Draughon v. Evening Star Holiness Church of Dunn

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA18-887

Filed: 7 May 2019 Harnett County, No. 17 CVS 1625 MILTON DRAUGHON, SR., Plaintiff,

v.

EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN, Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff,

v. DAFFORD FUNERAL HOME, INC., Third-Party Defendant.

Appeal by Plaintiff from order entered 4 June 2018 by Judge Beecher R. Gray in Harnett County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 13 February 2019.

Brent Adams & Associates, by Gregory A. Posch and Brenton D. Adams, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Yates, McLamb & Weyher, by Sean T. Partrick and John W. Graebe, for Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee.

No brief filed by Third-Party Defendant.

INMAN, Judge.

Plaintiff Milton Draughon, Sr., (“Plaintiff”) appeals from an order granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff Evening Star Holiness Church of Dunn (the “Church”) on Plaintiff’s negligence claims. Plaintiff argues that summary judgment was improper, asserting a genuine issue of material

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court fact existed as to: (1) the presence of a legal duty owed to him by the Church; and (2) his contributory negligence in falling on a set of stairs leading into the Church while carrying a casket. After careful review, we reverse the ruling of the trial court.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The record below indicates the following:

Plaintiff attended a funeral at the Church, located at Sampson Avenue in Dunn, North Carolina, on a sunny day in February of 2015. Before the service started, Plaintiff entered the Church sanctuary through an entrance facing Sampson Avenue. As Plaintiff and a church deacon were speaking, the minister who would be conducting the service approached and asked Plaintiff if he would be willing to help carry the deceased’s casket into the sanctuary. Plaintiff declined. Some time later, an employee of the funeral home, Third-Party Defendant Dafford Funeral Home, Inc. (“Dafford”),¹ asked Plaintiff to help carry the casket. Plaintiff reconsidered and agreed to help, as he felt physically capable of assisting and Dafford did not have enough employees on hand to carry the casket into the building.

Plaintiff followed the Dafford employee out of the sanctuary through a door facing U.S. Route 421, different than the door Plaintiff had entered earlier, and descended a set of concrete and brick stairs. Once outside, Plaintiff walked approximately 25 to 30 feet to the hearse containing the casket. Plaintiff joined three

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court grounds that Plaintiff had equal or superior knowledge of the open and obvious hazard and failed to exercise due care in navigating the steps. Plaintiff appeals.

II. ANALYSIS

Plaintiff argues that because he introduced sufficient evidence demonstrating genuine issues of material fact, his negligence claim should have survived summary judgment. The Church disagrees, asserting that: (1) Plaintiff had equal or superior knowledge of the alleged defect so the Church did not owe him a duty of care; and (2) Plaintiff’s contributory negligence caused him to trip. Reviewing the evidence and applicable law, we agree with Plaintiff and reverse the trial court. A. Standard of Review

“[The] standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo.” In re Will of Jones, 362 N.C. 569, 573, 669 S.E.2d 572, 576 (2008). The party moving for summary judgment holds the burden of showing “there is no genuine issue of fact remaining for determination and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Branch Banking & Trust Co., 282 N.C. 44, 51, 191 S.E.2d 683, 688 (1972) (citation omitted). We must construe the evidence introduced at summary judgment “in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and with the benefit of all reasonable inferences.” Jenkins v. Lake Montonia Club, Inc., 125 N.C. App. 102, 104, 479 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997).

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DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court

“Summary judgment is rarely appropriate in negligence cases, even when there is no dispute as to the facts, because the issue of whether a party acted in conformity with the reasonable person standard is ordinarily an issue to be determined by a jury.” Surrette v. Duke Power Co., 78 N.C. App. 647, 650, 388 S.E.2d 129, 131 (1986) (citation omitted). “Issues of contributory negligence, like those of ordinary negligence are rarely appropriate for summary judgment. Only where plaintiff’s own negligence discloses contributory negligence so clearly that no other reasonable conclusion may be reached is summary judgment to be granted.” Jenkins, 125 N.C. App. at 104, 479 S.E.2d at 261 (citations omitted). B. Duty to Warn

The parties dispute whether Plaintiff’s evidence discloses a duty owed to him by the Church. Landowners “have a duty to exercise reasonable care in the maintenance of their premises for the protection of lawful visitors.” Bolick v. Bon Worth, Inc., 150 N.C. App. 428, 430, 562 S.E.2d 602, 604 (2002) (citing Barber v. Presbyterian Hosp., 147 N.C. App. 86, 89, 555 S.E.2d 303, 306 (2001)). This “reasonable care” requires landowners to “warn[ a lawful visitor] of hidden conditions and dangers of which the landowner has express or implied notice.” Barber, 147 N.C. App. at 89, 555 S.E.2d at 306. That said, “a landowner need not warn of any ‘apparent hazards or circumstances of which the invitee has equal or superior knowledge.’ ”

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Opinion of the Court Von Viczay v. Thoms, 140 N.C. App. 737, 739, 538 S.E.2d 629, 631 (2000) (quoting Jenkins, 125 N.C. App. at 105, 479 S.E.2d at 262).

The Church argues that Plaintiff had equal or superior knowledge of the stairs’ condition because he had descended them without issue before later tripping on ascent, noting that this Court has upheld entry of summary judgment on premises liability claims where the plaintiffs had previously avoided or successfully navigated the hazards that later caused injury. Bolick, 150 N.C. App. at 429, 562 S.E.2d at 603; Von Viczay, 140 N.C. App. at 740, 538 S.E.2d at 631. Those cases are distinguishable.

In Bolick, a customer asked to use a store’s bathroom. 150 N.C. App. at 428-29, 562 S.E.2d at 603. A store employee directed the customer to several steps leading to a slightly raised bathroom door. Id. The customer successfully traversed the stairs, which were lit by several light sources, and used the bathroom. Id. at 429, 562 S.E.2d at 603. When she exited, the customer fell down the stairs and injured herself; she later filed suit, averring that the step-down from the bathroom door constituted a hazardous condition. Id. On these facts, we held that summary judgment for the defendant store was proper, as “plaintiff had full knowledge of the condition of the doorway to the bathroom by virtue of having safely negotiated her way inside the bathroom moments before she fell.” Id. at 431, 562 S.E.2d at 604.

Similarly, in Von Viczay, the plaintiff walked down an icy path to the front door of a home to attend a party. 140 N.C. App. at 737-78, 538 S.E.2d at 630. The

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DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court plaintiff was able to observe the ice and snow that covered the ground and walkway, as they were well lit. Id. When the plaintiff later exited the home, she slipped and fell on the ice; because the plaintiff had seen the ice and already successfully navigated the hazardous condition once before, we held she had failed to demonstrate the defendant owed her any duty. Id. at 740, 538 S.E.2d at 632.

Unlike the plaintiffs in Bolick and Von Viczay, Plaintiff has introduced evidence that he did not have knowledge of the hazardous condition caused by the irregular height of the top step despite descending the stairs just moments earlier. In his affidavit, Plaintiff stated that this defect could not “be perceived by the naked eye at a reasonable distance while climbing those stairs . . . [or] while walking down the stairs or while walking up the stairs.” By contrast, in Bolick and Von Viczay it was undisputed that the hazards were known to the plaintiffs. Bolick, 150 N.C. App. at 431, 562 S.E.2d at 604; Von Viczay 140 N.C. App. at 737-78, 538 S.E.2d at 630. Those decisions, therefore, are inapplicable to the situation, presented here, in which a plaintiff introduces evidence showing he was unaware of and unable to discern the hazardous condition despite prior exposure. As a result, we hold that there exists a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Plaintiff had equal or superior knowledge of the hazard at issue, and summary judgment on this ground was improper.

Having held that a genuine issue of material fact exists concerning Plaintiff’s knowledge of the hazard, we believe this case is more similar to Lamm v. Bissette

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DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court Realty, Inc., 327 N.C. 412, 395 S.E.2d 112 (1990), than the precedents cited by the Church. In Lamm, the plaintiff exited a building by descending a set of steps that terminated in an asphalt ramp leading to a parking lot. Id. at 414, 395 S.E.2d at 114. The top two steps were six and one-half inches high; the final step, because of the manner in which the ramp was constructed, had “the effective height of . . . eight and one-half inches.” Id. The plaintiff slipped and fell as she was stepping off the bottom step and later brought suit to recover for her injuries. Id. at 414-15, 395 S.E.2d at 114. The trial court entered summary judgment for the defendants and we reversed; on appeal to the Supreme Court, our decision was modified and affirmed. Id. at 418, 395 S.E.2d at 116. In its opinion, the Supreme Court determined from the plaintiff’s evidence that:

[T]he fact that the last step down is some two inches deeper than the other two steps, partly as a result of this sloping, is not so obvious to someone descending the stairs. The combination of the slope and the variation of the height cannot be said as a matter of law to be an open and obvious defect of which plaintiff . . . should have been aware.

Id. at 416-17, 395 S.E.2d at 115. Summary judgment was therefore improper, as “[a] jury could find that this variation in riser height, in part caused by the slope of the asphalt, was a hidden defect which defendants should have known about and that defendants had a duty to warn plaintiff[.]” Id. at 417, 395 S.E.2d at 115.

The Church argues that Lamm is inapposite, asserting it: (1) involved a plaintiff with no prior experience with the hazard, and therefore does not concern a

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DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court plaintiff with equal or superior knowledge; and (2) addresses hidden, and not open and obvious, defects. These arguments are misplaced. First, as set forth supra, there exists a genuine issue of material fact as to Plaintiff’s knowledge of the hazard at issue.² Second, as set forth infra, Plaintiff’s forecast of the evidence discloses a genuine issue of fact concerning whether the defect was hidden or open and obvious, just as in Lamm.

Plaintiff’s affidavit states that the defect in question—the variation in height between the top step and the preceding ones—was not observable from a reasonable distance or while descending or ascending the stairs. Taken in the light most favorable to him, this evidence creates a disputed issue of material fact concerning whether the defect was hidden or open and obvious. The same evidence creates a disputed factual issue regarding whether Plaintiff had equal or superior knowledge of the danger after descending the stairs and while approaching with the casket. These factual disputes preclude a decision as a matter of law that the Church did not owe Plaintiff a duty to warn of the alleged defect.

As noted by the dissent, the Church points out that Plaintiff testified at his deposition that he tripped on both the top of the fourth step and the brick riser of the

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court C. Contributory Negligence

The Church argues an alternative basis for affirming the trial court’s order, asserting that “Plaintiff was contributorily negligent because he walked into a danger that was open and obvious.” Having held that there is a genuine issue of material fact concerning the openness and obviousness of the hazard at issue, we need not address this argument. The Church also asserts that, even if the defect was hidden, Plaintiff was contributorily negligent in electing to use the stairs rather than taking an adjacent ramp. The cases cited by the Church for this proposition, however, are not applicable here.

The Church first sites Kelly v. Regency Centers Corp., 203 N.C. App. 339, 691 S.E.2d 92 (2010), in which this Court held a plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law in failing to avoid an openly and obviously dangerous condition. 203 N.C. App. at 343-44, 691 S.E.2d at 95-96. In the present case, and as detailed supra, the openness and obviousness of the defect that led to Plaintiff’s injury is an issue of fact raised by the evidence; as a result, Kelly’s holding is of no import. In the other case cited by the Church, Dunnevant v. Southern Railway Co., 167 N.C. 232, 83 S.E. 347 (1914),³ our Supreme Court held that a plaintiff was contributorily negligent when he elected to leave a train platform via a darkened set of stairs he knew to be dangerous rather than descending a well-lit alternative available and known to him.

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH OF DUNN

Opinion of the Court evidence. Plaintiff’s deposition testimony and affidavit assert that the danger in this case was not the act of carrying a casket up a flight of stairs, but was instead a hazardous difference in height between the top step and the ones below it; indeed, Plaintiff stated in his affidavit that his “fall occurred solely because [he] tripped on the top stair of the staircase” and expressly disclaimed any effect the casket had on his ability to climb the steps. He also testified in deposition that he had no concerns carrying the casket with just four people and reiterated in his affidavit that he is “a strong man and had no difficulty lifting the casket or carrying the casket[.]” Nor, per his affidavit, did he have a “reason to think that four strong adults could not safely carry a casket up a flight of stairs.” As for the danger itself, Plaintiff’s affidavit states that “the defect in the stairs . . . cannot be perceived by the naked eye at a reasonable distance while climbing those stairs” or “while walking down . . . or . . . up the stairs[,]” and he testified at deposition that he “didn’t recognize” the defect at the time he descended the steps.

Taking this evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, a reasonable and prudent person would not know to take any precautions against this apparently imperceptible danger, whether carrying a casket or not. Thus, that same reasonable and prudent person would not believe taking the adjacent ramp to be necessary, nor feel the need to seek additional help or use a trolley, and we do not believe that carrying a casket up the church steps into the sanctuary for a funeral is an

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Opinion of the Court indisputably negligent act. Cf. O’Neal, 55 N.C. App. at 228-29, 284 S.E.2d at 710 (“When she was injured, plaintiff was where she had a privilege to be: using a common area of defendants’ premises intended for use by defendants’ tenants. Under these circumstances, it cannot be said as a matter of law that plaintiff was required to avoid the use of the stairs or to use them at her peril, or that she was required to use an alternate route.” (citations omitted)). So we cannot conclude that, as a matter of law, Plaintiff was contributorily negligent in electing to utilize the apparently safe stairs rather than taking the casket up the adjacent ramp. Nor can we conclude he was contributorily negligent as a matter of law in traversing the stairs side-step with a casket in hand or in relying on three other “strong men” to assist him where Plaintiff’s evidence, taken in the light most favorable to him, demonstrates no additional help was needed to carry the casket.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s entry of summary judgment for the Church and remand for further proceedings.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Judge COLLINS concurs.

Judge DILLON dissents by separate opinion.

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DILLON, Judge, dissenting.

I believe that the evidence establishes, as a matter of law, that Plaintiff was contributorily negligent when he tripped walking up steps leading from the sidewalk into the Church building. Specifically, the evidence conclusively establishes that Plaintiff began his fall when he tripped over a step which was properly constructed. And, the evidence also conclusively establishes that Plaintiff was negligent as he stumbled over the next step whose defective design was obvious. I believe that Judge Gray ruled correctly and, therefore, I dissent.

Here, Plaintiff’s own expert described the stairs essentially as follows: There are five concrete steps leading from the sidewalk to the Church’s entry door. But there is also a rise from the top (fifth) concrete step into the Church building itself. The rises between the five concrete steps (that is, between the first and second, the second and third, the third and fourth, and the fourth and fifth) are all concrete and are uniform in height, about 6.5 inches each. However, the rise between the fifth concrete step and the interior of the Church building, composed of mostly red brick (part of the Church building) and a white-painted, wooden threshold, is over 10.5 inches.

I agree with the majority that Plaintiff’s evidence is sufficient to reach the jury on the question of whether the Church’s negligence was a proximate cause of Plaintiff’s fall; Plaintiff stated that he tripped as he was stepping from the top concrete step into the Church building; Section 1115.3(b) of the our State Building

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH

DILLON, J., dissenting Code requires that “risers [shall be] of uniform height in any one flight of stairs[;]” and our Supreme Court has indicated that a violation of the Building Code may constitute negligence per se. Lamm v. Bissette Realty, Inc., 327 N.C. 412, 415, 395 S.E.2d 112, 114 (1990); see Pasour v. Pierce, 76 N.C. App. 364, 368, 333 S.E.2d 314, 317 (1985) (“[A] violation of the Building Code in North Carolina is negligence per se.”).

But I also conclude that the evidence establishes, as a matter of law, that Plaintiff’s own negligence, too, was a proximate cause in his fall and subsequent injury. Specifically, Plaintiff admitted in his deposition that he began his fall when he tripped as he was stepping from the fourth concrete step to the fifth concrete step, before attempting to make the last step into the Church building:

Q: Are you tripping on concrete or brick?

A: Both of them, really.

Q: Which one do you trip on first?

A: Well, it would have to be that one first because it comes first.

Q: Which one? The concrete?

A: Yeah, it would have to be that.

Q: Would it be the front of the concrete you trip on, that step of concrete?

A: No, it would have been the front of it.

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH

DILLON, J., dissenting (Emphasis added.) Through this testimony, Plaintiff clearly states that he first tripped on the top of the concrete rise between the fourth and fifth step. Any doubt as to what Plaintiff was saying was cleared up with his response to the following question, which clearly assumes that Plaintiff began tripping as he was stepping on the fifth concrete step:

Q: From the area you started tripping, which you say [is] the front of this concrete step, would you draw a line from that point over to this part of the picture and put a 1 on it.

Plaintiff then marked on a photo of the steps that he began tripping on the top front corner of the fifth concrete step; he did not initially trip on the 10.5 inch rise from the fifth step into the Church building. This picture marked by Plaintiff was before Judge Gray and is part of the record on appeal. And Plaintiff’s own evidence, through the affidavit of his expert, is uncontradicted that this step between the fourth and fifth concrete step was not in violation of the Building Code, as it was uniform with the other steps that Plaintiff had just ascended.

I am guided by our Supreme Court that “if [a] step is properly constructed and well lighted so that it can be seen by one entering or leaving the [building], by the exercise of reasonable care, then there is no liability.” Garner v. Atlantic Greyhound Corp., 250 N.C. 151, 159, 108 S.E.2d 461, 467 (1959) (reversing the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion for nonsuit, holding that the defendant was not liable as a matter of law). Based on Garner, I conclude that the Church was not liable with

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH

DILLON, J., dissenting respect to Plaintiff’s stumble as he stepped from the fourth concrete step to the fifth. The beginning of Plaintiff’s fall was clearly due entirely to Plaintiff’s own negligence, which makes this present case distinguishable from Lamm v. Bissette Realty, Inc., 327 N.C. 412, 395 S.E.2d 112 (1990), cited by the majority.

I further conclude that Plaintiff was contributorily negligent, as a matter of law, as he as he took his final, off-balanced step into the Church building itself. Assuming, the Church may have been negligent as to this final step because of the height differential, Plaintiff was also negligent for not taking due care in taking this final step. Plaintiff’s own expert described the rise between the concrete steps as being concrete, but that the rise between the last concrete step into the church consisted of some concrete, then brick, and then a wooden threshold, a difference which I believe was open and obvious. The picture of the steps in the record shows obvious differences between the other step rises and the rise leading into the building, such as the rise into the building consisting of some concrete, then mostly dark red brick, and then a white threshold, whereas the other rises were uniformly gray concrete. Further, Plaintiff had walked down these same steps just minutes prior to the fall, surely noticing the height differential as he stepped from the Church building to the top step. And the evidence shows that it was daytime when he fell. See Stoltz v. Burton, 69 N.C. App. 231, 236, 316 S.E.2d 646, 649 (1984) (affirming summary judgment for the defendant and citing Garner, stating that an injured plaintiff

DRAUGHON V. EVENING STAR HOLINESS CHURCH

DILLON, J., dissenting “behaved negligently by not exercising due care to protect herself” when walking down a step of which she had an unobstructed view in broad daylight).

Footnotes

[1] Counsel for Dafford has not entered an appearance in this appeal, so we limit our discussion of Dafford to the factual and procedural history. -2- other men at the hearse, and the group carried the casket, without any apparent difficulty, to the bottom of the stairs Plaintiff had navigated moments earlier. They then began ascending the stairs, unhindered by the casket. Before reaching the entryway, Plaintiff, who was positioned on the front left side of the casket, tripped on the top step and injured his knees. The top step was approximately two-and-a-half inches taller than the preceding steps. Plaintiff filed suit against the Church on 22 August 2017, alleging negligence, negligence per se, and res ipsa loquitur arising out of the stair’s defective and dangerous condition, i.e., the difference in height between the top step and the ones below it. In response, the Church filed a combined answer and third-party complaint against Dafford for contribution and indemnification, asserting by affirmative defense that Plaintiff was contributorily negligent in failing to use reasonable care. Plaintiff, with leave of the trial court, filed an amended complaint on 5 March 2018. The Church moved for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claims. The Church’s motion argued, among other things, that Plaintiff possessed equal or superior knowledge of the alleged defective condition, having descended the stairs without issue moments before tripping. Plaintiff filed an affidavit in opposition; he also filed an affidavit from an engineering expert attesting to the defect in the stairs. Following a hearing, the trial court granted the Church’s summary judgment motion on the -3-

[2] As a factual matter, the Church appears to be incorrect in claiming the plaintiff in Lamm had never before traversed the steps on which she was injured. Lamm v. Bissette Realty, 94 N.C. App. 145, 148-49, 379 S.E.2d 719, 722 (1989) (Lewis, J., dissenting) (“The evidence also shows that plaintiff had walked up and down the same place approximately 30 days earlier and again only 15 minutes before she fell.”). -9- top step; he also acknowledged he made contact with the top of the fourth step first. But Plaintiff also testified that “I tripped on the top step and fell into the church.” This testimony concerning the cause of Plaintiff’s fall and the role of the fourth step and defective top riser in it raises a factual question for the jury to resolve. In Lamm, the defendants attempted a similar argument, “contend[ing] that plaintiff’s forecast of evidence shows only that the sloping of the asphalt ramp and not the riser height was the cause of her accident, and therefore the accident was caused by an open and obvious condition of which defendants had no duty to warn plaintiff.” Lamm, 327 N.C. at 417, 395 S.E.2d at 115-16. Our Supreme Court reasoned that “[w]hile in her deposition plaintiff kept referring to the ‘slope’ as the cause of her fall, plaintiff never denied that the variation in the riser height contributed to her fall. This ostensible conflict regarding causation is not properly settled by summary judgment; it is a question for the jury.” Id. at 417, 395 S.E.2d at 116. Consistent with Lamm, we hold that summary judgment was improper and that a jury should have the opportunity to resolve the factual questions discussed above. See also Kiser v. Snyder, 17 N.C. App. 445, 450, 194 S.E.2d 638, 641 (1973) (holding that when the plaintiff’s own evidence presented conflicts internal to both his deposition and affidavits concerning negligence, contributory negligence, and damages, summary judgment was improper). - 10 -

[3] This decision was reprinted in 1953 at 167 N.C. 272. - 11 - 167 N.C. at 233, 83 S.E. at 348. The Supreme Court premised its holding on the maxim that “[i]f two ways are open to a person to use, one safe and the other dangerous, the choice of the dangerous way, with knowledge of the danger, constitutes contributory negligence.” Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis added). Here, Plaintiff introduced evidence showing he did not have knowledge of the defect that he contends led to his injury and that the defect was undiscoverable by the means available to him at the time; as a result, Dunnevant is distinguishable. Notwithstanding these differences, the Church contends that no reasonably prudent person would elect to carry a casket by hand up the stairs under the circumstances faced by Plaintiff independent of his subjective knowledge of any danger. See, e.g., Smith v. Fiber Controls Corp., 300 N.C. 669, 673, 268 S.E.2d 504, 507 (1980) (noting a plaintiff “may be contributorily negligent if his conduct ignores unreasonable risks or dangers which would have been apparent to a prudent person exercising ordinary care for his own safety” (citation omitted)). However, under this rule, “[t]he standard of care required differs with the exigencies of the situation.” O’Neal v. Kellett, 55 N.C. App. 225, 229, 284 S.E.2d 707, 710 (1981) (citation omitted). The Church asserts Plaintiff was contributorily negligent in: (1) failing to use a nearby ramp; (2) failing to ask for additional assistance in carrying the casket or suggesting the use of a trolley; and (3) ascending the stairs sideways while carrying the casket. These conclusory assertions of fact, however, are disputed by Plaintiff’s - 12 -