Baker v. Endeavor Servs., Inc.

1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 Opinion Number: 3 Filing Date: September 6, 2018 4 NO. S-1-SC-36651 5 CASEY R. BAKER, 6 Worker-Petitioner, 7 v. 8 ENDEAVOR SERVICES, INC. and 9 GREAT WEST CASUALTY COMPANY, 10 Employer/Insurer-Respondents. 11 ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI 12 Terry S. Kramer, Workers’ Compensation Judge 13 Gerald A. Hanrahan 14 Albuquerque, NM 15 for Petitioner 16 Kelly A. Genova, P.C. 17 Kelly A. Genova 18 Albuquerque, NM 19 for Respondents 1 OPINION 2 CLINGMAN, Justice. 3 {1} Casey R. Baker (Worker) appeals the decision by the Workers’ Compensation 4 Administration denying his request that Endeavor Services, Inc. and Great West 5 Casualty Company (Employer) pay 100% of Worker’s attorney fees pursuant to the 6 fee-shifting provision set forth in NMSA 1978, Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003, 7 amended 2013). At issue is whether Worker made an offer of judgment that was 8 sufficient to trigger the fee-shifting provision. Worker’s offer of judgment put 9 Employer on notice that Worker was proposing an unambiguous partial settlement 10 and that Worker intended to invoke the fee-shifting statute. We conclude that Worker 11 made a valid offer under Section 52-1-54(F) (2003) and hold that the workers’ 12 compensation judge erred as a matter of law by declining to apply the mandatory fee- 13 shifting provision. We therefore reverse and remand. 14 I. DEFICIENCIES IN THE RECORD PROPER 15 {2} It is the duty of this Court to decide the cases before it if the factual record is 16 sufficient to do so. The record proper before this Court is lacking in a number of 17 ways. However, requiring a perfect record would mean this Court would rarely decide 18 any cases. The parties in this case do not dispute the factual findings of the workers’ 19 compensation judge, but rather the parties dispute the judge’s application of the law 1 to the facts. Unchallenged findings of fact are binding on this Court. State ex rel. 2 State Highway Comm’n v. Sherman, 1971-NMSC-009 , ¶¶ 2-3, 82 N.M. 316 , 481 P.2d 3 104; State ex rel. Thornton v. Hesselden Construction Co., 1969-NMSC-036 ¶ 4 , 80 4 N.M. 121 , 452 P.2d 190 (“[F]ailing to challenge any one of the trial court’s 5 findings . . . , [a party] is bound by the findings.”); Gallegos v. Kennedy, 1968- 6 NMSC-170, ¶ 6, 79 N.M. 590 , 446 P.2d 642 (“Unchallenged findings are the facts 7 upon which the case rests on appeal and are binding on this court.”). “Unless findings 8 are directly attacked, they are the facts in this court, and a party claiming error on the 9 part of the trial court must be able to point clearly to the alleged error.” Sherman, [10] 1971-NMSC-009 , ¶¶ 2-3 (citing Morris v. Merchant, 1967-NMSC-026 , ¶ 21, 77 N.M. 11 411, 423 P.2d 606 ). Nowhere in the brief in chief, answer brief, or reply brief do the 12 parties challenge the legitimacy of the facts presented. Instead, the parties dispute the 13 analysis by the workers’ compensation judge of the offer of judgment and the judge’s 14 application of Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003) to the offer. We conclude that sufficient 15 factual certainty exists in the record before us to decide this case. 16 II. BACKGROUND 17 {3} Worker suffered injuries as a result of a compensable motor vehicle accident 18 on October 14, 2011. On January 9, 2012, Worker filed his first workers’ [2] 1 compensation complaint, seeking medical benefits, temporary total disability (TTD) 2 benefits, and attorney fees. The parties participated in a mediation conference on 3 February 17, 2012, and both parties accepted the mediator’s recommended resolution 4 of Worker’s first complaint. However, a number of issues remained unresolved, 5 including the total amount of Worker’s medical expenses, Worker’s preinjury weekly 6 wage, and the compensation rate to which Worker was entitled. These issues 7 remained unresolved until December 21, 2016, following a trial on the merits. 8 {4} On July 22, 2013, Dr. Balkman assessed Worker to determine whether he had 9 reached his maximum medical improvement (MMI). See NMSA 1978, § 52-1-24.1 10 (1990) (“As used in the Workers’ Compensation Act, ‘date of maximum medical 11 improvement’ means the date after which further recovery from or lasting 12 improvement to an injury can no longer be reasonably anticipated based upon 13 reasonable medical probability as determined by a health care provider.”). Once a 14 medical care provider, like Dr. Balkman, finds a worker to be at MMI, the healing 15 process is deemed complete, see id., and the worker’s permanent physical impairment 16 can be assessed. See NMSA 1978, § 52-1-26 (1990, amended 2017); Smith v. Cutler 17 Repaving, 1999-NMCA-030, ¶ 10 , 126 N.M. 725 , 974 P.2d 1182 (“Key to 18 determining MMI is ‘expert medical testimony’ regarding whether the injured worker [3] 1 ‘is more likely than not’ to recover further.” (citation omitted)). A medical care 2 provider quantifies the worker’s permanent impairment into a percentage and, from 3 that percentage, the worker’s permanent partial disability (PPD) is calculated. See 4 NMSA 1978, § 52-1-26.1 (1990); NMSA 1978, § 52-1-26.4(D) (2003). Dr. Balkman 5 found Worker to be at MMI with an associated whole person impairment (WPI) 6 rating of only 5%. 7 {5} Employer accepted these findings and immediately began paying benefits in 8 accordance with the July 22, 2013, MMI date and the 5% WPI rating. Dr. Balkman’s 9 findings had the effect of limiting Worker’s available compensation, paid via PPD, 10 to significantly less than what Worker believed he was entitled to. Worker contested 11 Dr. Balkman’s findings, arguing that he had not reached MMI and was entitled to 12 continued payment of TTD benefits, rather than PPD benefits. Ultimately Worker 13 argued that he had not reached MMI on July 22, 2013, counter to Dr. Balkman’s 14 findings, and in the future when he did reach MMI, he would be entitled to a WPI 15 rating of 37%. Dr. Balkman later amended her findings on May 19, 2014, and 16 determined Worker to have a WPI of 13% but did not change the date of MMI nor 17 agree with Worker’s assertion that his injuries warranted a 37% WPI rating. 18 {6} On June 24, 2014, Worker was involved in a second motor vehicle accident, [4] 1 a rear end collision, when he was driving from his home to Dr. Balkman’s office to 2 be treated for the injuries stemming from his October 14, 2011, accident. Following 3 the second accident, Worker filed a second workers’ compensation complaint 4 concerning many of the issues that remained unresolved from the first complaint. A 5 second mediation occurred on September 4, 2014. Employer rejected the mediator’s 6 recommendations. The parties continued to litigate the implications of the second 7 accident, the date of MMI, Worker’s WPI, and the compensation to which Worker 8 was entitled. 9 {7} On June 18, 2015, Employer changed Worker’s treating physician to Dr. 10 Reeve. Employer did not authorize Dr. Reeve to provide a second impairment 11 assessment, reasoning that Dr. Balkman’s assessment was sufficient. 12 {8} On November 11, 2015, Worker served Employer with an offer of judgment. 13 In the offer of judgment, Worker included four relevant terms to settle the case:1 14 [1] . . . Worker’s weekly payment rate shall be $629.11 . . . . 15 [2] Worker’s work-related injuries and conditions have not reached 16 [MMI]. 17 [3] Pursuant to [NMSA 1978,] § 52-1-25.1 [(2005), amended 2017)], [1] 19 Although Worker failed to include the offer of judgment in the record before 20 this Court, Employer does not dispute that Worker’s brief in chief accurately sets 21 forth the terms of the offer. [5] 1 Worker is entitled to [TTD] benefits from October 14, 2011, and 2 continuing until MMI is reached in the future for all work-related 3 injuries and conditions. 4 [4] Employer . . . shall forthwith issue payment of arrears to bring 5 Worker’s TTD benefits current at the rate of $629.11 per week, 6 less $100.00. [Employer is] entitled to a credit for all indemnity 7 payments made to date to Worker, plus $100.00. 8 Additionally, Worker offered to split his attorney fees equally with Employer. 9 Thereafter, the workers’ compensation judge scheduled a settlement conference for 10 February 1, 2016. Employer rejected Worker’s offer of judgment. 11 {9} The parties failed to reach a settlement and proceeded to trial on December 14, 12 2016. About a week before trial, Worker’s attorney paid the $3,219.48 cost of a 13 second impairment assessment by Dr. Reeve. Contrary to Dr. Balkman’s findings, Dr. 14 Reeve found that Worker reached MMI on December 7, 2016, and had a WPI rating 15 of 37%. Also prior to trial the parties stipulated that Worker’s TTD compensation rate 16 was $629.11 per week. At the end of the trial, the workers’ compensation judge 17 issued a compensation order that included the following findings and conclusions: 18 [1] Worker reached [MMI] on December 7, 2016. 19 [2] Worker has a combined thirty-seven percent (37%) impairment as 20 a result of his work injuries. 21 .... [6] 1 [3] The [second] motor vehicle accident was as a result of the work 2 accident and is part of the compensable claim. 3 .... 4 [4] Worker’s compensation rate is $629.11. 5 [5] Worker is entitled to [TTD] benefits from date of accident to 6 December 7, 2016. 7 [6] Worker is entitled to [PPD] benefits at eighty-five percent (85%) 8 commencing December 8, 2016 and continuing until conclusion 9 of the benefit period unless otherwise ordered. 10 .... 11 [7] Employer is responsible for the $3,219.48 charge from Dr. Reeve 12 for preparation of his final report. 13 [8] Worker’s attorney is entitled to a reasonable fee to be set forth 14 under separate order. 15 {10} Following trial, Worker filed an application for attorney fees and asked the 16 workers’ compensation judge to order Employer to pay 100% of Worker’s attorney 17 fees under Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003). The workers’ compensation judge awarded 18 Worker $42,925 in attorney fees and ordered each party to pay 50% of those fees. The 19 workers’ compensation judge declined to order Employer to pay 100% of Worker’s 20 attorney fees because “Worker’s Offer of Judgment failed to address material facts 21 and issues in dispute and determined at trial.” [7] 1 {11} Both parties appealed to the Court of Appeals. Employer contended that the 2 workers’ compensation judge erred by awarding benefits based on an MMI date of 3 December 7, 2016. See Baker v. Endeavor Servs., Inc., A-1-CA-36142 and A-1-CA- 4 36272, mem. op. ¶ 1 (Aug. 8, 2017) (nonprecedential). Worker filed a cross-appeal, 5 arguing that the workers’ compensation judge erred by failing to order Employer to 6 pay 100% of Worker’s attorney fees. Id. ¶¶ 1-2. The Court of Appeals affirmed the 7 compensation order, including the finding that Worker reached MMI on December 8 7, 2016. Id. ¶ 1. The Court of Appeals also affirmed the order requiring each party to 9 pay 50% of Worker’s attorney fees, concluding that Worker’s offer of judgment left 10 unaddressed PPD benefits, medical benefits, “or any other benefits, aside from 11 attorney fees, that were contested issues and which worker was ultimately awarded.” 12 Id. ¶¶ 1-2. The Court of Appeals held that Worker’s “offer did not supply an 13 appropriate basis for application of the fee-shifting provision.” Id. ¶ 3. 14 {12} Worker filed a petition for writ of certiorari, asking this Court to review (1) 15 whether the workers’ compensation judge erred by not ordering Employer to pay 16 100% of Worker’s attorney fees, and (2) whether the Court of Appeals opinion 17 affirming the workers’ compensation judge conflicted with Section 52-1-54(F)(4) 18 (2003) and Abeyta v. Bumper to Bumper Auto Salvage, 2005-NMCA-087 , 137 N.M. 8 1 800, 115 P.3d 816 . We granted certiorari to review the workers’ compensation 2 judge’s application of the fee-shifting provision in Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003) to 3 Worker’s offer of judgment. 4 III. DISCUSSION 5 {13} Employer relies on Leonard v. Payday Professional, 2007-NMCA-128, ¶ 23 , [6] 142 N.M. 605 , 168 P.3d 177 , to argue that Worker’s offer was not a valid offer of 7 judgment under Section 52-1-54(F) (2003) because the offer failed to address two 8 contested issues. Specifically, Employer asserts that Worker’s offer of judgment did 9 not establish either the date on which Worker reached MMI or the PPD benefit 10 Worker was entitled to, issues that were in dispute at the time Worker made his offer. 11 Employer notes that before Worker made his offer of judgment, Dr. Balkman had 12 found Worker to be at MMI and assigned Worker a WPI rating. Employer does not 13 dispute the amount of attorney fees awarded but argues that the fee-shifting provision 14 in Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003) should not apply because accepting Worker’s offer 15 could not have ended the litigation in this case. 16 {14} Conversely, Worker argues that his offer of judgment was valid and that it was 17 not necessary to specify the date of MMI or the PPD benefit. Worker explains that Dr. 18 Balkman’s determination of MMI, on which Employer relies, was erroneous and that [9] 1 Worker had not yet reached MMI at the time the offer was made. He further contends 2 that MMI need not be established as a prerequisite to a valid offer. In support of his 3 argument, Worker relies on Abeyta, 2005-NMCA-087, ¶ 13 , to illustrate that an offer 4 of judgment may be valid even if the offer is made before a worker has reached MMI. 5 A. Standard of Review 6 {15} In this case, the parties do not dispute the factual findings of the workers’ 7 compensation judge, so we need only to review the application of Section 52-1- 8 54(F)(4) (2003) to the facts. When we review a workers’ compensation judge’s 9 interpretation of statutory requirements and the application of the law to the facts, we 10 apply a de novo standard of review. Dewitt v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 2009-NMSC-032 , 11 ¶ 14, 146 N.M. 453 , 212 P.3d 341 . “We look first to the plain meaning of the statute’s 12 words, and we construe the provisions of the [Workers’ Compensation] Act together 13 to produce a harmonious whole.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 14 “Our main goal in statutory construction is to give effect to the intent of the 15 legislature.” Grine v. Peabody Nat. Res., 2006-NMSC-031, ¶ 17 , 140 N.M. 30 , 139 16 P.3d 190 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 17 B. The Purpose of Section 52-1-54(F) (2003) Is to Encourage Prompt 18 Settlement of Workers’ Compensation Disputes 19 {16} The purpose of the Workers’ Compensation Act, NMSA 1978, §§ 52-1-1 to -70 [10] 1 (1929, as amended through 2017), is to expeditiously and efficiently compensate 2 injured workers while also being fair to employers. See NMSA 1978, § 52-5-1 (1990) 3 (stating that the intent of the legislation is the “quick and efficient delivery of 4 indemnity and medical benefits . . . at a reasonable cost to employers”). To aid in 5 expeditiously disposing of claims, a mediator “evaluates all initial complaints.” See 6 11.4.4.10(A) NMAC. Following a mediation conference, the mediator issues a 7 recommended resolution of disputed issues. See 11.4.4.10(C)-(D) NMAC. If either 8 party rejects the recommended resolution, then the employer or worker may serve on 9 the opposing party an offer of judgment in accordance with Section 52-1-54(F) 10 (2003). The pertinent portion of Section 52-1-54(F) (2003) reads, 11 After a recommended resolution has been issued and rejected, but 12 more than ten days before a trial begins, the employer or claimant may 13 serve upon the opposing party an offer to allow a compensation order to 14 be taken against [the employer or claimant] for the money or property 15 or to the effect specified in [the] offer, with costs then accrued . . . . 16 {17} An offer of judgment is essentially an offer to stipulate to the issuance of a 17 formal compensation order. See § 52-1-54(F) (2003); see also Rivera v. Flint Energy, [18] 2011-NMCA-119, ¶¶ 2-3, 9 , 268 P.3d 525 (discussing the formal entry of a 19 compensation order following the employer’s rejection of an offer of judgment and 20 after a trial of the worker’s claims). In an effort to promote settlement and avoid [11] 1 lengthy litigation, Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003) encourages making and accepting 2 reasonable offers of judgment by imposing financial sanctions on a party who rejects 3 an offer of judgment and does not obtain a more favorable ruling in the compensation 4 order. See Hise v. City of Albuquerque, 2003-NMCA-015, ¶ 9 , 133 N.M. 133 , 61 P.3d 5 842 ; Leo v. Cornucopia Rest., 1994-NMCA-099 , ¶ 28, 118 N.M. 354 , 881 P.2d 714 . 6 Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003) states specifically, 7 [I]f the worker’s offer was less than the amount awarded by the 8 compensation order, the employer shall pay one hundred percent [100%] 9 of the attorney fees to be paid the worker’s attorney, and the worker 10 shall be relieved from any responsibility for paying any portion of the 11 worker’s attorney fees. 12 C. Worker’s Offer of Judgment Was Valid 13 {18} Three requirements must be met for a worker’s offer of judgment to trigger the 14 fee-shifting provision pursuant to Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003). See Rivera, 2011- 15 NMCA-119, ¶ 3. To force the employer to pay 100% of the attorney fees, an offer of 16 judgment must be (1) a valid offer under Section 52-1-54(F) (2003), (2) for an 17 amount less than the award at trial, and (3) an offer which the employer rejected. Id. 18 In this case, the parties dispute only whether Worker satisfied the first requirement 19 by making a valid offer under Section 52-1-54(F) (2003). Employer does not dispute 20 that Worker offered to accept less than he was subsequently awarded at trial or that [12] 1 Employer rejected Worker’s offer. 2 {19} In Rivera, the Court of Appeals held that a worker’s offer of judgment was not 3 a valid offer for the purposes of Section 52-1-54(F) (2003) because it failed to 4 provide the employer with notice that the offer was intended to trigger the fee-shifting 5 provision of Section 52-1-54(F) (2003). Rivera, 2011-NMCA-119 , ¶ 6. Rivera 6 observed that this notice requirement stems from basic contract principles. Id. ¶ 8 7 (citing Naranjo v. Paull, 1990-NMCA-111 , ¶¶ 14-15, 111 N.M. 165 , 803 P.2d 254 ). 8 “In the law of contracts an offer is a proposal setting forth the essential terms of the 9 prospective transaction.” Naranjo, 1990-NMCA-111 , ¶ 14. Thus, “[t]he notion that 10 a choice, to be legally binding, should be a ‘knowing’ choice is well-established in 11 similar situations.” Id. ¶ 15. Rivera concluded that these contract principles extend 12 to an offer of judgment under Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003). Rivera, 2011-NMCA- 13 119, ¶¶ 8-9. 14 {20} For an offer of judgment to be legally binding it must set forth language 15 making clear the intent of the offeror and implications of acceptance by the opposing 16 party. See id. ¶ 9. In this case, the offer of judgment made clear that Worker was 17 “allow[ing] a compensation order to be taken” if Employer accepted the terms of the 18 offer. Section 52-1-54(F) (2003); see Rivera, 2011-NMCA-119, ¶ 10 (holding a 19 worker’s offer invalid under Section 52-1-54(F) (2003) for failing to “put Employer [13] 1 on notice that the offer was one to allow a compensation order to be taken against 2 Employer”). Worker specifically mentioned that attorney fees would be split equally 3 if the offer was accepted. Unlike Rivera, 2011-NMCA-119, ¶ 9 , there was no question 4 whether Worker proposed an offer of judgment or merely an offer of settlement 5 because the language “offer of judgment” was used in Worker’s certificate of service. 6 This language put Employer on notice that the offer was intended to trigger the fee- 7 shifting provision of Section 52-1-54(F) (2003); therefore, the offer was not 8 ambiguous in that regard. 9 {21} Just as the offer of judgment must put the opposing party on notice of its 10 implications, to be valid the offer must also address the critical issues raised in the 11 complaint. Leonard, 2007-NMCA-128, ¶¶ 23, 25-26 . If an offer of judgment does not 12 dispose of the critical issues raised in a worker’s compensation complaint, the offer 13 is ambiguous and therefore invalid. Id. The offer must, at a minimum, provide a 14 “frame of reference regarding the [opposing party’s] liability.” Id. ¶¶ 23, 25. The 15 opposing party should be able to discern what its liability will be in order to make an 16 informed decision to accept or reject the offer. Id. The terms of the offer of judgment 17 must also allow the workers’ compensation judge to ascertain whether the offeror 18 received a more or less favorable outcome in the final compensation order compared 19 to what was offered in the offer of judgment. Id. ¶ 25. [14] 1 {22} The Court of Appeals in Leonard found critical issues to be absent from the 2 offer of judgment and concluded that the offer “was fatally defective.” Id. Leonard 3 was concerned with apportioning liability for a worker’s injury between two 4 employers. Id. ¶¶ 1, 5. The worker in Leonard presented an offer that did not address 5 either employer’s liability relative to the other employer. Id. ¶ 26. Therefore, the 6 employers lacked any frame of reference as to what their respective liabilities would 7 be if they were to accept the offer. Id. ¶ 25. Moreover, because the offer in Leonard 8 was silent regarding the apportionment of liability, the workers’ compensation judge 9 was unable to determine whether the final compensation order provided a more or 10 less favorable outcome to the worker. Id. Without answering that critical question, the 11 offer was too ambiguous to be valid. Id. ¶ 26. 12 {23} Here, although Employer points to uncertainty about the date of MMI and the 13 rate of PPD as sufficient to invalidate the offer of judgment, these are not critical 14 issues if the worker’s healing process is incomplete. See Abeyta, 2005-NMCA-087 , 15 ¶ 10 (“[T]here is no basis for setting an MMI date if the healing process is still 16 continuing.”). The absence of an MMI date does not preclude an opposing party from 17 ascertaining its potential liability set out in an offer of judgment. See id. ¶¶ 10-11. 18 This reasoning of the Court of Appeals in Abeyta is consistent with the statutory 19 provision that no permanent physical impairment or WPI can be deduced until the [15] 1 worker has completed the healing process because, until MMI is reached, no PPD 2 benefits can be determined. See § 52-1-26(D) (1990). Further, to force a worker or 3 employer to include details in an offer of judgment that are dependent on the healing 4 process of the worker would drastically delay settlements in compensation cases. See 5 Abeyta, 2005-NMCA-087, ¶ 13 (stating that authorizing only those settlements where 6 offers of judgment are delayed until completion of the healing process would 7 “undercut” the intent and purpose of the Workers’ Compensation Act). Unlike the 8 offer of judgment in Leonard, the offer of judgment in Abeyta was unambiguous 9 because the employer’s liability was “not susceptible to more than one interpretation” 10 despite the absence of an MMI date. Abeyta, 2005-NMCA-087, ¶¶ 11-13 . 11 {24} In this case, Worker set forth his proposed resolution of MMI and PPD in the 12 offer of judgment which states, “Pursuant to § 52-1-25.1 [(2005)], Worker is entitled 13 to [TTD] benefits from October 14, 2011 [date of injury], and continuing until MMI 14 is reached in the future for all work-related injuries and conditions.” Employer argues 15 this language rendered the offer of judgment fatally ambiguous because the MMI date 16 was not set at the time of Worker’s offer. However, the language in Worker’s offer 17 of judgment was nearly identical to the language used by the worker in Abeyta. The 18 worker in Abeyta offered to accept “TTD benefits paid for the time period from the 19 date of injury until . . . [MMI] as determined by [the treating physician].” Abeyta, [1] 2005-NMCA-087, ¶ 3 (omission in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). We 2 recognize, as did the Court of Appeals in Abeyta, that the absence of an established 3 MMI date presents a degree of risk to the employer. See id. ¶ 11. However, risk posed 4 by an offer is different from ambiguity. The offers of judgment at issue in Abeyta and 5 in this case are not susceptible to more than one interpretation. See id. ¶¶ 10-11. The 6 Court of Appeals in Abeyta analyzed the language of the offer of judgment and found 7 that, although lacking specific details, the employer understood the implications of 8 the offer and understood the worker’s intent in offering it but “found [the offer] too 9 risky to undertake.” Id. ¶¶ 10-12. Moreover, the workers’ compensation judge in 10 Abeyta was able to subsequently ascertain that the amount proposed in the worker’s 11 offer of judgment was less than what was awarded in the final compensation order. 12 See id. ¶ 1. We reach the same conclusion as did the Court of Appeals in Abeyta. See 13 id. ¶¶ 14-16. 14 {25} By November 11, 2015, when Worker filed the offer of judgment, Employer 15 in anticipation of the potential for fee-shifting under Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003) 16 could have filed an offer of judgment of its own. This would have exposed Worker 17 to the same risk of fee-shifting as that to which Employer was then exposed. See § 52- 18 1-54(F)(3) (2003). Or Employer could have entered into a partial settlement with 19 Worker, effectively limiting its liability by constraining the issues to be litigated. [17] 1 Instead Employer took no action and stood by the July 22, 2013, MMI assessment 2 which Worker found unreasonable. Although MMI was not yet determined and the 3 PPD benefits and WPI rating remained unknown at the time of Worker’s offer of 4 judgment, the framework of what Worker offered was clear, and Employer was well 5 informed as to the scope of its liability. Worker’s offer was unambiguous. 6 {26} An argument premised on an employer’s dislike of the offer of judgment is not 7 enough to render the offer defective. An offer of judgment is like any other offer to 8 enter into a contract. If one side does not like the terms of the contract or does not 9 agree with the other side’s assertions, no contract need be formed. But in order “to 10 encourage settlement of compensation cases by authorizing both parties to make 11 offers of judgment,” the Workers’ Compensation Act requires the imposition of 12 sanctions on partieswho are unwilling to settle on reasonable terms. See Abeyta, 2005 13 NMCA-087, ¶ 13 (quoting Leo, 1994-NMCA-099 , ¶ 28 (internal quotation marks 14 omitted)). 15 {27} Employer also argues that Worker’s offer of judgment is invalid because 16 Employer’s acceptance of the offer would not have ended the litigation. We do not 17 read Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003) as requiring a worker’s offer of judgment to 18 propose the settlement of all issues in order to shift all attorney fees to the employer, 19 nor would an employer’s offer of judgment need to propose the settlement of all [18] 1 issues in order to shift all attorney fees to the worker under Section 52-1-54(F)(3) 2 (2003). As we discussed previously, as long as the offer of judgment provides a 3 sufficient frame of reference concerning contested issues, questions raised in the 4 complaint may be left unresolved. See Leonard, 2007-NMCA-128, ¶¶ 25-26 . In 5 workers’ compensation cases, the possibility of litigation continues until the worker 6 is both healed and fully compensated. Until that time, disputes regarding the worker’s 7 medical bills, compensation rate, disability rating, or any number of other issues may 8 arise. The purpose of an offer of judgment is to incentivize resolution of the 9 complaint, but the offer’s validity does not rest on all issues related to the worker’s 10 injury being immediately and completely resolved. 11 {28} We conclude, based on the plain language and stated purpose of the Workers’ 12 Compensation Act and the collective reasoning of Abeyta, Leonard, and Rivera, that 13 Worker made a valid offer of judgment, sufficient to trigger the fee-shifting provision 14 set forth in Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003). 15 D. Fee-Shifting Is Mandatory If the Requirements of Section 52-1-54(F) 16 (2003) Are Met 17 {29} Employer relies on Abeyta, 2005-NMCA-087, ¶ 20 , to contend that, even if 18 Worker’s offer was valid under Section 52-1-54(F) (2003), the workers’ 19 compensation judge had discretion to award Worker only 50% of his attorney fees. [19] 1 Worker argues that the workers’ compensation judge must apply the statute’s fee- 2 shifting provision if the requirements of Section 52-1-54(F) (2003) are met. Worker, 3 therefore, asserts that the workers’ compensation judge erred as a matter of law by 4 declining to order Employer to pay 100% of Worker’s attorney fees. We agree with 5 Worker. 6 {30} The plain language of the statute is clear and unambiguous and requires 7 attorney fees to be shifted to the rejecting party if the final compensation awarded to 8 the offeror exceeds what was initially offered. See § 52-1-54(F)(3)-(4) (2003). This 9 type of sanction is consistent with the intent of the statute, which incentivizes 10 settlements in compensation cases. See Hise, 2003-NMCA-015, ¶ 9 . We review for 11 abuse of discretion the factual findings underlying the judge’s compensation order 12 that determined whether to impose statutory fee-shifting. See Abeyta, 2005-NMCA- 13 087, ¶¶ 9, 20 (noting that “an abuse of discretion can include a discretionary decision 14 that is premised on a misapplication of the law”). If the findings meet the 15 requirements of Section 52-1-54(F) (2003), then fee-shifting is mandatory. See id.¶¶ 16 19-20. In Abeyta, there was a close factual question regarding whether the amount the 17 worker proposed in the offer of judgment was less than the amount awarded in the 18 final compensation order—a prerequisite to fee-shifting. Id. ¶ 20. The workers’ 19 compensation judge in Abeyta used sound discretion to determine that factual [20] 1 question in the worker’s favor. Id. ¶¶ 14-16. It was not an abuse of discretion for the 2 workers’ compensation judge to find that the amount awarded in the compensation 3 order exceeded the amount proposed in the offer of judgment. Id. ¶¶ 14-15. 4 {31} After rejecting Worker’s offer of judgment, Employer incurred additional 5 liability for costs not included in the offer of judgment. Comparing findings and 6 conclusions from the December 21, 2016, compensation order to portions of the 7 November 20, 2015, offer of judgment provides a basis for the workers’ 8 compensation judge to find that Worker’s benefits received through the compensation 9 order exceeded those he would have obtained under the offer of judgment. Such a 10 finding is a prerequisite to fee-shifting. 11 {32} The workers’ compensation judge erroneously declined to apply the fee- 12 shifting statute because the judge concluded that Worker’s offer of judgment “failed 13 to address material facts and issues in dispute.” But as we explained in the previous 14 section, an offer of judgment need not establish the date of MMI or amount of PPD 15 benefits if the healing process is still underway. We conclude that the workers’ 16 compensation judge erred as a matter of law by declining to apply the fee-shifting 17 provision, Section 52-1-54(F)(4) (2003), where Worker’s offer of judgment met all 18 of the requirements to trigger fee-shifting under the statute. We therefore hold that 19 the workers’ compensation judge erred by failing to award Worker 100% of his [21] 1 attorney fees. 2 IV. CONCLUSION 3 {33} We reverse and remand to the Workers’ Compensation Administration for 4 further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 5 {34} IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 ______________________________ 7 GARY L. CLINGMAN, Justice 8 WE CONCUR: 9 ___________________________________ 10 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice 11 ___________________________________ 12 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice 13 ___________________________________ 14 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice 15 NAKAMURA, Chief Justice (dissenting). [22] 1 NAKAMURA, Chief Justice (dissenting). 2 {35} Worker failed to offer terms resolving all of the disputed matters necessary to 3 determine whether his settlement offer was less than the compensation awarded. 4 Accordingly, Worker is not entitled to fee shifting. Both the Workers’ Compensation 5 Judge (WCJ) and Court of Appeals were correct and should be affirmed. For these 6 reasons, I dissent. 7 {36} “New Mexico has traditionally followed the American Rule by which each 8 litigant is ordinarily responsible for its own attorney’s fees.” Carrillo v. Compusys, 9 Inc., 2002-NMCA-099, ¶ 10 , 132 N.M. 710 , 54 P.3d 551 . Nevertheless, “it is well 10 settled that the [L]egislature may override the American Rule by enacting a 11 fee-shifting statute.” Id. Section 52-1-54(F)(4) is an example of just such a statute. [12] Id. 13 {37} “As a general rule, statutes in derogation of the common law are to be strictly 14 construed.” Albuquerque Hilton Inn v. Haley, 1977-NMSC-051 , ¶ 7, 90 N.M. 510 , [15] 565 P.2d 1027 . What is the consequence of this proposition for our assessment of 16 Section 52-1-54(F)(4)? The “purpose” provision of the Workers’ Compensation Act 17 (WCA) bears on this question. It states that 18 [i]t is the specific intent of the [L]egislature that benefit claims cases be 19 decided on their merits and that the common law rule of ‘liberal 20 construction’ based on the supposed ‘remedial’ basis of workers’ 21 benefits legislation shall not apply in these cases. The workers’ benefit [23] 1 system in New Mexico is based on a mutual renunciation of common 2 law rights and defenses by employers and employees alike. 3 Accordingly, the [L]egislature declares that the [WCA] . . . [is] not 4 remedial in any sense and [is] not to be given a broad liberal 5 construction in favor of the claimant or employee on the one hand, nor 6 are the rights and interests of the employer to be favored over those of 7 the employee on the other hand. 8 Section 52-5-1. This provision was enacted to provide our courts with guidance 9 when asked to interpret the WCA. Garcia v. Mt. Taylor Millwork, Inc., [10] 1989-NMCA-100 , ¶¶ 9-10, 111 N.M. 17 , 801 P.2d 87 . “Section 52-5-1 calls for a 11 balanced and evenhanded construction of the [WCA].” Gomez v. B.E. Harvey Gin 12 Corp., 1990-NMSC-057 , ¶ 9, 110 N.M. 100 , 792 P.2d 1143 . This conclusion stems, 13 in part, from the fact that “[f]undamental fairness to both the workers and employers 14 has long been a guideline.” Garcia, 1989-NMCA-100 , ¶ 11. 15 {38} What conclusions can we draw from these authorities? It seems clear that, as 16 a general matter, we must favor neither workers nor employers when construing the 17 WCA. In this specific case, we must consider the text of Section 52-1-54(F)(4) in a 18 neutral and disinterested way and construe the provision in a manner that best 19 advances the purposes and policies it was enacted to advance. 20 {39} Section 52-1-54(F)(4) exists “to encourage the parties to resolve their 21 differences before hearing thus supporting the policy of judicial economy and 22 allowing for more timely resolution of claims.” Meyers v. W. Auto, [1] 2002-NMCA-089, ¶ 25 , 132 N.M. 675 , 54 P.3d 79 . It is designed to “require[] the 2 parties to think very hard about whether continued litigation is worthwhile.” Baber 3 v. Desert Sun Motors, 2007-NMCA-098, ¶ 18 , 142 N.M. 319 , 164 P.3d 1018 (internal 4 quotation marks and citation omitted). 5 {40} The Court of Appeals has embraced a pragmatic approach to resolve whether 6 fee shifting shall be imposed: “The compensation order is . . . compared to the offer 7 of judgment in order to determine whether attorney fees should be shifted.” Id. ¶ 17. 8 This comparison is exceedingly straightforward; the question is simply “Did the 9 worker ultimately get more than he asked for?” Meyers, 2002-NMCA-089, ¶ 26 . 10 Despite the rudimentary nature of this analysis, complex questions regarding the 11 applicability of the provision have arisen. 12 {41} In Rivera, the WCJ declined to apply the fee-shifting provision despite the fact 13 that the worker’s offer of settlement was less than the award he ultimately received. [14] 2011-NMCA-119, ¶ 3 . The WCJ determined that the letter submitted by the worker 15 as the offer “did not provide sufficient specificity or adhere sufficiently to the statute 16 to trigger the statute’s fee-shifting provisions.” Id. (internal quotation marks 17 omitted). Specifically, the letter “did not mention the statute or state that the offer it 18 contained was valid only for the ten-day period the statute requires.” Id. ¶ 9. Further, 19 it “did not refer to the statute’s fee-shifting provision.” Id. It also “did not state that [25] 1 accepting the offer would require [the e]mployer to have a compensation order 2 entered against it.” Id. 3 {42} For these reasons, the Court of Appeals concluded “that the [worker’s] offer 4 did not set forth any language that can support the type of agreement [the w]orker 5 claims he intended” and further concluded that “[s]uch an omission makes the offer 6 ambiguous as to whether [the w]orker proposed an offer of settlement or an offer of 7 judgment.” Id. The Court rightly speculated that the employer “could reasonably 8 have concluded that accepting [the w]orker’s offer to ‘settle’ the case would result in 9 the simple dismissal of the action before the [WCA], rather than the formal entry of 10 an order that the statute requires.” Id. The Court held that these flaws were “fatal” 11 and rendered the offer “incomplete” and “a nullity.” Id. (internal quotation marks and 12 citation omitted). Rivera was rightly decided but has no bearing on Worker’s appeal. 13 {43} We are not concerned here with whether Worker’s November 11, 2015 offer 14 was a communication constituting an “offer” for purposes of Section 52-1-54(F)(4). 15 The parties accept that Worker did convey an offer to Employer and that this offer did 16 trigger Section 52-1-54(F)(4). The question before us is simply whether the WCJ 17 correctly concluded that the fee-shifting provision should not apply. To answer that 18 question, we must resolve whether Worker’s offer was less than what Worker 19 ultimately received from the WCJ’s compensation award. The parties’ positions as [26] 1 to this issue are clear. Worker contends that “the benefits [he] obtained from the 2 compensation order . . . exceeded the benefits that Worker offered to accept . . . .” 3 Employer counters that “the offer could not actually be evaluated in terms of dollar 4 value” as “Worker’s offer of judgment did not address the issues in the case, 5 including MMI and disability rating.” 6 {44} Employer’s argument is correct. The basis for this conclusion is explained in 7 the writing that follows. Here, it is necessary to emphasize that the majority’s 8 erroneous resolution of this case appears to be rooted in its belief that the sole issue 9 before us is whether Worker’s offer was “valid.” See Maj. Op. ¶ 18 (citing Rivera for 10 the proposition that fee shifting under Section 52-1-54(F)(4) shall apply where (1) a 11 valid offer is conveyed; (2) that is less than the ultimate award; and (3) which the 12 employer rejected, and further stating that, “[i]n this case, the parties dispute only 13 whether Worker satisfied the first requirement by making a valid offer under Section 14 52-1-54(F) (2003)”). According to the majority, the validity of any offer is a question 15 that is intertwined with the question of whether that offer is “ambiguous.” See Maj. 16 Op. ¶ 21 (citing Leonard for the proposition that an offer, to be valid, “must also 17 address the critical issues raised in the complaint” and further stating that, “[i]f an 18 offer of judgment does not dispose of the critical issues raised in a worker’s 19 compensation complaint, the offer is ambiguous and therefore invalid.”). The [27] 1 consequence of this analytical framework is that the question of whether an offer is 2 valid or ambiguous becomes a matter entirely distinct from the question of whether 3 an offer is comparatively less valuable than the award. This is error. 4 {45} Employer’s argument here is that the terms of Worker’s offer were uncertain 5 or incomplete and, therefore, the value of his offer could not and cannot be measured 6 against the award to decide if fee shifting under Section 52-1-54(F)(4) is appropriate. 7 To put it more simply: the value of Worker’s offer is indiscernible and, therefore, 8 cannot be compared to the award and fee shifting cannot be imposed. The assertion 9 that “Employer does not dispute that Worker offered to accept less than he was 10 subsequently awarded at trial[,]” Maj. Op. ¶ 18, is simply incorrect. Employer does 11 dispute this fact. Additionally, the majority relies on Abeyta for the proposition that 12 “[t]he absence of an MMI date does not preclude an opposing party from ascertaining 13 its potential liability set out in an offer of judgment[,]” Maj. Op. ¶ 23, and relies on 14 this assertion as a major premise for its resolution of this case. This assertion and 15 interpretation of Abeyta is incorrect. 16 {46} In Abeyta, the WCJ imposed the fee-shifting provision and ordered the 17 employer to pay all of the worker’s attorney fees. 2005-NMCA-087, ¶ 1 . The 18 employer appealed arguing that the WCJ erred because the worker’s initial offer was 19 “ambiguous,” and “[the w]orker failed to show that his offer was less than the amount [28] 1 awarded in the final compensation order . . . .” Id. The Court of Appeals proceeded 2 to address these arguments as conceptually distinct matters, and yet (knowingly or 3 not) acknowledged their unity in the course of its analysis. 4 {47} The Court of Appeals made special note of the fact that the employer and the 5 worker in Abeyta agreed (without reservation) that the worker had not reached MMI 6 at the time he provided his offer to the employer and, therefore, the offer did not and 7 could not specify an MMI date. Id. ¶¶ 10,13. The Court spent some time discussing 8 the employer’s claim that this feature of the offer rendered it ambiguous as a matter 9 of contract law, id. ¶ 11, but this aspect of Abeyta is inessential. 10 {48} Our Legislature’s decision to enact Section 52-1-54(F)(4) and punish 11 employers who refuse mutually advantageous settlement offers is rooted not in belief 12 that the law of contracts must be scrupulously upheld in the workers’ compensation 13 context. Rather, the motivation behind the statute is to encourage the maximally 14 efficient resolution of cases. Accordingly, the touchstone for determining whether 15 fee shifting is appropriate is a simple comparison of the value of the offer and award, 16 a comparison that allows an empirical assessment of whether an employer has wasted 17 the worker and the Workers’ Compensation Administration’s time and resources. It 18 is this realization that lies behind the essential conclusions reached in Abeyta. 19 {49} The Court determined in Abeyta that the lack of an agreement as to MMI given [29] 1 the facts presented in Abeyta posed no impediment to the application of Section 52-1- 2 54(F)(4). Abeyta, 2005-NMCA-087, ¶ 13 . The Court reasoned that it would thwart 3 the underlying purposes of Section 52-1-54(F)(4) to hold that parties cannot bargain 4 around a variable (MMI) both agree is indiscernible and concluded that an employer 5 risks the imposition of the fee-shifting provision as a penalty if it declines a 6 settlement offer that resolves all other variables for which fixed terms can be offered 7 and that otherwise resolves the dispute. Abeyta, 2005-NMCA-087, ¶ 13 . These 8 conclusions are correct. 9 {50} As both parties in Abeyta agreed that the MMI date could only be prospectively 10 assigned, the value of the worker’s settlement offer turned almost entirely on the 11 other assignable variables to the extent that they existed, i.e., TTD, WPI, medical 12 costs, attorney fees, etc. Because the worker offered terms as to those matters, the 13 employer refused those terms, and the worker ultimately got a better outcome as to 14 those terms in the award, the absence of an agreement as to MMI made only a 15 marginal difference. The locus of the “value” of the offer was the terms for the 16 variables that could be fixed. Because the worker offered less than he got as to those 17 variables, the offer could be deemed less valuable than the award and it was right to 18 punish the employer for refusing the offer and prolonging the proceedings. To be 19 sure, leaving the question of MMI open necessarily meant that the precise value of [30] 1 the offer in Abeyta was somewhat uncertain. But, that uncertainty was tolerable and 2 fell evenly on both parties. This reading of Abeyta is supported by the facts presented 3 there. 4 {51} The compensation award issued in Abeyta derived from a stipulation between 5 the parties that the employer’s second counteroffer fully settled the matter. 2005- 6 NMCA-087, ¶ 5; see also id. ¶ 13 (“[A] compensation order entered pursuant to a 7 settlement can be utilized when evaluating whether an offer of judgment has been met 8 under Section 52-1-54(F).”). When comparing the offer and award, the Court of 9 Appeals focused on the fact that the TTD rate awarded exceeded the TTD rate offered 10 and on the fact that the worker was awarded payment for medical benefits he had not 11 requested in his offer. Id. ¶¶ 14-15. Because the parties stipulated that the offer fully 12 settled the matter, we can infer that these were the only variables apart from MMI at 13 issue in the case. And because the employer rejected a settlement offer with less 14 valuable terms as to these variables, the Court correctly concluded that the worker’s 15 offer was less valuable than the compensation awarded. Worker’s case is plainly 16 distinguishable from Abeyta. 17 {52} Unlike Abeyta, the date of Worker’s MMI has nearly always been vigorously 18 disputed by the parties. Employer has insisted, since at least November 2013, that 19 worker reached MMI on July 22, 2013. From Employer’s perspective, Worker’s [31] 1 healing process had already ended at the time he conveyed his settlement offer and 2 he had reached MMI years earlier. Worker’s case is unlike Abeyta in another crucial 3 respect. Worker’s MMI date was not the only term left unresolved in Worker’s offer. 4 He failed to offer terms as to his WPI rating. The record reflects that Employer has 5 consistently contended that Dr. Balkman correctly identified Worker’s WPI rating, 6 while Worker has insisted that Dr. Balkman was wrong and that his WPI was always 7 much higher. These disputes—the date of Worker’s MMI and his WPI rating—are 8 legally significant to whether Worker’s settlement offer was less valuable than the 9 compensation awarded. To see why this is so, we must have some general grasp of 10 how workers’ compensation benefits are calculated and the benefits calculation 11 conducted in Worker’s case. 12 {53} TTD payments are issued until the date of MMI. Section 52-1-25.1 (2005); 13 Madrid v. St. Joseph Hosp., 1996-NMSC-064 , ¶ 7, 122 N.M. 524 , 928 P.2d 250 14 (“Eligibility for the various temporary benefits provided under the [WCA] ends at the 15 date of MMI. From this point forward, the worker is entitled to further benefits only 16 if he or she can establish a permanent—either partial or total—disability.” (citation 17 omitted)). “Compensation benefits, including TTD benefits, are calculated based on 18 a worker’s pre-injury ‘average weekly wage.’” Baca v. Los Lunas Cmty. Programs, [19] 2011-NMCA-008, ¶ 33 , 149 N.M. 198 , 246 P.3d 1070 . “A worker is entitled to full [32] 1 TTD benefits if he is unable by reason of accidental injury arising out of and in the 2 course of the worker’s employment, to perform the duties of that employment prior 3 to the date of the worker’s [MMI].” Id. ¶ 32 (alteration in original) (internal 4 quotation marks and citation omitted). But see Ortiz v. BTU Block & Concrete Co., [5] 1996-NMCA-097 , ¶ 10, 122 N.M. 381 , 925 P.2d 1 (stating that the WCA “provides 6 for payment of [full] total disability benefits prior to [MMI] except in two enumerated 7 circumstances”). 8 {54} After MMI, a worker may be eligible for PPD benefits and, if eligible, will 9 receive a percentage of the compensation rate in PPD payments. See Hawkins v. 10 McDonald’s, 2014-NMCA-048 , ¶ 20, 323 P.3d 932 (“Once an injured worker reaches 11 MMI, a different statutory provision of the WCA takes effect. Under Section 52-1- 12 26(B), a worker may be eligible for PPD benefits if the worker has suffered a 13 ‘permanent impairment.’ The impairment constitutes the base value for the disability 14 benefit award.”). The percentage of benefit payments increases as WPI increases. 15 Section 52-1-26.1. “If an injured worker receives temporary disability benefits prior 16 to an award of [PPD] benefits, the maximum period for [PPD] benefits shall be 17 reduced by the number of weeks the worker actually receives temporary disability 18 benefits.” Section 52-1-42(B) (1990); see Gurule v. Dicaperl Minerals Corp., [19] 2006-NMCA-054, ¶ 12 , 139 N.M. 521 , 134 P.3d 808 (citing with approval the WCJ’s [33] 1 determination “that the duration of a worker’s benefit entitlement is based on a 2 weekly scheme, rather than an absolute dollar amount, and that the rate of the benefit 3 may vary over the duration of a worker’s entitlement”). Collectively, these provisions 4 make clear that a worker’s MMI and WPI are integral to assessing a worker’s total 5 entitlement to compensation. The facts of this case illustrate this point. 6 {55} The WCJ determined that Worker’s compensation rate is $629.11, his MMI 7 date is December 7, 2016, his WPI is 37%, and the “benefit period is 700 weeks.” 8 Worker was awarded roughly 268 weeks (October 14, 2011 through December 7, 9 2016) of TTD benefits, a total of approximately $168,500 ($629 a week for 268 10 weeks). Worker was also awarded roughly 432 weeks (the remainder of the 700 week 11 benefit period) of PPD payments at eighty-five percent (thirty-seven percent WPI plus 12 forty-eight percent modifier points) of the compensation rate, or approximately 13 $231,000 (eighty-five percent of $629, a total of $535 a week for 432 weeks). As 14 Worker’s MMI extended outward, he received additional weekly TTD payments. As 15 Worker’s WPI increased, his weekly PPD payment rate increased. To see the 16 significance of this observation, it is useful to compare what Worker would have 17 received had the WCJ accepted Dr. Balkman’s findings. This comparison is readily 18 achieved as Worker’s attorney offered this very comparison in his application for 19 attorney fees with the Workers’ Compensation Administration in an attempt to show [34] 1 just how much additional benefits he obtained for Worker. 2 {56} If Dr. Balkman’s July 22, 2013 MMI determination governed, Worker would 3 have received $629 per week in TTD payments for only ninety-two weeks, a total of 4 (approximately) $58,000. This is nearly $110,500 dollars less than what Worker 5 received in light of the fact that the WCJ accepted Dr. Reeve’s findings. For PPD 6 payments, if we assume the modifiers remained forty-eight percent and then added 7 only thirteen percent WPI to reflect Dr. Balkman’s revised WPI determination, 8 Worker’s weekly PPD payment would have been only $384 per week (sixty-one 9 percent of $629). This is $150 less per week than what Worker was awarded. 10 {57} The WCJ was aware of the significance of MMI and WPI when he concluded 11 that Worker was not entitled to the application of Section 52-1-54(F)(4). The WCJ 12 specifically stated that Worker was not entitled to fee shifting because his offer did 13 not “address material facts and issues in dispute and determined at trial.” The WCJ’s 14 conclusion can be translated this way: because Worker failed to offer terms resolving 15 all of the disputed matters bearing on Worker’s entitlement to compensation benefits, 16 Worker is not entitled to fee shifting under Section 52-1-54(F)(4) because it was (and 17 still is) impossible to determine whether Worker’s settlement offer was less than the 18 compensation awarded. This reasoning is sound. 19 {58} To hold, as the majority does, that an employer should be punished for refusing [35] 1 a settlement offer the value of which is indiscernible and which left unresolved 2 crucial matters relating to benefits to which Worker claimed he was entitled and 3 which the parties vigorously disputed from nearly the inception of the proceedings 4 is error. Our Legislature could not have intended this result. Indeed, in the wake of 5 this case, employers will likely be confronted with some regularity by a Hobson’s 6 choice: accept uncertain settlement offers that do not propose terms sufficient to 7 calculate liability, or reject such offers and run the risk of the fee-shifting penalty. 8 This outcome cannot be said to reflect a construction of the WCA that is balanced and 9 even handed to workers and employers. 10 {59} The majority justifies its conclusion on two closely related grounds. First, it 11 states that “[t]he absence of an MMI date does not preclude an opposing party from 12 ascertaining its potential liability set out in an offer of judgement” and cites Abeyta 13 to support this claim. Maj. Op. ¶ 23. From this assertion, the majority concludes that 14 “Employer was well informed as to the scope of its liability.” Id. ¶ 25. Second, the 15 majority contends that “[h]ere, although Employer points to uncertainty about the date 16 of MMI and the rate of PPD as sufficient to invalidate the offer of judgment, these are 17 not critical issues if the worker’s healing process is incomplete.” Id. ¶ 23. This point 18 is repeated in later discussion. See id. ¶ 32 (“[A]s we explained in the previous 19 section, an offer of judgment need not establish the date of MMI or amount of PPD [36] 1 benefits if the healing process is still underway.”). I do not agree with these claims. 2 {60} Where a worker declines to offer terms as to the date of MMI, the degree of 3 WPI, or any other term essential to calculating a Worker’s entitlement to benefits, the 4 opposing party will not be able to ascertain its liability because it will not be able to 5 assess the value of the offer. The majority’s assertions to the contrary are incorrect, 6 and its reliance on Abeyta misplaced. 7 {61} Abeyta is the exception, not the rule. As already noted, it holds that where both 8 parties agree that the MMI date is unknowable but the parties nevertheless settle all 9 other material variables bearing on benefit entitlement, the absence of a specified 10 MMI date produces only a tolerable range of uncertainty. This case is nothing like 11 Abeyta, and the preceding review of what Worker would have received with an earlier 12 MMI date and a lesser WPI rating reveals that Worker’s failure to offer terms created 13 meaningful uncertainty that cannot in any way be described as tolerable. 14 {62} It is possible that the majority believes this case is like Abeyta because the 15 district court ultimately found that Worker reached MMI on December 7, 2016—one 16 year after Worker submitted his settlement offer. This finding establishes that the 17 WCJ did indeed find that Worker was healing at the time he submitted his settlement 18 offer. But the WCJ’s findings cannot supply the basis for the imposition of a penalty 19 where no offer fully resolving the dispute is presented before the findings are issued. [37] 1 To put the point slightly differently, the trial at which the WCJ made its findings 2 about Worker’s MMI and WPI was not unnecessary. Worker, having failed to issue 3 a settlement offer that would sufficiently resolve the disputed issues, cannot point to 4 the outcome of trial and complain that Employer should now pay a penalty for 5 refusing terms and unnecessarily prolonging the litigation. Terms were not offered. 6 The litigation was not unnecessarily prolonged. 7 {63} Worker contends that this thinking is error as it necessarily requires him “to 8 predict an unknown date of MMI and to prematurely assess impairment and modifier 9 values.” This contention ignores the fact that medical professionals are routinely 10 asked, in the course of litigation, to make predictions. In fact, the doctor whose 11 opinion was central to the dispute in Abeyta made a prediction that has doubtless 12 significance here: “Dr. Marchand predicted an MMI date at a deposition taken two 13 days before [w]orker’s offer, and by the time of the hearing on attorney fees, it turned 14 out that the MMI date was as Dr. Marchand had predicted.” Abeyta, [15] 2005-NMCA-087, ¶ 16 . Moreover, the very question whether a worker has reached 16 MMI is itself predictive. See Smith v. Cutler Repaving, 1999-NMCA-030, ¶ 12 , 126 17 N.M. 725 , 974 P.2d 1182 (“[W]hether a worker has reached MMI turns on proof of 18 a reasonable medical probability of future recovery and lasting improvement.”). To 19 the extent a worker must make predictions about MMI or any other matter bearing on [38] 1 the worker’s entitlement to benefits in order to present a settlement offer the value of 2 which an employer can assess, requiring the worker to make those predictions places 3 no unusual burden upon them. 4 {64} Leonard is the case to which the present matter bears the most resemblance. 5 There, the worker suffered two injuries to her back while working for two employers 6 and filed two workers’ compensation claims that were consolidated. 2007-NMCA- 7 128 ¶¶ 1, 5. The worker made an offer to the employers that was rejected, and she 8 later prevailed at trial. Id. ¶¶ 5-7. Afterwards, the worker requested that the fee- 9 shifting provision be applied and the two employers pay 100% of her attorney fees. 10 Id. ¶ 8. The WCJ rejected this request on grounds that the offer did not address “the 11 relative responsibilities of the [e]mployers . . . to pay for surgical medical care for the 12 [w]orker.” Id. ¶ 23. 13 {65} The worker appealed and argued that the WCJ’s reasoning was flawed because 14 “her offer of judgment, if accepted, would have disposed of all issues between her 15 and the employers.” Id. ¶ 24. She pointed out “that neither of the employers filed a 16 cross-claim against the other and that the employers would have had the option to 17 move for post-litigation proceedings for reimbursement, if necessary.” Id. The 18 worker added that “the legislative intent of Section 52-1-54(F) is to encourage 19 settlement in workers’ compensation cases and, in light of that purpose, [w]orker’s [39] 1 offer of judgment was not without legal effect merely because it left some issues 2 unresolved.” Id. The Court of Appeals was not persuaded. 3 {66} It acknowledged that the worker was correct that “the purpose of Section 52-1- 4 54(F) is to encourage settlement,” but determined that the worker failed to proffer an 5 offer that specified each employer’s liability and, therefore, “cannot be said to provide 6 a more or less favorable outcome for the employers.” Leonard, 2007-NMCA-128 , 7 ¶ 25. In other words, the worker’s offer could not be compared with the award to 8 determine if the offer was of lesser value. Worker’s case is analogous to Leonard. 9 {67} Worker’s offer failed to provide terms for specific, disputed matters relating 10 to his entitlement to benefits. Such an offer provides no basis for comparison to the 11 compensation award subsequently entered. Accordingly, Worker is not entitled to 12 have Employer pay his attorney fees. 13 {68} Worker cannot protest that Employer needlessly prolonged this litigation where 14 Worker failed to offer terms fully settling the benefit entitlement issues. The WCJ 15 did not err when he declined to impose Section 52-1-54(F)(4). The Court of Appeals 16 correctly affirmed the WCJ, and the Court of Appeals decision should be affirmed. 17 ____________________________________ 18 JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Chief Justice