In Re Orrin S. Anderson

16-2496 In re Orrin S. Anderson 16‐2496 In re Orrin S. Anderson 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 ____________________ [4] 5 August Term, 2017 [6] 7 (Argued: October 11, 2017 Decided: March 7, 2018) [8] 9 Docket No. 16‐2496 [10] 11 ____________________ [12] 13 IN RE: ORRIN S. ANDERSON, AKA ORRIN S. ANDERSON, 14 AKA ORINN SCOTT ANDERSON, [15] 16 Debtor, 17 ____________________ [19] 20 ORRIN S. ANDERSON, on behalf of himself and all others 21 similarly situated, AKA ORINN SCOTT ANDERSON [22] 23 Plaintiff‐Appellee, [24] 25 v. [26] 27 CREDIT ONE BANK, N.A., [28] 29 Defendant‐Appellant. [30] 31 ____________________ [32] 1 Before: POOLER and DRONEY, Circuit Judges, and RAMOS,1 District Judge. [2] 3 Credit One Bank, N.A. appeals from an order of the United States District 4 Court for the Southern District of New York (Nelson S. Román, J.), affirming the 5 decision of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New 6 York (Robert D. Drain, Bankr. J.) denying Credit One’s motion to compel 7 arbitration. Credit One sought to compel arbitration on the basis of a clause in 8 the cardholder agreement between Credit One and Anderson. The bankruptcy 9 court denied that motion, holding that Anderson’s claims implicated core 10 bankruptcy proceedings and that arbitration would present an inherent conflict 11 with the congressional intent underlying the Bankruptcy Code. Credit One was 12 entitled to an immediate appeal of the bankruptcy court’s decision pursuant to 13 the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 16 (a)(1)(A). The district court affirmed the 14 decision of the bankruptcy court, for substantially the same reasons. 15 On appeal, we conclude that Anderson’s claim is not arbitrable. The 16 parties now agree that the dispute concerns a core bankruptcy proceeding, so our 17 sole inquiry is whether arbitrating the matter would present an inherent conflict Judge Edgardo Ramos, United States District Court for the Southern District of [1] New York, sitting by designation. [2] 1 with the goals of the Bankruptcy Code. We carefully consider the particular facts 2 of this case in light of the expressed congressional preference for arbitration and 3 conclude that Anderson’s claims present an inherent conflict between arbitration 4 and the Bankruptcy Code. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in 5 denying the motion to compel arbitration in this case. 6 Affirmed and remanded. 7 ____________________ 8 GEORGE F. CARPINELLO, Boies, Schiller & Flexner 9 LLP (Adam R. Shaw, Anne M. Nardacci, and Jenna C. 10 Smith, on the brief), Albany, NY, for Plaintiff‐Appellee. [11] 12 Charles Juntikka, New York, NY, for Plaintiff‐Appellee 13 (on the brief). [14] 15 NOAH A. LEVINE, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and 16 Dorr, LLP (Alan E. Schoenfeld, on the brief), New York, 17 NY, for Defendant‐Appellant. [18] 19 Michael David Slodov, Chagrin Falls, OH, for Defendant‐ 20 Appellant. [21] 22 Evan M. Tager, Charles E. Harris, II, Mayer Brown LLP, 23 Washington, D.C. and Kate Comerford Todd, Warren 24 Postman, U.S. Chamber Litigation Center, for amicus 25 curiae Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America 26 in support of Defendant‐Appellant Credit One Bank, N.A. [3] 1 Tara Twomey, National Consumer Bankruptcy Rights 2 Center, San Jose, CA for amici curiae Professors Ralph 3 Brubaker, Robert M. Lawless, and Bruce A. Markell in 4 support of Plaintiff‐Appellee Orrin S. Anderson. [5] 6 POOLER, Circuit Judge: 7 Orrin Anderson was a credit card holder with a predecessor in interest of 8 Credit One Bank, N.A. (“Credit One”). In March 2012, Credit One “charged off” 9 Anderson’s delinquent debt, which means the bank changed the outstanding 10 debt from a receivable to a loss in its own accounting books. It then sold 11 Anderson’s debt to a third‐party buyer. Credit One reported the change in the 12 debt’s status to Equifax, Experian, and Transunion, indicating both that the bank 13 had made the internal accounting change and that the debt remained unpaid. In 14 2014, Anderson filed a voluntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition and on May 6, 15 2014, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York 16 (Drain, Bankr. J.) entered a Discharge of Debtor Order of Final Decree (“discharge 17 order”) providing that Anderson was released from all dischargeable debts and 18 closing Anderson’s Chapter 7 case. 19 Anderson’s claim arises from Credit One’s subsequent refusal to remove 20 the charge‐off notation on Anderson’s credit reports. In December 2014, the [4] 1 bankruptcy court permitted Anderson to reopen his bankruptcy proceeding to 2 file a putative class action complaint against Credit One. Anderson alleges that 3 Credit One’s refusal to change his credit report is an attempt to coerce Anderson 4 into paying a debt that has already been discharged through bankruptcy, which 5 is a violation of the bankruptcy court’s discharge injunction. Credit One moved 6 to stay the proceedings and initiate arbitration in accordance with an arbitration 7 clause in Anderson’s cardholder agreement with the bank. The bankruptcy court 8 held that Anderson’s claim was non‐arbitrable because it was a core bankruptcy 9 proceeding that went to the heart of the “fresh start” guaranteed to debtors 10 under the Bankruptcy Code. Credit One filed an interlocutory appeal of that 11 ruling, as is its right under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. § 12 16(a)(1)(A). The United States District Court for the Southern District of New 13 York (Nelson S. Román, J.) agreed with the bankruptcy court. 14 The parties agree that the issues raised concern “core” bankruptcy 15 proceedings and arguments regarding legislative history and statutory text were 16 not raised below. Accordingly, we need only inquire whether arbitration of 17 Anderson’s claim presents the sort of inherent conflict with the Bankruptcy Code 18 that would overcome the strong congressional preference for arbitration. We [5] 1 agree with both lower courts that Anderson’s complaint is non‐arbitrable. The 2 successful discharge of debt is not merely important to the Bankruptcy Code, it is 3 its principal goal. An attempt to coerce debtors to pay a discharged debt is thus 4 an attempt to undo the effect of the discharge order and the bankruptcy 5 proceeding itself. Because the issue strikes at the heart of the bankruptcy court’s 6 unique powers to enforce its own orders, we affirm the district court decision 7 below. 8 BACKGROUND 9 In October 2002, Orrin Anderson opened a credit card account with First 10 National Bank of Marin, a predecessor in interest to Credit One. Anderson’s 11 cardholder agreement contained an arbitration clause. Specifically, the 12 arbitration agreement provided that “either [Anderson] or [Credit One] may, 13 without the other’s consent, require that any controversy or dispute . . . be 14 submitted to mandatory, binding arbitration.” App’x at 426. 15 In September 2011, Anderson’s Credit One credit card account became 16 delinquent and it remained so until March 2012, when Credit One “charged off” [6] 1 Anderson’s account, reclassifying Anderson’s debt from a receivable to a loss.2 In 2 May 2012, Credit One sold Anderson’s account to a third‐party debt buyer. 3 Credit One then reported the charge‐off and the sale of the debt to the three 4 major consumer credit reporting agencies Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. 5 On January 31, 2014, Anderson filed a voluntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy 6 petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New 7 York. On May 6, 2014, the bankruptcy court entered an order discharging all of 8 Anderson’s dischargeable debts and closing his Chapter 7 case. 9 In September 2014, Anderson contacted Credit One and asked it to remove 10 the charge‐off from his credit reports since the Credit One debt had been 11 discharged in his bankruptcy proceeding. Credit One refused to contact the 12 credit reporting agencies to correct the alleged error on Anderson’s credit report. 13 In October 2014, Anderson moved the bankruptcy court to reopen his case in 14 order to pursue Credit One’s “alleged violations of [Anderson’s] discharge 15 injunction.” App’x at 94. In December 2014, the bankruptcy court granted 2 Federal regulations require banks to “charge off” debt that is past due by over 180 days. Uniform Retail Credit Classification and Account Management Policy, 65 Fed. Reg. 36,903 , 36,904 (June 12, 2000) (“[O]pen‐end retail loans that become past due 180 cumulative days from the contractual due date should be classified Loss and charged off”). [7] 1 Anderson’s motion to reopen. Anderson thereafter filed an amended class action 2 complaint in the bankruptcy court alleging that Credit One violated 11 U.S.C. 3 § 524(a)(2) by “knowingly and willfully failing to update the credit reports of 4 [c]lass [m]embers to signify the debts owing to [Credit One] have been 5 discharged in bankruptcy.” App’x at 398. In essence, Anderson alleged that 6 Credit One refused to update the credit reporting agencies regarding the 7 discharged debt in an effort to coerce payment on the discharged debt in 8 violation of the Section 524 discharge injunction. 9 In March 2015, Credit One moved to compel arbitration pursuant to the 10 terms of the cardholder agreement and to stay the bankruptcy proceeding. The 11 bankruptcy court held a hearing on May 5 and denied the motion nine days later. 12 Less than a month later, in June 2015, Credit One filed an interlocutory appeal of 13 the bankruptcy court’s denial of its motion to compel arbitration. The district 14 court affirmed the decision of the bankruptcy court a year later in June 2016. 15 Credit One timely filed its notice of appeal on July 13, 2016 and amended it on 16 July 26, 2016. 17 Oral argument was held in this case on October 11, 2017, and thereafter we 18 asked the parties to submit supplemental briefs on the issue of mootness, given [8] 1 Credit One’s stipulation that it would update the credit reports of Anderson and 2 other consumers. The parties submitted supplemental briefs on October 23, 2017. 3 We agree with both parties that the stipulation does not moot the appeal because 4 the question presented and the relief sought both remain unsettled, such that we 5 retain jurisdiction under Article III’s “case” or “controversy” requirement. U.S. 6 Const. Art. III, § 2. We thus proceed to consider the merits of the appeal. 7 DISCUSSION 8 I. Standard of Review 9 We begin by clarifying the standard of review, which we acknowledge has 10 been inconsistently or imprecisely applied by this Court. Bankruptcy court 11 decisions are subject to appellate review in the first instance by the district court, 12 pursuant to the statutory scheme articulated in 28 U.S.C. § 158 . The same section 13 of the code grants jurisdiction to the circuit courts to hear appeals from the 14 orders of the district court. 28 U.S.C. § 158 (d). Because this scheme requires 15 district courts to operate as appellate courts, we engage in plenary, or de novo, 16 review of the district court decision. In re Manville Forest Prod’s Corp., 896 F.2d 17 1384, 1388 (2d Cir. 1990). We then apply the same standard of review employed 18 by the district court to the decision of the bankruptcy court. Accordingly, we [9] 1 review the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear error and its legal 2 determinations de novo. In re U.S. Lines, Inc., 197 F.3d 631 , 640‐41 (2d Cir. 1999). 3 Our review procedure is further dictated by the specific question posed in 4 this case, namely, whether arbitration may be compelled in this bankruptcy 5 proceeding. That decision requires the bankruptcy court to determine first 6 whether the issue involves a “core” or “non‐core” proceeding, a distinction we 7 explain in more detail below (infra, section II). If the proceeding is “non‐core,” 8 “bankruptcy courts generally must stay” the proceedings “in favor of 9 arbitration.” In re Crysen/Montenay Energy Co., 226 F.3d 160, 166 (2d Cir. 2000). If 10 the matter involves a core proceeding, the bankruptcy court is tasked with 11 engaging in a “particularized inquiry into the nature of the claim and the facts of 12 the specific bankruptcy.” MBNA America Bank, N.A. v. Hill, 436 F.3d 104, 108 (2d 13 Cir. 2006). If the bankruptcy court determines that arbitration would create a 14 “severe conflict” with the purposes of the Bankruptcy Code, it has discretion to 15 conclude that “Congress intended to override the Arbitration Act’s general 16 policy favoring the enforcement of arbitration agreements.” Id. 17 We agree with the district court that the bankruptcy court’s discretion to 18 stay the proceedings may only be exercised if it properly assessed the factors [10] 1 related to the analysis of a potential inherent conflict between arbitration and the 2 bankruptcy proceeding. In re Anderson, 553 B.R. 221, 226 (S.D.N.Y. 2016). 3 Accordingly, we engage in de novo review of the bankruptcy court’s 4 determinations of whether the proceeding is core or non‐core and whether 5 arbitration would present the sort of “severe conflict” with the Bankruptcy Code 6 that would make arbitration inappropriate. Hill, 436 F.3d at 108 . If we find that 7 the bankruptcy court’s legal analysis was correct, we review its decision to either 8 stay the proceedings or decline to enforce the arbitration agreement for abuse of 9 discretion. In re U.S. Lines, Inc., 197 F.3d at 641. 10 In sum, we engage in clear error review of the bankruptcy court’s findings 11 of fact and de novo review of its legal conclusions, including the core/non‐core 12 and inherent conflict determinations. If an inherent conflict was properly found, 13 we review the decision of whether to enforce the arbitration agreement under the 14 deferential abuse of discretion standard. 15 II. Core or Non‐Core Bankruptcy Proceedings 16 In 28 U.S.C. § 157 (b)(2), Congress articulated “a nonexclusive list of 16 17 types of proceedings” that it considers “core” to the power of the bankruptcy 18 court. Wellness Intern. Network, Ltd. V. Sharif, 135 S. Ct. 1932 , 1940 (2015). [11] 1 Proceedings that are “core” are those that involve “more pressing bankruptcy 2 concerns.” In re U.S. Lines, Inc., 197 F.3d at 640. We have previously held that 3 “[b]ankruptcy courts are more likely to have discretion to refuse to compel 4 arbitration of core bankruptcy matters.” Hill, 436 F.3d at 108 . 5 The parties now agree that Anderson’s claim is a “core” proceeding. 6 Accordingly, we turn to the second step of our analysis to assess whether 7 Congress intended for this statutory right to be non‐arbitrable, such that the 8 bankruptcy court had the discretion to refuse to compel arbitration in this core 9 bankruptcy proceeding. 10 III. Congressional Intent 11 The Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., “establishes a federal 12 policy favoring arbitration.” Shearson/American Exp., Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 13 220, 226 (1987) (internal quotation marks omitted). This preference, however, is 14 not absolute. “Like any statutory directive, the Arbitration Act’s mandate may be 15 overridden by a contrary congressional command.” Id., 482 U.S. at 226. In 16 McMahon, the Supreme Court explained that “[t]he burden is on the party 17 opposing arbitration . . . to show that Congress intended to preclude a waiver of 18 judicial remedies for the statutory rights at issue.” Id. at 227. Congressional intent [12] 1 may be discerned through the “text or legislative history, or from an inherent 2 conflict between arbitration and the statute’s underlying purposes.” Id. (internal 3 quotation marks and citation omitted). 4 Though Credit One argues on appeal that intent may be discerned through 5 the text and legislative history, these arguments were not raised by either party 6 below. In re Anderson, 553 B.R. at 227 n. 3. “It is well settled that arguments not 7 presented to the district court are considered waived and generally will not be 8 considered for the first time on appeal.” Anderson Group, LLC v. City of Saratoga 9 Springs, 805 F.3d 34, 50 (2d Cir. 2015). That doctrine is, of course, “entirely 10 prudential” and we are free to consider the arguments if doing so is “necessary 11 to avoid a manifest injustice.” Id. (quoting In re Nortel Networks Corp. Sec. Litig., [12] 539 F.3d 129, 132 (2d Cir. 2008)). However, ”the circumstances normally do not 13 militate in favor of an exercise of discretion to address . . . new arguments on 14 appeal where those arguments were available to the parties below and they 15 proffer no reason for their failure to raise the arguments below.” In re Nortel, 539 16 F.3d at 133 (internal brackets and quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we 17 decline to consider this new argument, which did not benefit from the analysis of [13] 1 the courts below. We need only consider whether there is an “inherent conflict 2 between arbitration” and the Bankruptcy Code. McMahon, 482 U.S. at 227. 3 In order to determine whether enforcement of an arbitration agreement 4 would present an inherent conflict with the Bankruptcy Code, we must engage in 5 a 6 particularized inquiry into the nature of the claim and the facts of the 7 specific bankruptcy. The objectives of the Bankruptcy Code relevant to this 8 inquiry include the goal of centralized resolution of purely bankruptcy 9 issues, the need to protect creditors and reorganizing debtors from 10 piecemeal litigation, and the undisputed power of a bankruptcy court to 11 enforce its own orders. 12 Hill, 436 F.3d at 108 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 13 Anderson’s complaint alleges that Credit One violated Section 524(a)(2) of 14 the Bankruptcy Code when it refused to update the credit reports of Anderson 15 and other similarly situated discharged debtors. Section 524(a)(2) explains that a 16 bankruptcy discharge 17 operates as an injunction against the commencement or continuation of an 18 action, the employment of process, or an act, to collect, recover or offset 19 any such debt as a personal liability of the debtor, whether or not 20 discharge of such debt is waived. [21] 11 U.S.C. § 524 (a)(2). Anderson specifically alleges that Credit One’s refusal 22 reflected “a policy of not updating credit information for debts that are [14] 1 discharged in bankruptcy for the purpose of collecting such discharged debt.” 2 App’x at 384. Anderson has alleged that debt marked as “charged off” rather 3 than “discharged” is more valuable to third‐party debt buyers, who believe 4 debtors will be compelled to pay the discharged debt in order to clear this 5 negative item from their credit reports. This behavior is alleged to occur across a 6 class of debtors. 7 It is well established that the discharge is the foundation upon which all 8 other portions of the Bankruptcy Code are built. We have observed that 9 “[b]ankruptcy allows honest but unfortunate debtors an opportunity to reorder 10 their financial affairs and get a fresh start. This is accomplished through the 11 statutory discharge of preexisting debts.“ In re DeTrano, 326 F.3d 319, 322 (2d Cir. 12 2003) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). We have previously 13 described the “fresh start” procured by discharge as the “central purpose of the 14 bankruptcy code” as shaped by Congress, permitting debtors to obtain a “fresh 15 start in life and a clear field unburdened by the existence of old debts.” In re 16 Bogdanovich, 292 F.3d 104 , 107 (2d Cir. 2002). The “fresh start” is only possible if 17 the discharge injunction crafted by Congress and issued by the bankruptcy court 18 is fully heeded by creditors and prevents their further collection efforts. [15] 1 Violations of the injunction damage the foundation on which the debtor’s fresh 2 start is built. 3 Following the logic of U.S. Lines and Hill, we find that arbitration of a 4 claim based on an alleged violation of Section 524(a)(2) would “seriously 5 jeopardize a particular core bankruptcy proceeding.” In re U.S. Lines, Inc., 197 6 F.3d at 641. We come to this conclusion because 1) the discharge injunction is 7 integral to the bankruptcy court’s ability to provide debtors with the fresh start 8 that is the very purpose of the Code; 2) the claim regards an ongoing bankruptcy 9 matter that requires continuing court supervision; and 3) the equitable powers of 10 the bankruptcy court to enforce its own injunctions are central to the structure of 11 the Code. The fact that Anderson’s claim comes in the form of a putative class 12 action does not undermine this conclusion. 13 First, discharge is the paramount tool used to effectuate the central goal of 14 bankruptcy: providing debtors a fresh financial start. In Hill, we distinguished 15 that claim involving an automatic stay in an already‐closed bankruptcy case 16 from those cases in which courts found the claim to be non‐arbitrable by 17 observing that “Hill’s bankruptcy case is now closed and she has been 18 discharged. Resolution of Hill’s claim against MBNA therefore cannot affect an [16] 1 ongoing reorganization, and arbitration would not conflict with the objectives of 2 the automatic stay.” 436 F.3d at 110 . In the non‐arbitrable cases on the other 3 hand, “resolution of the arbitrable claims directly implicated matters central to 4 the purposes and policies of the Bankruptcy Code.” 436 F.3d at 110 . Because 5 there is no matter more “central to the purposes and policies of the Bankruptcy 6 Code” than the fresh start provided by discharge, arbitration of Anderson’s claim 7 presents an inherent conflict with the Bankruptcy Code. 8 Second, Anderson’s claims center on alleged violations of a discharge 9 injunction that was still eligible for active enforcement. In Hill, we declined to 10 find an inherent conflict where the debtor “no longer require[d] the protection of 11 the stay to ensure her fresh start” because her estate had been fully administered. [12] Id. Anderson alleges the precise opposite in his complaint: the protection of the 13 injunction is absolutely required to ensure his fresh start and he claims that 14 Credit One violated that injunction. Unlike the automatic stay, the discharge 15 injunction is likely to be central to bankruptcy long after the close of proceedings. 16 The automatic stay exists only while bankruptcy proceedings continue to ensure 17 the status quo ante, while the integrity of the discharge must be protected 18 indefinitely. Enforcement of the arbitration agreement in this case would [17] 1 interfere with the fresh start bankruptcy promises debtors, which would create 2 an inherent conflict with the Code. 3 Third, enforcement of injunctions is a crucial pillar of the powers of the 4 bankruptcy courts and central to the statutory scheme. In Hill, we recognized 5 that we must consider “the undisputed power of a bankruptcy court to enforce 6 its own orders” as part of our “particularized inquiry into the nature of the claim 7 and the facts of a specific bankruptcy.” Id. at 108 (quoting Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. 8 NGC Settlement Trust & Asbestos Claims Mgmt. Corp. (In re Natʹl Gypsum Co.), 118 9 F.3d 1056, 1069 (5th Cir.1997)). In that case we determined that the automatic 10 stay “which arises by operation of statutory law” was not “so closely related to 11 an injunction that the bankruptcy court is uniquely able to interpret and enforce 12 its provisions.” Id. at 110. Credit One argues that because the discharge 13 injunction at issue here is based in a statute and executed by the court as a 14 standard form using boilerplate language, the unique powers of the bankruptcy 15 court are not implicated in any meaningful way. We disagree. Though the 16 discharge injunction itself is statutory and thus a standard part of every 17 bankruptcy proceeding, the bankruptcy court retains a unique expertise in 18 interpreting its own injunctions and determining when they have been violated. [18] 1 Congress afforded the bankruptcy courts wide latitude to enforce their own 2 orders, specifically granting these specialty courts the power to “issue any order, 3 process, or judgment that is necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions 4 of” the Bankruptcy Code.3 11 U.S.C. § 105 (a). We have previously observed that 5 “[t]he statutory contempt powers given to a bankruptcy court under § 105(a) 6 complement the inherent powers of a federal court to enforce its own orders.” In 7 re Kalikow, 602 F.3d 82, 96 (2d Cir. 2010). Neither the statutory basis of the order 8 nor its similarity—even uniformity—across bankruptcy cases alters the simple 9 fact that the discharge injunction is an order issued by the bankruptcy court and 10 that the bankruptcy court alone possesses the power and unique expertise to 11 enforce it. Indeed, as one set of amici noted in their brief, violations of a 12 discharge injunction simply cannot be described as “claims” subject to 13 arbitration and the typical tools of contract interpretation.4 Instead, violations of 3 Though it is not at issue in this appeal, amici persuasively document the judicial and legislative history of the discharge injunction and argue that “Congress deliberately chose to vest the federal court presiding over a bankruptcy case with injunctive power to enforce the bankruptcy debtor’s discharge.” Amici Curiae Br. for Professors Ralph Brubaker, Robert M. Lawless, and Bruce A. Markell in Support of Appellee (“Amici Professors Br.”) at 5. 4 Amici Professors Br. at 12‐18. [19] 1 this court‐ordered injunction are enforceable only by the bankruptcy court and 2 only by a contempt citation. 3 The power to enforce an injunction is complementary to the duty to obey 4 the injunction, which the Supreme Court has described as a duty borne out of 5 “respect for judicial process.” GTE Sylvania, Inc. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., [6] 445 U.S. 375, 387 (1980) (internal quotation marks omitted). That same respect for 7 judicial process requires us to hold that the bankruptcy court alone has the 8 power to enforce the discharge injunction in Section 524. Arbitration of the claim 9 would thus present an inherent conflict with the Bankruptcy Code. 10 Finally, we observe that the class action nature of this case does not alter 11 our analysis. In Hill, we determined that the posture of the claim as a putative 12 class action cut against Hill’s argument that her claim was “integral to her 13 individual bankruptcy proceeding.” Hill, 436 F.3d at 110 . We have already 14 established that the discharge injunction at issue here is absolutely integral to the 15 fresh start assured by Anderson’s bankruptcy proceeding. We further observe 16 that the procedural posture of Hill’s case—a claim for a violation of the 17 automatic stay long after that stay had been rendered moot by the closing of her 18 bankruptcy case—undercut the claimed class action in a way that is not relevant [20] 1 to Anderson’s claim. We observed that like the plaintiff herself, many of Hill’s 2 putative class members were “no longer in bankruptcy proceedings” and that the 3 effort to tie her claim to this larger amorphous class suggested a “lack of close 4 connection” between her claim and the underlying bankruptcy case. Id. Again, 5 the facts of Anderson’s case are easily distinguished. Unlike violations of stays 6 that are already mooted by the conclusion of bankruptcy proceedings, where the 7 putative class members are all allegedly victims of willful violations of the 8 discharge injunction issued by the bankruptcy court there is a continuing 9 disruption of the debtors’ ability to obtain their fresh starts. 10 IV. Discretion to Decline to Enforce Arbitration Agreement 11 Because we determine there is an inherent conflict between arbitration of 12 Anderson’s claim and the Bankruptcy Code, we must also assess whether the 13 bankruptcy court abused its discretion in declining to enforce the arbitration 14 agreement. 15 We find that the bankruptcy court “properly considered the conflicting 16 policies in accordance with law.” In re U.S. Lines, Inc., 197 F.3d at 641. 17 Accordingly, “we acknowledge its exercise of discretion and show due deference 18 to its determination that arbitration will seriously jeopardize a particular core [21] 1 bankruptcy proceeding.” Id. We hold that the bankruptcy court did not abuse its 2 discretion by denying Credit One’s motion to compel arbitration in this case. 3 CONCLUSION 4 For the foregoing reasons, we hereby AFFIRM the order of the district 5 court and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.