. 2014). "[A]n asset must be properly scheduled in order to pass to the debtor through abandonment under 11 U.S.C. § 554 (c)." In re Suplinskas , 252 B.R. 293 , 295 (D. Conn. 2000). "[W]here a debtor fails to list a claim as an asset on a bankruptcy petition, the debtor is without legal capacity to pursue the claim on his or her own behalf post-discharge.... This is so regardless of whether the failure to schedule causes of action is innocent." (Citations omitted.) In re Costello , 255 B.R. 110 , 113 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) ; see also Rosenshein v. Kleban , 918 F.Supp. 98 , 103 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) ("[c]ourts have held that because an unscheduled claim remains the property of the bankruptcy estate, the debtor lacks standing to pursue the claims after emerging from bankruptcy, and the claims must be dismissed"). "If a party is found to lack standing, the court is without subject matter jurisdiction to determine the cause.... [A] court lacks discretion to consider the merits of a case over which it is without jurisdiction.... Standing is not a technical rule intended to keep aggrieved parties out of court; nor is it a test of substantive rights. Rather it is a practical concept designed to ensure that courts and parties are not vexed by suits brought to vindicate nonjusticiable interests and that judicial decisions which may affect the rights of others are forged in hot controversy, with each view fairly and vigorously represented." (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Fairfield Merrittview Ltd. Partnership v. Norwalk , supra, 320 Conn. at 548 , 133 A.3d 140 . Even indulging every presumption in favor of jurisdiction, we cannot conclude that the defendant has standing to pursue his amended counterclaims and cross claims. The case law makes it clear that upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition, all prepetition causes of action become the property of the bankruptcy estate; see Crawford v. Franklin Credit Management Corp ., supra, 758 F.3d at 483 ; and that in order to revest in the debtor through abandonment, the assets must be properly scheduled. See In re Suplinskas , supra, 252 B.R. at 295 . A review of the defendant's schedule B-personal property form shows that when asked to list "[o]ther contingent and unliquidated claims of every nature, including ... counterclaims of the debtor," the defendant checked "[n]one." Although the defendant noted the underlying action and the $750 judgment that the plaintiff had against him, the bankruptcy trustee was not made aware of the counterclaims and cross claims that the defendant had pending against the plaintiff. Therefore-even if omission of the counterclaims and cross claims was innocent-the trustee did not abandon the counterclaims and cross claims when she issued the report of no distribution and closed the defendant's bankruptcy case in 2014. The amended counterclaims and cross claims existed prior to the date on which the defendant filed his bankruptcy petition, and litigation surrounding those claims was ongoing. Because the defendant failed to include the counterclaims and cross claims on his schedule B-personal property form, we conclude that the bankruptcy estate owns the defendant's amended counterclaims and cross claims. See, e.g., Omotosho v. Freeman Investment & Loan , 136 F.Supp.3d 235 , 244-45 (D. Conn. 2016) ("The plaintiff had sufficient knowledge of facts related to initiation of the [cause of action] at the time he filed for bankruptcy. [Therefore] [b]ecause the plaintiff failed to include this claim on his Schedule B, it is owned by the bankruptcy estate."). Accordingly, the court correctly determined that the defendant lacks the requisite standing to bring the amended counterclaims and cross claims against the plaintiff and counterclaim defendant. The judgment is affirmed. Footnotes [1] See Beck & Beck, LLC v. Costello , 159 Conn.App. 203 , 122 A.3d 269 (2015). [2] Because the court determined that the defendant lacked standing to bring his amended counterclaims and cross claims, it did not reach the merits of the plaintiff's argument that no actual controversy existed between the plaintiff and the defendant.