Saba P'ship v. Comm'r

SABA PARTNERSHIP, BRUNSWICK CORPORATION, TAX MATTERS PARTNER, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent OTRABANDA INVESTERINGS PARTNERSHIP, BRUNSWICK CORPORATION, TAX MATTERS PARTNER, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent Saba P'ship v. Comm'r No. 1470-97; No. 1471-97 United States Tax Court T.C. Memo 2003-31; 2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 31; 85 T.C.M. (CCH) 817; T.C.M. (RIA) 55035; February 11, 2003, Filed *31 Partnerships were not organized or operated for nontax business purpose. Partnerships disregarded for federal income tax purposes. During 1990 and 1991, B, a domestic corporation, realized substantial capital gains from the sale of a number of its business units. In 1990, B joined with a foreign bank (ABN) purportedly to form two general partnerships, S and O. The partnerships engaged in financial transactions that were intended to satisfy the requirements of a contingent installment sale under I.R.C. sec. 453. Relying on the ratable basis recovery rules under sec. 15A.453-1(c), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 46 Fed. Reg. 10709 (Feb. 4, 1981), the transactions were prearranged so that a substantial percentage of the partnerships' "gains" were allocated to ABN -- a foreign entity that was not subject to U.S. income tax, while a substantial percentage of the partnerships' "losses" were allocated to B. For the taxable years ending 1990 and 1991, B reported capital losses of $ 142,953,624 and $ 32,631,287, respectively. Held: There is no meaningful distinction between the partnerships in these cases and the partnership*32 determined to be a sham in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, 340 U.S. App. D.C. 55, 201 F.3d 505 (D.C. Cir. 2000), affg. T.C. Memo. 1998-305. Held, further, the partnerships were not organized or operated for a nontax business purpose, and therefore, they are disregarded for Federal income tax purposes. Joel V. Williamson, Thomas C. Durham, and Gary S. Colton, Jr., for petitioner. Jill A. Frisch and Lewis R. Mandel, for respondent. Nims, Arthur L., III NIMS SUPPLEMENTAL MEMORANDUM OPINION NIMS, Judge: These cases are before the Court on remand from the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Saba Pship. v. Commissioner, 348 U.S. App. D.C. 231, 273 F.3d 1135 (D.C. Cir. 2001)(Saba II), vacating and remanding T.C. Memo. 1999-359. In Saba Pship. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1999-359 (Saba I), we reviewed notices of final partnership administrative adjustment (FPAAs) issued to Saba Partnership (Saba) and Otrabanda Investerings Partnership (Otrabanda) (sometimes, collectively, the partnerships). In the FPAAs, respondent made adjustments to the partnerships' tax returns for certain taxable years ending*33 in 1990 and 1991 based on alternative determinations that (1) Saba and Otrabanda were sham partnerships that should be disregarded for Federal income tax purposes; and (2) the partnerships' purported contingent installment sale transactions (CINS transactions) under section 453 were shams that should be disregarded for Federal income tax purposes. Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue, and Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Petitioner in these cases is Brunswick Corporation, the partnerships' tax matters partner (Brunswick or petitioner). In Saba I, we described in detail Brunswick's divestiture of certain of its business lines, its discussions with representatives of Merrill Lynch regarding a tax shelter that the latter was marketing to certain U.S. corporations, its decision to join with Algemene Bank Nederlands N.V. (ABN) to form the partnerships known as Saba and Otrabanda, and the partnerships' purported CINS transactions. We held that the disputed CINS transactions were not motivated by legitimate nontax business purposes, nor were they imbued with objective economic*34 substance. Consequently, we held that the CINS transactions were shams that would not be respected for Federal income tax purposes. In Saba II, the Court of Appeals vacated and remanded these cases for reconsideration in light of our recent decision in ASA Investerings Partnership v. Commissioner, 201 F.3d 505 (D.C. Cir. 2000) [affg. T.C. Memo. 1998-305], where we invalidated what appears to be a similar -- perhaps even identical -- tax shelter on the grounds that the entire partnership, not merely the specific transactions at issue, was a sham for federal tax purposes. [Saba II, 273 F.3d at 1136.] The Court of Appeals also stated that a remand to this Court was appropriate because in presenting its case in the Tax Court, Brunswick may have acted on the mistaken belief that the Supreme Court's decision in Moline Properties, Inc. v. Commissioner, 319 U.S. 436, 87 L. Ed. 1499, 63 S. Ct. 1132, 319 U.S. 436, 63 S. Ct. 1132, 87 L. Ed. 1499 (1943), established a two-part test under which Saba and Otrabanda must be respected simply because they engaged in*35 some business activity, an interpretation that ASA squarely rejected, see ASA, 201 F.3d at 512 * * *. [Saba II, 273 F.3d at 1141.] At the time of trial in these cases, the parties entered into a series of stipulations of facts. All stipulated facts and exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. We also incorporate by reference all our findings of fact in Saba I. (For convenience, all citations of Saba I will include citations of the specific page(s) of the Court's slip opinion.) After these cases were remanded, the parties filed opening briefs and reply briefs addressing the issues raised by the Court of Appeals. Pursuant to the Court of Appeals' mandate, we consider whether Saba and Otrabanda are sham partnerships that should be disregarded for Federal income tax purposes. Petitioner bears the burden of proof. Rule 142(a); Brown v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 968, 998 (1985), affd. sub nom. Sochin v. Commissioner, 843 F.2d 351 (9th Cir. 1988). I. Partnership Status Under Statutory and Case Law Petitioner first contends that Saba and Otrabanda qualify as partnerships for Federal income tax purposes consistent with the*36 statutory definitions of partnerships (and partners) set forth in sections 704(e), 761, and 7701(a)(2), and in accordance with Supreme Court decisions in cases such as Commissioner v. Tower, 327 U.S. 280, 90 L. Ed. 670, 66 S. Ct. 532 (1946), and Comm'r v. Culbertson, 337 U.S. 733, 93 L. Ed. 1659, 69 S. Ct. 1210 (1949). Petitioner avers that "a person should be treated as a partner when he or she owns capital in a partnership in which capital is a material income-producing factor, without regard to whether the partnership was formed to avoid tax." We need not dwell on this argument because the Court of Appeals did not direct us to evaluate the technical compliance of the partnerships. Instead, the Court of Appeals directed us to consider whether the partnerships should be recognized at all for Federal income tax purposes consistent with the standards the Court articulated in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, 340 U.S. App. D.C. 55, 201 F.3d 505 (D.C. Cir. 2000), affg. T.C. Memo. 1998-305. We were also directed to consider whether Saba and Otrabanda are distinguishable from the partnership that the Court of Appeals determined to be a sham in ASA Investerings Pship. II. Whether Saba and Otrabanda Are Distinguishable*37 From ASA Investerings Partnership Petitioner asserts that the Saba and Otrabanda partnerships were significantly different from the ASA Investerings Partnership, and that Saba and Otrabanda should be recognized as valid partnerships and not shams for Federal income tax purposes. Before addressing petitioner's specific arguments, we briefly review the factual background in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, supra. In ASA Investerings Pship., the Commissioner issued an FPAA to a Merrill Lynch-designed partnership whose principal partners were AlliedSignal, Inc., and ABN. The Court of Appeals held that the disputed partnership would not be recognized for Federal income tax purposes on the ground it was not organized to conduct business activity for a purpose other than tax avoidance. In so holding, the Court of Appeals sustained this Court's findings that ABN did not share in the partnership's profits and losses. 201 F.3d at 514. The Court of Appeals agreed that the purported partners did not share profits because "direct payments made to ABN were to compensate it merely for its funding costs", and "ABN could make no profit from the transaction: any potential*38 profit from the LIBOR notes would be offset by losses from the concomitant swap transactions." Id. The Court of Appeals also concluded that "any risks inherent in ABN's investment were de minimis" because "The PPNs were essentially risk free", "any loss on the PPNs would be embedded in the value of the LIBOR notes", and ABN "succeeded in hedging all but a de minimis amount of the risk associated with the LIBOR notes." Id. at 514-515. We note that after the instant cases were remanded to the Court, the Court of Appeals issued its opinion in Boca Investerings P'ship v. United States, 314 F.3d 625, ___ (D.C. Cir. 2003), revg. 167 F. Supp. 2d 298 (D.D.C. 2001), citing ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, supra, in support of its holding that another Merrill Lynch-designed partnership would not be recognized as a valid entity for Federal tax purposes because it was not organized for a nontax business purpose. Petitioner contends that Saba and Otrabanda are distinguishable from ASA Investerings Partnership in that (1) Brunswick did not promise a guaranteed or specified return to ABN, and (2) the partners agreed to share partnership*39 expenses and losses. Petitioner made these same claims in arguing its case before the Court of Appeals. Saba II, 273 F.3d at 1140-1141. The Court of Appeals expressed skepticism that petitioner could demonstrate "significant differences" between the actions of Brunswick in these cases and those of AlliedSignal in ASA Investerings Pship. Id. As the discussion which follows reveals, petitioner has failed to demonstrate that there are any significant differences in the two cases. A. Guaranteed or Specified Return Petitioner maintains that there was no agreement among the partners that ABN would be paid a specified return on the funds it contributed to the partnerships. Petitioner further contends that there is no evidence in the record that ABN was in fact paid a specified return on its funds, stating: The payment of a 'specified return' would have required detailed calculations of interest rates, time periods, and principal amounts. There is nothing in the Saba record to suggest that any such calculations were ever made. The record in Saba contains thousands of pages of documents, but there is not one scrap of paper which*40 calculates the payments which would be necessary to provide a specified return. The witnesses testified no such calculations were ever made. It is disingenuous for petitioner to suggest that a determination that Brunswick paid fees to ABN would have required a detailed calculation of interest rates, time periods, and principal amounts. Respondent asserts, and we agree, that Brunswick, ABN, and Merrill Lynch (acting as a middleman) understood that Brunswick would pay ABN fees to participate in the partnerships. Respondent points to internal documents maintained by Brunswick and ABN that refer to anticipated "fees", Brunswick's payment of "consulting fees" to ABN, and Merrill Lynch's valuation of Saba's LIBOR notes as evidence that Brunswick paid ABN fees in exchange for its participation in the partnerships. Respondent contends that the absence of an explicit agreement regarding ABN's fees merely reflects Brunswick's strict adherence to the warning in the January 26, 1990, memorandum prepared by Judith P. Zelisko, Brunswick's Director of Taxes, hereinafter the Zelisko memorandum, that "there cannot have been any agreements, negotiations, or understandings of any kind*41 among the Partners". Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359 [slip op. at 15-18] (quoting the pertinent portions of the Zelisko memorandum). We acknowledge that the record in these cases does not include an explicit agreement that Brunswick would pay ABN a specific fee in exchange for its participation in the partnerships. Nor does the record include a detailed calculation of such fees. However, the record contains compelling circumstantial evidence that Brunswick transferred fees to ABN in exchange for its participation in the partnerships. In ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, 201 F.3d at 514, the Court of Appeals relied upon similar evidence to infer that AlliedSignal made transfers to ABN pursuant to a prearranged agreement to compensate ABN for its funding costs. The evidence that we find compelling in the instant cases includes the following: o The August 7, 1989 memorandum prepared by Johannes den Baas (den Baas), an ABN vice president, which outlined his understanding of ABN's role in the Merrill Lynch tax shelter in pertinent part as follows: The remuneration for ABN * * * will be 70-80 bps. [basis points] *42 spread over the outstanding participation plus $ 100,000 upfront fee and all out of pocket expenses covered (legal fees etc.). Since the structure itself will not carry the possibilities for this level of remuneration the income will be received by ABN New York in upfront payments made by the corporation. [Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 22].] o The Zelisko memorandum which stated in pertinent part: 3. Compensation fees to the FP [foreign partner]. Merrill Lynch talked in terms of 40-75 basis points on the FP's equity investment. [Saba I, slip op. at 17.] o The February 15, 1990 den Baas memorandum (pertaining to the Saba partnership) which stated in pertinent part: ABN will receive again an upfront fee representing 75 bps over LIBOR over the outstanding plus the 15 bps funding difference between LIBOR and CP [commercial paper] upfront. The amount will be around $ 600,000 but we have negotiated a minimum fee of $ 750,000 upfront excluding ABN*43 Trust Curacao's fees. [Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 22].] o The $ 535,000 amount that Merrill Lynch characterized as a "fee" and added to its valuation of Saba's LIBOR notes in conjunction with Brunswick's purchase of 50 percent of Sodbury's partnership interest. Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 38-40]. o Brunswick's payment of $ 750,000 to ABN over 3 years (ostensibly for consulting services) that Brunswick charged against its Accrued Disposition Costs reserve account allocated to partnership activity. Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 39]. o The June 19, 1990 den Baas memorandum (pertaining to the Otrabanda partnership) which stated in pertinent part: although the loan spread will be 30 bps. the transaction will yield 85 bps. over LIBOR (the difference to be paid separately). Total remuneration $ 600,000 excluding the Trust fee. [Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 54].] o Brunswick's payment of $ 645,000 to Bartolo in December 1990, ostensibly to gain control of Otrabanda, but referred to in Brunswick's*44 accounting records as a fee. Saba I, slip op. at 71. Petitioner contends that ABN did not expect a specified return on the funds that it invested in the partnerships and downplays the mention of "upfront fees" in den Baas' February 15, 1990, memorandum. Petitioner suggests that den Baas was merely conveying ABN's hope "to earn a certain dollar amount of fees by generating a relationship with Brunswick." We reject petitioner's interpretation. The August 7, 1989, memorandum by den Baas unambiguously states that ABN will receive a specified payment from its corporate partner because the partnership's proposed investments would not provide ABN with an adequate return on its capital. The February 15, 1990, and June 19, 1990, memoranda by den Baas issued with regard to ABN's participation in Saba and Otrabanda, respectively, echo the proposition that ABN will receive payments from its corporate partner; i. e., Brunswick. Consistent with the foregoing, we note that den Baas acknowledged at trial that he understood from the start that the partnerships' investments would not provide ABN with the return it required on its funds. These factors demonstrate to our satisfaction that*45 ABN expected that Brunswick would provide remuneration or fees in exchange for ABN's participation in the partnerships. There is also ample evidence in the record that Brunswick transferred fees to ABN. We first observe that petitioner is essentially mum with regard to the $ 535,000 amount that Merrill Lynch characterized as a fee and added to its valuation of Saba's LIBOR notes. The addition of this fee to the value assigned to Saba's LIBOR notes had the effect of inflating the price that Brunswick paid ABN (through Sodbury) for 50 percent of its Saba partnership interest. Petitioner's reply brief includes an objection to respondent's proposed finding of fact that the $ 535,000 amount represented additional remuneration to Sodbury. Petitioner's objection states in pertinent part: Respondent neglects to state that it was Pepe who added the $ 535,000 to the value of the LIBOR notes, without informing Brunswick. Petitioner agrees that this valuation resulted in a transfer of wealth from Brunswick to Sodbury, however, it would not be accurate to characterize the inadvertent transfer as "remuneration". Under the circumstances, we assume*46 that petitioner's position remains that Brunswick was unaware of the aforementioned fee. In particular, the parties' first stipulation of facts addressed Merrill Lynch's valuation of Saba's LIBOR notes in pertinent part as follows: 265. * * * The valuation letters dated July 13, 1990 [Jt. Ex. 148-J(5)] and August 17, 1990 [Jt. Ex. 148-J(8)] and Saba's financial statements consistent with such letter included an additional amount of $ 535,000 added to Merrill's calculated value of the LIBOR Notes. The valuation letter dated September 14, 1990 [Jt. Ex. 148-J(10)] and Saba's financial statement consistent with such letter included an additional amount of one-fourth of the $ 535,000, or $ 133,750, added to Merrill's calculated value of the LIBOR Notes. 266. Brunswick contends that it was not aware that the July 13, 1990, August 17, 1990, and September 14, 1990 valuation letters included an additional amount of $ 535,000 (or a pro rata portion thereof, in the case of the September 14 letter) added to Merrill's calculated value of the LIBOR Notes. Any references to *47 this additional amount in this Stipulation are not intended as a stipulation that Brunswick was aware of this additional amount. Respondent does not agree with Brunswick's contention. * * * * * * * 272. For purposes of computing the price of the July 13, 1990 purchase, the partners used Merrill's LIBOR Note value, set forth in Joint Exhibit 148-J(5). For purposes of that valuation, Merrill valued the four Fuji and Norinchukin LIBOR Notes held by Saba at $ 36,215,000, and then added to that amount $ 2,035,000. This $ 2,035,000 amount consisted of $ 1,500,000 of private placement discount and a $ 535,000 additional amount. Pepe's notes (Ex. 136-J at BC010168) reflect the valuation. Bearing in mind the admonition in the Zelisko memorandum that "there cannot have been any agreements, negotiations, or understandings of any kind among the Partners", we base our evaluation of whether Brunswick actually transferred fees to ABN upon the record as a whole. Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 17]. Although Brunswick was largely successful in abiding the warning in*48 the Zelisko memorandum and concealing its transfers to ABN, we are convinced for the reasons discussed above that Brunswick did in fact pay ABN to participate in the partnerships. It simply defies reason to suggest that Brunswick overlooked or was unaware that Merrill Lynch added the $ 535,000 fee to its valuation of Saba's LIBOR notes resulting in what petitioner characterizes as an "inadvertent transfer" from Brunswick to ABN. Brunswick must be charged with knowledge of the fee inasmuch as petitioner stipulated that Merrill Lynch's valuation letters were provided to Saba and incorporated in Saba's financial statements. Petitioner also stipulated that Brunswick relied upon Merrill Lynch's valuation to determine the price that it would pay for 50 percent of Sodbury's partnership interest. Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 38]. One could reasonably expect that if the transfer were truly inadvertent, Brunswick would have requested a refund from ABN. However, petitioner does not suggest that Brunswick requested such a refund. Considering all the circumstances, we conclude that Brunswick was fully cognizant of, and acquiesced in, the transfer of a $ 535,000 fee to ABN as remuneration for its participation*49 in the partnerships. The fact that Brunswick assented to the transfer of $ 535,000 to ABN leads us to conclude that Brunswick also used the previously mentioned consulting fees and the Otrabanda control premium as disguised means to transfer additional amounts to ABN. Brunswick had the motive and the opportunity to inflate those payments to provide ABN remuneration for its participation in the partnerships. Under the circumstances, we conclude that they did so. Petitioner argues in the alternative that, even assuming that Brunswick made payments to ABN, such payments only provided ABN with a minimum guaranteed return. Petitioner cites S.& M. Plumbing v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. 702, 703 (1971), and Hunt v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-248, for the proposition that a guaranteed minimum payment is not inconsistent with partnership status. Petitioner's reliance on the aforementioned cases is misplaced. Suffice it to say that, when an ostensible partner is guaranteed a specified or minimum return on its capital contribution, that factor is one of many that must be considered in determining whether the arrangement constitutes a partnership that will be recognized*50 for Federal tax purposes. See S.& M. Plumbing v. Commissioner, supra at 707. In this regard, in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, 201 F.3d at 514, the Court of Appeals rejected the taxpayer's reliance on Hunt v. Commissioner, supra, and distinguished the case in part on the ground that "both parties [in Hunt] had a bona fide business purpose for entering into the partnership". Given that we conclude (as discussed in detail below) that Brunswick and ABN did not have a nontax business purpose for entering into the partnerships, whether the amounts that Brunswick transferred to ABN are properly characterized as a specified return or a guaranteed minimum return is not dispositive. What is pertinent is our conclusion that Brunswick paid ABN to participate in the Saba and Otrabanda partnerships much the same as AlliedSignal paid ABN to participate in the ASA Investerings Partnership. B. Agreement To Share Partnership Expenses/Losses Petitioner contends that Saba and Otrabanda can be distinguished from the partnership under review in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, supra, because Brunswick and its partners shared partnership*51 expenses and losses. Petitioner relies upon the parties' stipulations that Saba and Otrabanda paid the partnerships' operating expenses. Petitioner further asserts that the partnerships' investments were subject to significant risks that were not hedged against, and, therefore, the partners were not fully protected against losses. While acknowledging that "Brunswick absorbed the friction on the PPNs and IBJ CDs when these instruments were distributed to Brunswick", petitioner contends that (1) Brunswick's assumption of these costs is not inconsistent with partnership status, and (2) equal sharing of losses among the partners is not required under applicable State law. (Saba and Otrabanda were formed under New York law.) Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 26, 56]. Expenses Although Saba and Otrabanda paid certain operating expenses, Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 28-29, 58, 60-61], we agree with respondent that the underlying circumstances beg the question whether Brunswick actually incurred the expenses. The record shows that ABN and Brunswick expected that Brunswick would pay the partnerships' operating expenses. The August 7, 1989, memorandum by den Baas (quoted above) expressly stated that ABN would be compensated*52 for out-of-pocket expenses and legal fees. Likewise, the Zelisko memorandum stated in pertinent part that "Legal fees for BC [Brunswick Corp.] and operating expenses of the Partnership which would be paid by BC, would run about $ 400,000 - $ 500,000." Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 17]. Brunswick's and ABN's expectations that the partnerships' operating expenses would be paid by Brunswick were met. As was the case in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, supra, a portion of the partnerships' expenses and/or losses was in fact shifted to Brunswick through Merrill Lynch's valuation of Saba's and Otrabanda's LIBOR notes. Merrill Lynch valued the LIBOR notes so that Brunswick fully absorbed the private placement discount (totaling $ 2,250,000) incurred on the sale of the partnerships' PPNs and CDs. Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 33-38, 62-68]. For the sake of completeness, we note that petitioner contends that Brunswick was unaware of Merrill Lynch's application of the private placement discounts. In particular, the parties' stipulations state: 234. Brunswick contends that it was not aware that Merrill included a discount of $ 1,500,000 in calculating the sales price *53 of the Chase Notes, and Brunswick contends that it was not aware that Merrill applied such a discount in determining the value of the LIBOR notes on their origination. Any references to this discount in this Stipulation are not intended as a stipulation that Brunswick was aware of the discount. Respondent does not agree with Brunswick's contentions. 468. Brunswick contends that it was not aware that Merrill included a discount of $ 750,000 in calculating the sales price of the IBJ CDs, and contends that it was not aware that Merrill applied such a discount in determining the value of the LIBOR notes on their origination. Any references to this discount in this Stipulation are not intended as a stipulation that Brunswick was aware of the discount. Respondent does not agree with Brunswick's contentions. Like the $ 535,000 fee that made its way into Merrill Lynch's valuation of Saba's LIBOR notes, we find it incredible that Brunswick was unaware that Merrill Lynch added the private placement discounts to the value of the LIBOR notes. Just as before, we charge Brunswick with*54 knowledge of Merrill Lynch's valuation methodology inasmuch as Merrill Lynch's valuation letters were provided to Saba and Otrabanda and were relied upon by Brunswick to determine the price that it would pay for 50 percent of Sodbury's and Bartolo's partnership interests. Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 38-40, 67-68]. We also reject petitioner's assertion in its reply brief that Brunswick's absorption of the transaction costs relating to the purchases and sales of the PPNs, CDs, and LIBOR notes "was not the result of any agreement between ABN and Brunswick". As den Baas' August 7, 1989, memorandum and the Zelisko memorandum plainly show, ABN and Brunswick understood at the outset that the LIBOR notes would be distributed to Brunswick as a required element in its tax- avoidance plan. Consequently, it follows that Brunswick and ABN must have agreed in advance that Brunswick would absorb the partnerships' expenses and losses and that a large portion of those expenses and losses would be transferred to Brunswick through the valuation of the LIBOR notes. We are not persuaded by petitioner's contention that ABN and Brunswick would have shared in the partnerships' potential losses from the credit risk, *55 credit spread risk, event risk, and liquidity risk inherent in the partnerships' investments. ABN did not assume any more than de minimis risk with regard to the partnerships' investments. See ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, 201 F.3d at 514-515. First, the partnerships' PPNs and CDs posed little or no risk of loss because they were issued by banks with high credit ratings and they were held for less than a month. Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip. op. at 30-33, 61-62]. Second, as discussed above, the private placement discounts attributable to the PPNs and CDs were embedded in the value of the LIBOR notes and were wholly absorbed by Brunswick. Finally, Merrill Lynch arranged swaps for Brunswick and ABN to hedge against interest rate risk. Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip. op. at 51-53, 75-77]. The parties stipulated that ABN entered into hedge transactions outside the partnerships that substantially reduced its risk to fluctuations in the value of the LIBOR notes. See stipulations Nos. 314-320, 505-517. Based on the foregoing, we conclude that there are no meaningful differences between the partnerships in the instant cases and the partnership under review in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, supra.*56 Although the record does not include an explicit fee agreement between Brunswick and ABN, or a precise accounting of the fees and expenses that Brunswick incurred in carrying out its tax avoidance plan, we further conclude that Brunswick and ABN, with Merrill Lynch's assistance, did their best to conceal and obscure the true nature of the underlying transactions. III. Whether Saba and Otrabanda Engaged In Business Activity in Furtherance of a Nontax Business Purpose As previously mentioned, the Court of Appeals stated that its remand would give petitioner a further opportunity to address the question whether Brunswick entered into the partnerships for a business purpose other than tax avoidance. The Court of Appeals directed that the parties should address the validity of the partnerships in these cases under the rationale of Moline Properties v. Commissioner, 319 U.S. 436, 87 L. Ed. 1499, 63 S. Ct. 1132 (1943), as explicated by the Court of Appeals in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, supra 201 F.3d at 512, as follows: Getting to the controlling issue, petitioner argues that under the standard established in Moline Properties v. Commissioner, 319 U.S. 436, 63 S. Ct. 1132, 87 L. Ed. 1499 *57 (1943), the partnership cannot be regarded as a sham. The Court there said that a corporation remains a separate taxable entity for tax purposes "so long as [its] purpose is the equivalent of business activity or is followed by the carrying on of business by the corporation." 319 U.S. at 439, 63 S. Ct.1132 . The Tax Court has since applied Moline to partnership cases. See Bertoli v. Commissioner, 103 T.C. 501, 511-12, 1994 WL 579942 (1994). Petitioner views Moline as establishing a two-part test, under which a tax entity is accepted as real if either: (1) its purpose is "the equivalent of business activity" (not tax avoidance), or (2) it conducts business activities. Moline, 319 U.S. at 439, 63 S. Ct. 1132. Because ASA "engaged in more than sufficient business activity to be respected as a genuine entity," petitioner argues that ASA was a partnership under the second alternative. Petitioner's Reply Br. at 12. We agree if engaging in business activity were sufficient to validate a partnership ASA*58 would qualify. It was infused with a substantial amount in capital ($ 1.1 billion), and invested it in PPNs, LIBOR notes, and other short-term notes over a period of two years. In fact, however, courts have understood the "business activity" reference in Moline to exclude activity whose sole purpose is tax avoidance. This reading treats "sham entity" cases the same way the law treats "sham transaction" cases, in which the existence of formal business activity is a given but the inquiry turns on the existence of a nontax business motive. See Knetsch v. United States, 364 U.S. 361, 364-66, 81 S.Ct. 132, 5 L. Ed. 2d 128 (1960) . Thus, what the petitioner alleges to be a two-pronged inquiry is in fact a unitary test -- whether the "sham" be in the entity or the transaction -- under which the absence of a nontax business purpose is fatal. [Fn. ref. omitted.] Thus, if Saba and Otrabanda are to be recognized as valid entities for Federal tax purposes, petitioner must show that the partnerships engaged in business activity for a purpose other*59 than tax avoidance. Boca Investerings P'ship. v. United States, 314 F.3d 625 (D.C. Cir. 2003); Del Commer. Props. v. Comm'r, 346 U.S. App. D.C. 149, 251 F.3d 210, 214 (D.C. Cir. 2001). Petitioner argues that Saba and Otrabanda must be respected for Federal income tax purposes because they engaged in the "minimal" amount of business activity required to satisfy the standards for recognition under Moline Properties v. Commissioner, supra. Petitioner cites the partnerships' investments in commercial paper (and the profits derived therefrom) as proof that the partnerships were operated for a nontax business purpose. In connection with this point, petitioner avers that, unlike ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, supra, the partners shared in the profits derived from the commercial paper. Petitioner also argues that the Court in its original Memorandum Opinion "made a legal error in determining that Brunswick did not have a business purpose for forming Saba and Otrabanda" and the Court "erred in substituting its own judgment for that of Mr. Reichert [Brunswick's chairman, president, and chief executive officer] in determining whether*60 Brunswick was susceptible to a takeover and whether the partnerships would be helpful in preventing a takeover." Respondent counters that There is not a shred of documentary evidence corroborating Petitioner's purported nontax goals and no economic analysis supports them. Brunswick never viewed the partnerships as takeover defenses; instead of advertising their alleged deterrent effect to hostile acquirers, it eliminated the partnerships from its financial statements and showed them as cash. The LIBOR notes were useful to Brunswick only as a repository of paper tax losses; it consistently hedged its interest in the notes and sold them immediately after receiving them to avoid tax. Given the transactions' monumental costs, Brunswick could not expect to generate any profit and the transactions generated only unnecessary costs. But petitioner never considered any of the transactions' economics because it was buying $ 200 million in phantom tax losses. We considered and rejected petitioner's arguments that Saba and Otrabanda engaged in the disputed CINS transactions to*61 achieve nontax business purposes in Saba I. Much of what we said there is equally applicable in response to petitioner's contentions that the partnerships were organized and operated to achieve nontax business purposes. Saba I, [slip op. at 112-117], 78 T.C.M. (CCH) 684, 718-719, 1999 T.C.M. (RIA) 99,359, 2272-2274. For the same reasons that we recited in Saba I, we reject petitioner's contentions that the partnerships were organized and operated to achieve nontax business purposes. Contrary to petitioner's position, we have not substituted our own judgment for that of Brunswick's corporate officers. We have simply rejected their testimony as being both self-serving and unsupported by the record as a whole. We likewise are not persuaded that the partnerships' relatively modest profits from their short-term investments, including commercial paper, demonstrate that the partnerships were operated for a nontax business purpose. To borrow again from the Court of Appeals' analysis in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, 201 F.3d at 516, we observe that the partnerships could have realized profits from any number of investment strategies at far lower transaction*62 costs than were incurred implementing Merrill Lynch's tax shelter. Further, even under the most generous assumptions, any expected profits from the partnerships' investments paled in comparison to the approximately $ 170 million of capital losses that the partnerships were designed to generate for Brunswick. Saba I, T.C. Memo 1999-359, [slip op. at 126-127]. The minimal business activity that petitioner cites does not amount to a nontax business purpose for the partnerships. Conclusion We hold that there is no meaningful distinction between the partnerships in these cases and the partnership determined to be a sham in ASA Investerings Pship. v. Commissioner, supra. We further hold that Saba and Otrabanda were not organized or operated for a nontax business purpose under the rationale of Moline Properties v. Commissioner, supra. To reflect the foregoing, Decisions will be entered under Rule 155.