Debra K Andreson v. Progressive Marathon Insurance Company

O'Brien, J. *79 In Docket No. 334157, defendant 1 appeals as of right the trial court's order awarding *80 plaintiff Debra Andreson $1,324,112.68 following a jury trial. 2 In Docket No. 336351, defendant appeals as of right the trial court's order awarding attorney fees and taxable costs to plaintiffs. We ordered these appeals to be consolidated. 3 We reverse in part and remand for entry of a judgment in favor of Debra and against defendant in the amount of $200,000. In all other respects, we affirm. On October 11, 2013, plaintiffs were stopped in their vehicle at a red light when their vehicle was struck from behind by a *695 different vehicle being driven at a high rate of speed. Both plaintiffs suffered injuries as a result of the collision, and it was uncontested that plaintiffs were not at fault. Plaintiffs were insured by defendant at the time of the accident, and their insurance policy included a provision for underinsured motorist (UIM) benefits in the amount of $250,000 per individual, capped at a total of $500,000 per accident. The UIM contract provision required plaintiffs to pursue recovery from the at-fault driver and obtain payment of the maximum policy limits from the at-fault driver's insurance carrier before they could collect UIM coverage from defendant. The contract provision also required plaintiffs to obtain defendant's permission before reaching a settlement with the at-fault driver or the at-fault driver's insurance carrier. Defendant initially declined to grant plaintiffs permission to settle with the at-fault driver's insurance *81 carrier. On February 18, 2015, plaintiffs filed this lawsuit against defendant in an attempt to obtain that permission and to obtain UIM benefits due them from defendant. Eventually, defendant granted plaintiffs permission to settle. The parties agree that plaintiffs obtained a settlement of $100,000 from the at-fault driver's insurance carrier-the maximum limit of the driver's policy. The settlement allocated $50,000 to each plaintiff. After the settlement, plaintiffs sought payment from defendant for the difference between the maximum amount of plaintiffs' UIM coverage and the settlement amount obtained from the at-fault driver's insurance carrier. Defendant refused to pay UIM benefits to plaintiffs, arguing that plaintiffs' injuries failed to qualify as threshold injuries. With respect to Debra, defendant alleged that her lower-back injuries arose from a preexisting condition and were not causally related to the October 11, 2013 accident. The case proceeded to trial. The central issues at trial were (1) whether plaintiffs suffered serious impairments of body function as a result of the at-fault driver's negligence and (2) whether Debra's lower-back injuries were causally related to the automobile accident. Before trial, defendant filed a motion in limine to preclude the jury from being told about the UIM limits in plaintiff's policy. The trial court granted defendant's motion, ruling that "[a]ny evidence of the UIM policy limits, if relevant, would be more prejudicial than probative under MRE 403." Testimony at trial indicated that Debra suffered various physical injuries as a result of the automobile accident. Her neurosurgeon, Dr. Christopher Abood, testified that he had served as Debra's treating physician since October 2008 when she first came to him complaining of lower-back pain. Dr. Abood indicated *82 that although Debra was experiencing pain at that time (five years before the automobile accident), the pain was manageable and was not preventing her from working or living her normal life. Dr. Abood did not see Debra for the five-year period between October 2008 and August 2013. During that time, Debra received a series of facet injections from a different doctor to whom Dr. Abood had referred her for treatment. 4 Debra returned to see Dr. Abood on August 22, 2013, indicating that she had fallen on her back in April 2013 and experienced a significant increase in pain and heaviness in both legs that severely limited her ability to walk any distance. Dr. Abood diagnosed the pain as coming from a narrowing of the spinal canal. *696 Dr. Abood next saw Debra on November 11, 2013, one month after the accident at issue. At that time, she was experiencing severe pain in her back and legs. Dr. Abood testified that, in his medical opinion, the increased lower-back pain was not related to her earlier fall. According to Dr. Abood, Debra's "spinal condition was severely aggravated by the automobile accident, causing severe worsening of her back and leg symptoms and pain." Dr. Abood recommended that Debra have back surgery, which he performed on December 11, 2013. At the close of proofs, the trial court found a jury-submissible question of fact regarding whether Debra's injuries met the threshold. 5 The jury ultimately found that they did and awarded her $1,374,112.68 in damages. *83 After trial, plaintiffs' counsel filed a proposed judgment for $1,324,112.68 for Debra, which reflected the jury's special verdict minus $50,000 to reflect the setoff from the earlier settlement. On May 19, 2016, defendant filed an objection to the entry of judgment with respect to Debra, arguing that the judgment in her favor should be limited to $200,000 because her recovery was capped by the $250,000 UIM policy limit minus the $50,000 setoff. Following a hearing, the trial court determined that it was required to enter a judgment consistent with MCR 2.515(B), which provides that "[a]fter a special verdict is returned, the court shall enter judgment in accordance with the jury's findings." Accordingly, the trial court entered a judgment in favor of Debra for $1,324,112.68, which reflected the jury's award minus the $50,000 settlement offset. 6 Defendant moved for remittitur, arguing that the jury's verdict had to be reduced because it was more than the UIM policy limits. The trial court denied defendant's motion. On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying its motion for remittitur. We agree. Appellate review of a grant or denial of remittitur is limited to the determination of whether an abuse of discretion occurred. Majewski v. Nowicki , 364 Mich. 698 , 700, 111 N.W.2d 887 (1961). A trial court abuses its discretion when it chooses an outcome outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. *84 Maldonado v. Ford Motor Co , 476 Mich. 372 , 388, 719 N.W.2d 809 (2006). "Broadly defined, remittitur is the procedural process by which a verdict of the jury is diminished by subtraction." Pippen v. Denison Div. of Abex Corp. , 66 Mich.App. 664 , 674, 239 N.W.2d 704 (1976) (emphasis omitted). "As long as the amount awarded is within the range of the evidence, and within the limits of what reasonable minds might deem just compensation for such imponderable items as personal injuries sustained and pain and suffering, the verdict rendered should not be set aside." Id . at 675, 239 N.W.2d 704 (quotation marks and citation omitted). In determining whether remittitur is appropriate, a trial court must decide whether the jury award was supported by the evidence. *697 Diamond v. Witherspoon , 265 Mich.App. 673 , 693, 696 N.W.2d 770 (2005). This determination must be based on objective criteria relating to the actual conduct of the trial or the evidence presented. Palenkas v. Beaumont Hosp , 432 Mich. 527 , 532, 443 N.W.2d 354 (1989). The power of remittitur should be exercised with restraint. Hines v. Grand Trunk W. R. Co , 151 Mich.App. 585 , 595, 391 N.W.2d 750 (1985). If the award for economic damages falls reasonably within the range of the evidence and within the limits of what reasonable minds would deem just compensation, the jury award should not be disturbed. Palenkas , supra at 532-533 [ 443 N.W.2d 354 ]. [ Silberstein v. Pro-Golf of America, Inc , 278 Mich.App. 446 , 462, 750 N.W.2d 615 (2008).] Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion for remittitur because the verdict awarded by the jury was in excess of the UIM policy limits. Neither uninsured motorist (UM) coverage nor UIM coverage is required by Michigan law, and therefore "the terms of coverage are controlled by the language of the contract itself, not by statute." *85 Dawson v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. of Mich. , 293 Mich.App. 563 , 568, 810 N.W.2d 106 (2011). As our Supreme Court has explained, "Uninsured motorist coverage is optional-it is not compulsory coverage mandated by the no-fault act," and consequently, "the rights and limitations of such coverage are purely contractual...." Rory v. Continental Ins Co , 473 Mich. 457 , 465-466, 703 N.W.2d 23 (2005). "It is not the province of the judiciary to rewrite contracts to conform to the court's liking, but instead to enforce contracts as written and agreed to by the parties." Dawson , 293 Mich.App. at 569 , 810 N.W.2d 106 . Prior to trial, the trial court stated that plaintiffs were pursuing a "Breach of Contract claim against Defendant for the refusal to pay UIM protection benefits without explanation." According to the terms of the parties' contract, defendant was only liable for $250,000 for each plaintiff, up to a total of $500,000. All parties agree on appeal that plaintiffs' earlier settlement of $100,000 with the at-fault driver's insurance company entitled defendant to a $50,000 offset with respect to each plaintiff, limiting defendant's liability to $200,000 per plaintiff under plaintiffs' UIM policy provision. In denying defendant's motion for remittitur, the trial court concluded "that the jury's verdict cannot be looked at as being clearly excessive" because "the jury was not made aware of the [UIM coverage] limits at the request of the defendant." Essentially, the trial court found that defendant waived the UIM policy limits by requesting that the policy limits not be disclosed to the jury. However, pursuant to this Court's decision in Tellkamp v. Wolverine Mut Ins Co , 219 Mich.App. 231 , 243, 556 N.W.2d 504 (1996), "[a]bsent an express agreement to the contrary," excluding evidence *86 of a policy's limits from the jury's knowledge "does not amount to a waiver of the limits of liability under the contract." 7 In this case, there was no express agreement between the parties to waive the UIM policy limits. Nor did defendant, through its counsel or otherwise, expressly waive the policy limits. 8 Therefore, *698 the trial court could not enter an award for Debra that exceeded the maximum liability agreed to by the parties in their contract, see Dawson , 293 Mich.App. at 569 , 810 N.W.2d 106 , plus applicable interest and costs, see Tellkamp , 219 Mich.App. at 244 , 556 N.W.2d 504 . Alternatively, we are persuaded by defendant's argument that the trial court's refusal to reduce the amount of the jury verdict to the maximum policy limits is tantamount to a nullification of the policy limits, effectively creating insurance coverage by estoppel contrary to Kirschner v. Process Design Assoc.., Inc. , 459 Mich. 587 , 592 N.W.2d 707 (1999). In insurance cases, "[t]he application of waiver and estoppel is limited, and, usually, the doctrines will not be applied to broaden the coverage of a policy to protect the insured against risks that were not included in the policy or that were expressly excluded from the policy." *87 Id . at 593-594, 592 N.W.2d 707 . "This is because an insurance company should not be required to pay for a loss for which it has charged no premium." Id . at 594, 592 N.W.2d 707 . Defendant contracted with plaintiffs to insure them up to $500,000 for UIM coverage, and plaintiffs paid premiums to be covered up to that amount. In the absence of defendant's waiver of these limits, the trial court impermissibly required defendant to pay for Debra's loss in excess of the amount that it agreed to cover. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's denial of defendant's motion for remittitur and remand for entry of a judgment in favor of Debra in the amount of $200,000. Next, defendant argues that it is entitled to a new trial on the basis of the trial court's evidentiary rulings allowing defendant's adjuster, Marcia Vandercook, to testify about (1) regarding the contents of her claims-log notes and (2) whether Debra suffered a serious impairment of body function. We disagree. "The grant or denial of a motion for a new trial is within the sound discretion of the trial court." Bartlett v. Sinai Hosp. of Detroit , 149 Mich.App. 412 , 418, 385 N.W.2d 801 (1986). "A trial court's discretionary decisions concerning whether to admit or exclude evidence will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion." People v. Mardlin , 487 Mich. 609 , 614, 790 N.W.2d 607 (2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. Hecht v. Nat'l Heritage Academies, Inc , 499 Mich. 586 , 604, 886 N.W.2d 135 (2016). "The decision upon a close evidentiary question by definition ordinarily cannot be an abuse of discretion." People v. Golochowicz , 413 Mich. 298 , 322, 319 N.W.2d 518 (1982). Several months before trial, plaintiffs brought a motion to strike defendant's answer and to enter a *88 default against defendant, in part, because defendant refused to produce Vandercook's claims-log notes. The trial court conducted an in camera review of the insurance claims log and found as follows: [T]he adjustor's log is partially privileged and partially discoverable. Specifically, all log notes entered after February 16, 2015 are privileged, and all log notes entered on or before February 16, 2015 are subject to discovery. *699 The week before trial, plaintiffs' counsel served defendant with a subpoena for Vandercook to testify at trial, and defendant moved to quash the subpoena. After a hearing on defendant's motion, the trial court ruled that Vandercook could testify regarding a notation she made in her claims log in which she indicated that she thought Debra's injuries had met the serious impairment threshold. In its reasoning, the trial court relied on MRE 701 (lay opinion testimony) and the court's determination that the claims log was not hearsay because it qualified as a business record under MRE 803(6). At trial, plaintiffs called Vandercook to testify during their case-in-chief. Vandercook testified, in pertinent part, that as part of her job with defendant she routinely evaluated the injuries of people insured by defendant and that she did so by relying on each person's medical records and history of medical treatment. She testified that neither she nor a doctor could make a determination whether serious impairment of body function had occurred because only the jury could make that determination. Outside the presence of the jury, defendant objected to Vandercook's testifying about whether Debra suffered a serious impairment, arguing that "[s]he has deferred to the jury on the issue of serious impairment" and that it was not "appropriate opinion testimony from a lay witness, because it *89 actually [called] for a medical expertise, which Ms. Vandercook simply [did] not have." The trial court rejected defendant's argument, reiterating its earlier ruling that the lay opinion testimony was admissible under MRE 701. Vandercook went on to testify that she wrote in her claims log that, given the acute findings in the emergency room and the fact that Debra underwent surgery, there was "enough to support [serious impairment of body function] " regarding the chest, neck, and lower-back injuries suffered by Debra. Vandercook clarified that this note in her claims log "was a preliminary assessment [that she] made based on the records [she] had at that time." On cross-examination, Vandercook testified that her statement in her claims log was based on an assumption that Debra's lower-back surgery was related to the accident. Vandercook testified that although she initially thought Debra had suffered a serious impairment of body function, she changed her mind when she obtained the medical files from Dr. Abood because those records indicated that the lower-back surgery was not related to the accident but was necessitated by a preexisting lower-back injury and degenerative condition. On appeal, we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion by admitting Vandercook's testimony regarding her claims log and by admitting as lay opinion testimony under MRE 701 her initial conclusion that Debra had suffered a threshold injury. Though Vandercook is not a doctor, she testified that she had significant experience in reviewing medical documentation for defendant, she had approved payment of approximately 100 automobile-accident claims, and she had approved payment of those claims after determining that the insured had suffered a serious impairment of body function. MRE 701 provides: *90 If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness' testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony or the determination of a fact in issue. Because Vandercook's testimony was based on her review of medical records in the ordinary course of her employment, the opinion expressed in her claims log *700 was rationally based on her perceptions, and it was helpful to a clear understanding of her trial testimony and to the determination whether Debra suffered a serious impairment of body function. Though this is certainly a close evidentiary decision, our review of this matter is limited to whether the trial court abused its discretion, and we cannot conclude on the record before us that the trial court's decision on this close evidentiary decision fell outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. See Hecht , 499 Mich. at 604 , 886 N.W.2d 135 ; Golochowicz , 413 Mich. at 322 , 319 N.W.2d 518 . But even if the trial court should not have admitted the adjuster's testimony regarding her claims log and initial conclusions, defendant failed to show that it was more probable than not that the alleged error was outcome-determinative. See Barnett v. Hidalgo , 478 Mich. 151 , 172, 732 N.W.2d 472 (2007) ; MCR 2.613(A). On cross-examination, Vandercook detailed the meaning of her note. Vandercook testified that she wrote the note under the assumption that Debra's injuries were related to the accident. She clarified that her initial assessment was made before receiving Debra's medical files from Dr. Abood and that she changed her opinion after reviewing those files. The files showed that Debra had a history of lower-back pain that was severely aggravated two months before the accident at issue. Given Vandercook's explanation, the jury was not left *91 with the impression that the note in her claims log reflected her final assessment of whether Debra's condition resulted from the accident and qualified as a serious impairment of body function, and defendant has failed to otherwise establish that it was more probable than not that the alleged error was outcome-determinative. Defendant also argues that Vandercook's testimony was inadmissible because the existence of a threshold injury is a legal conclusion, and witness testimony regarding a legal conclusion is improper. However, the authority relied on by defendant for this assertion provides that "[t]estimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact." Downie v. Kent Prod., Inc , 420 Mich. 197 , 204-205, 362 N.W.2d 605 (1984), (quotation marks and citation omitted). "The admissibility of such a statement should not be questioned merely because the determination of liability may turn on whether the jury believes or disbelieves that opinion." Id . at 206, 362 N.W.2d 605 . Vandercook's claims-log entry, wherein she expressed the opinion that Debra had suffered a serious impairment of body function, was not rendered inadmissible simply because the jury may have believed Vandercook's initial evaluation of the seriousness and extent of Debra's injuries. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court's denial of defendant's motion for a new trial, which was based on the allegedly improper admission of Vandercook's testimony, was not an abuse of discretion. Lastly, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding attorney fees to plaintiffs under the offer-of-judgment rule in MCR 2.405(D)(1). *92 We disagree. "We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court's award of attorney fees and costs." Smith v. Khouri , 481 Mich. 519 , 526, 751 N.W.2d 472 (2008). "An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court's decision is outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes." Id . Before trial, the parties participated in case evaluation, which resulted in a nonunanimous award. Defendant filed an offer of judgment for $10,000 with respect to David and $50,000 with respect to Debra. Plaintiffs filed counteroffers of judgment *701 for $150,000 with respect to David and $200,000 with respect to Debra. MCR 2.405. None of the offers of judgment was accepted. The average offer of judgment was $80,000 with respect to David and $125,000 with respect to Debra. Following a four-day jury trial in which verdicts were rendered in favor of both plaintiffs, the trial court entered an award of $179,481.65 for David and $1,324,112.68 for Debra. On July 20, 2016, plaintiffs moved for an award of attorney fees under MCR 2.405(D)(1). Plaintiffs requested $135,650 in attorney fees and $15,465.67 in taxable costs. Defendant opposed the motion, arguing that the trial court should decline to award attorney fees pursuant to the "interest of justice" exception set forth in MCR 2.405(D)(3). MCR 2.405(D) provides, in pertinent part, as follows: Imposition of Costs Following Rejection of Offer. If an offer is rejected, costs are payable as follows: (1) If the adjusted verdict is more favorable to the offeror than the average offer, the offeree must pay to the offeror the offeror's actual costs incurred in the prosecution or defense of the action. * * * *93 (3) The court shall determine the actual costs incurred. The court may, in the interest of justice, refuse to award an attorney fee under this rule . [Emphasis added.] On December 14, 2016, the trial court entered an order granting in part and denying in part plaintiffs' motion for an award of attorney fees and costs, awarding $120,820 in attorney fees and $7,840.67 in taxable costs. The trial court specifically rejected defendant's argument that the trial court should deny plaintiffs' motion based on the interest-of-justice exception set forth in MCR 2.405(D)(3). The trial court reasoned as follows: After review, this Court finds that the interest of justice exception does not apply in the present case because the public policy of litigating the legal issues of first impression in this case do not override the weight of MCR 2.405 in promoting a just, speedy, and economical determination of every action. MCR 1.105. Additionally, the issues of first impression were litigated and decided prior to the Counteroffers of Judgment. The only fee requested for time expended on those issues was 3.80 hours utilized on a Motion for Reconsideration of the Court's March 14, 2016 Order Excluding Evidence of the Prior Settlement Amount and the UIM Policy Limits, by Plaintiffs' counsel, Mr. Nolan, on April 4, 2016 for a total of $2,280.00. The Motion for Reconsideration was denied by the Court in an Order dated April 5, 2016. Further, Plaintiffs' requested attorney fees only began to accrue on March 22, 2016, which was 21 days after the Counteroffers of Judgment were filed with the Court; therefore, Defendant had expressly rejected the Counteroffers of Judgment at that time pursuant to MCR 2.405(C) and all requested attorney fees, except the $2,280.00 expended on the Motion for Reconsideration, were actually necessitated by Defendant's refusal to accept the Counteroffers of Judgment. Thus, Plaintiffs are entitled to their actual fees including attorney fees less the $2,280.00 pursuant to MCR 2.405(D)(1). *94 "The purpose of MCR 2.405 is to encourage parties to settle matters prior to trial." Sanders v. Monical Machinery Co , 163 Mich.App. 689 , 693, 415 N.W.2d 276 (1987). In Sanders , this Court stated that MCR 2.405(D)"should, in our opinion, be routinely enforced and attorney fees granted." Id . at 692, 415 N.W.2d 276 . Therefore, a grant of attorney fees under MCR 2.405(D)"should be the rule rather *702 than the exception." Butzer v. Camelot Hall Convalescent Centre, Inc. (After Remand) , 201 Mich.App. 275 , 278, 505 N.W.2d 862 (1993). "To conclude otherwise would be to expand the 'interest of justice' exception to the point where it would render the rule ineffective." Id . at 278-279, 505 N.W.2d 862 . "What constitutes 'in the interest of justice' must be decided on a case-by-case basis." Lamson v. Martin , (After Remand) , 216 Mich.App. 452 , 463, 549 N.W.2d 878 (1996). Defendant relies on Luidens v. 63rd Dist. Court , 219 Mich.App. 24 , 35, 555 N.W.2d 709 (1996), for the assertion that "a case involving a legal issue of first impression or a case involving an issue of public interest that should be litigated are examples of unusual circumstances in which it might be in the 'interest of justice' not to award attorney fees under MCR 2.405." However, defendant admits in its appellate brief in Docket No. 336351 that "[t]he central issue at trial was whether the Plaintiffs suffered 'threshold injuries' as a result of the at-fault driver's negligence." There was no issue of first impression related to the question of whether either plaintiff suffered a serious impairment of body function. Further, there was no issue of first impression as to the discoverability of the insurance adjuster's claims log, the admissibility of testimony concerning the contents of that claims log, or the admissibility of the adjuster's testimony regarding her initial conclusion that Debra had suffered a serious impairment of body *95 function. The only legal issue that the trial court described as an issue of first impression was the question of whether, in a UIM case, the amount of the UIM policy limits should be admitted into evidence. The trial court resolved that issue in defendant's favor by ruling that the amounts in plaintiffs' UIM policy were not admissible at trial. Therefore, the issue of first impression did not affect the jury's decision that both plaintiffs had suffered a serious impairment of body function, nor did it affect the jury's decision to award plaintiffs damages. Defendant argues that the issue of first impression regarding the admissibility of the UIM policy limits affected the settlement value of the case and therefore affected the offers of judgment. However, at the time the offers and counteroffers of judgment were made, both defendant's counsel and plaintiffs' counsel stated on the record that they believed the maximum amount each plaintiff could recover from defendant pursuant to the UIM policy was $200,000. Therefore, the admissibility of the UIM policy limits clearly did not affect the settlement value of the case for purposes of the offers and counteroffers of judgment. Accordingly, plaintiffs still qualify for an award of attorney fees under MCR 2.405(D)(1), 9 and we affirm the trial court's award of attorney fees to plaintiffs. The trial court's judgment at issue in Docket No. 334157 is reversed in part, and the case is remanded to the trial court to enter judgment in favor of Debra and against defendant in the amount of $200,000. In all other respects, the orders at issue in *96 Docket Nos. 334157 and 336351 are affirmed. No taxable costs pursuant to MCR 7.219 are awarded, neither party having prevailed in full. BECKERING, P.J., and CAMERON, J., concurred with O'BRIEN, J. Footnotes [1] Plaintiffs' complaint named both Progressive Michigan Insurance Company and Progressive Marathon Insurance Company as defendants. Progressive Marathon was dismissed on June 10, 2015, by stipulation of the parties because the insurance policy in effect on the date of plaintiffs' accident was issued to plaintiffs by Progressive Michigan. Progressive Marathon did not participate in this matter at trial or on appeal. Accordingly, as used in this opinion, "defendant" refers to Progressive Michigan. [2] The trial court also entered an award in favor of David Andreson, which defendant does not challenge on appeal. [3] Andreson v. Progressive Michigan Ins. Co. , unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered January 18, 2017 (Docket Nos. 334157 and 336351). [4] Facet injections involve the injection of a local anesthetic into the joint to temporarily deaden a small nerve. This is a diagnostic procedure designed to determine if a patient would benefit from a rhizotomy, a procedure that permanently deadens the same nerve. [5] On the last day of trial, the trial court granted a directed verdict to David pursuant to MCL 500.3135(2)(a)( i ), finding that there was no factual dispute concerning the nature and extent of his injuries and that he had suffered a serious impairment of body function. Defendant does not challenge that ruling on appeal. [6] We acknowledge that there may be a question regarding whether the trial court's decision to enter an award less than the full jury award was contrary to MCR 2.515(B). However, neither party raised this issue on appeal, and in light of our ruling, it is not relevant to the disposition of this case. [7] We recognize that this portion of Tellkamp is arguably dictum. However, even assuming that it is dictum, we adopt this portion of the Tellkamp panel's reasoning as our own. See Gallagher v. Keefe , 232 Mich.App. 363 , 374, 591 N.W.2d 297 (1998). [8] Plaintiffs call our attention to several statements made during the course of trial to support their assertion that defendant waived the UIM policy limits. Some of the statements that plaintiffs highlight were made during the course of trial by a witness who worked for defendant, and others were made by defendant's counsel during opening statements. After reviewing these statements, especially in light of the trial court's ruling that the policy limits were not to be disclosed to the jury, we cannot conclude that the statements amounted to "a voluntary and intentional abandonment of a known right." Quality Prod. & Concepts Co. v. Nagel Precision, Inc. , 469 Mich. 362 , 374, 666 N.W.2d 251 (2003). [9] We note that, even after Debra's award is adjusted to reflect the UIM policy limits, she is still entitled to costs pursuant to MCR 2.405(D)(1).