Estate of Sloane v. Commissioner

Estate of Henry T. Sloane, Deceased, John Sloane and Roland L. Redmond, Executors v. Commissioner. Estate of Sloane v. Commissioner Docket No. 108473. United States Tax Court 1944 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 210; 3 T.C.M. (CCH) 555; T.C.M. (RIA) 44206; June 8, 1944 *210 Allin H. Pierce, Esq., 2 Wall St., New York, N. Y., for the petitioners. Thomas H. Lewis, Jr., Esq., for the respondent. HARRON Memorandum Findings of Fact and Opinion HARRON, Judge: Memorandum Findings of Fact and Opinion in this proceeding was entered on April 4, 1944. Thereafter, on May 1, 1944, respondent filed motion for reconsideration and amendment of opinion. The motion was granted. Petitioners were given time, until May 25, 1944, to file reply to respondent's motion and any brief deemed necessary. Also, under order dated May 15, 1944, the Memorandum Findings of Fact and Opinion was recalled for further consideration. Respondent's motion asks for reconsideration of the issue relating to credit for payments made on the estate tax, item D of Part III, Miscellaneous Issues. Petitioners have not filed a reply but have advised the Court that the record contains evidence supporting certain conclusions of fact which are set forth in respondent's motion. Accordingly, certain amendments to the original report must be made. The recent promulgation of the report in the case. Frances Biddle Trust, 3 T.C. 832 requires reconsideration of the issue considered*211 under Part II, namely, whether transfers to trusts were intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after death within the scope of section 302 (c) of the Revenue Act of 1936, as amended. The original report in this case has been vacated under order dated May 30, 1944. The present opinion now becomes the opinion of the Court in this case. The Commissioner determined a deficiency in estate tax liability in the amount of $3,007,098.15. Petitioners contend that there is no deficiency and that the tax has been overpaid. The estate tax return was filed with the collector for the third district of New York. Several issues raised by the pleadings have been settled by the parties. Effect will be given thereto under Rule 50. The remaining issues fall into three general groups: (1) Issues relating to the fair market values on the optional valuation date of stocks of four closely held corporations; (2) Issues arising out of express reservations by the decedent of interests in 10 inter vivos trusts; and (3) Miscellaneous issues relating to accrued income, additional deductions, and credits for state and Federal estate taxes. General Findings of Fact Henry T. Sloane, the*212 decedent, died testate, a resident of the County and State of New York, on September 18, 1937. His will was admitted to probate by the Surrogate's Court of New York County on October 6, 1937, and letters testamentary were issued to John Sloane and Roland L. Redmond, petitioners, who are the executors of the estate. In the estate tax return, the petitioners elected that all property included in the gross estate should be valued as of the applicable optional valuation dates provided in section 302 (j) of the Revenue Act of 1926, as amended. The estate tax return was filed on December 17, 1938. I. Value of Stocks of C. H. Masland & Sons, W. & J. Sloane, W. & J. Sloane Mfg. Co., and Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Co. Findings of Fact Among the assets included in the gross estate of the decedent were the following stocks: Item in Return Class of Stock Corporation B-130 362 shares common C. H. Masland & Sons B-131 750 shares preferred C. H. Masland & Sons B-136 3,175 shares common W. & J. Sloane B-137 1,900 shares preferred W. & J. Sloane B-138 8,228 shares prior preferred W. & J. Sloane B-139 3,020 shares capital W. & J. Sloane Mfg. Co. B-140 120 shares capital Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Co. *213 On September 7, 1938, the above stocks were sold, along with other securities owned by the estate, at an auction in New York City conducted by Adrian H. Muller & Son, who are licensed auctioneers. The above stocks were sold to the highest bidder, Wainwright, Luce & Willetts, brokers, who represented John Sloane and Roland L. Redmond, trustees of the testamentary trusts under the will of Henry T. Sloane, who are the same persons as the executors of the estate of Henry T. Sloane, the petitioners in this proceeding. The auctioneer, acting on behalf of the executors of the estate, consummated the sales on September 8, 1938, by delivering negotiable certificates for the above stocks to the purchaser against payment of the sales price. Also, on September 8, 1938, the auctioneer delivered to the executors, petitioners, their check for the net proceeds from the sale after deducting commissions and expenses. Petitioners reported in the estate tax return as the value of each of the above stocks on the optional valuation date the amount of the selling price of each stock at the auction sale less the expenses of the sale. Respondent rejected said values and determined greater values for each*214 stock. The following table shows the values reported and the values determined, respectively: Values returned by Executors in Values determined Estate Tax Return by respondent Approx. Value Total Approx. Value Total Description of stock per share * Value ** per share Value 362 shares Masland common $ 15.00 $ 5,404.66 $ 35.00 $ 12,670.00 750 shares Masland preferred 37.50 28,057.50 65.00 48,750.00 3,175 shares W. & J. Sloane common 1.30 4,019.53 51.00 161,861.50 1,900 shares W. & J. Sloane preferred 5.00 9,367.00 100.00 190,000.00 8,228 shares W. & J. Sloane prior preferred 15.25 124,901.04 100.00 822,800.00 3,020 shares Sloane Mfg. 10.00 29,988.60 60.00 180,587.12 120 shares Alexander Smith 2,015.00 241,784.40 6,232.00 747,895.45 In August of 1938, the executors of the estate decided to sell at public auction certain bonds and stocks, including those described above, through Adrian H. Muller & Son, licensed auctioneers. That firm was established*215 in 1837; it specializes in auction sales of securities; its sales are held as often as once a week in New Jersey and New York; and its sales have been on behalf of estates, banks, trust companies, agencies of the Federal and state governments. Its sales are held in a public auction room in New York City. The executors instructed Muller to offer the securities in the manner which they advised the executors was best calculated to facilitate bidding and attract persons who wished to bid. At the suggestion of Muller, the executors waived the requirement of a deposit from a bidder representing a firm registered with the New York Stock Exchange or a New York City bank or trust company, who presented a letter of authorization to bid. They authorized Muller to offer the stocks in the group involved herein in lots of 100 shares of multiples thereof with the right to take the entire block, except that the Alexander Smith stock was to be offered in lots of 10 shares or multiples thereof. The securities which the executors directed Muller to sell at auction comprised the stocks listed above, 12 mortgage certificates of Lawyers Mortgage Company having a total face value of about $214,000, a bond*216 and mortgage of Nieberg Realty Co. in the principal amount of $26,000, a debenture bond of 650 Madison Avenue Corporation in the principal amount of $60,000, 195 shares of Master Craftsmen, Inc., 63 shares of Hamilton Homes Ass'n, capital stock, and 20 shares of American Woman's Realty Corporation common stock. The executors directed Muller to insert advertisement of the sale in the New York Times, Sunday, September 4 to Wednesday, September 7, inclusive; and in the New York Herald Tribune and Wall Street Journal, September 5 to 7, inclusive. The advertisements were made, in accordance with the instruction of the above stocks, and they stated that the sales would be auction sales on September 7, 1938, at 12:30 P.M. at 18 Vesey Street by Muller & Son. The advertisements listed all of the above named stocks, bonds, and mortgage certificates. Copies of the advertisement were sent by mail by Muller to about 200 brokers, banks, and individual investors. The executors sent copies of the proof copy of the advertisement of the auction to the principal officers of the companies whose securities were to be sold, and to individuals who would be interested, and to the Guaranty Trust Company, *217 and to several brokerage firms which had indicated some interest. Lists of the announcement of the sale and of the securities to be sold were printed which were available before and at the sale. It is the practice for banks and brokers regularly to call at Muller's for announcements of their sales. Sloane and Redmond, in their capacity as trustees of the testamentary trusts, made arrangements to bid for the Sloane, Masland, and Smith stocks, (the group involved here) prior to the auction. With the idea of protecting the executors against the possibility that these securities might go "for a song", the trustees retained a firm of brokers, Wainwright, Luce & Willetts, member of the New York Stock Exchange, and authorized them to make initial and maximum bids on behalf of the trustees. Special instructions were given with respect to the bidding on the stock involved here. The purpose of the trustees in making such instructions was to avoid the possibility of paying an unduly high price for an entire block of stock where some other bidder desired to purchase only a small number of shares. On September 6, 1938, Redmond gave Wainwright, Luce & Willetts the following instructions by letter*218 which stated, in part, as follows: "We are advised that the following stocks will be offered in lots of 100 shares, the successful bidder to have the right to take such part or all of the lot as he may desire. We authorize you to make the following initial and maximum bids in dollars per share for the following securities: Initial Maximum bid bid 3,175 shs. W. & J. Sloane com. $ 1. $10. 1,900 shs. W. & J. Sloane 6% cum. pfd. 5. 40. 8,228 shs. W. & J. Sloane prior cum. pfd. 6% 10. 50. 3,020 shs. W. & J. Sloane Mfg. Co. com. capital 10. 50. 362 shs. C. H. Masland & Sons 5. 35. 750 shs. C. H. Masland & Sons 5% pfd. 10. 50. * * * * * "We are advised that the 120 shares Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Company, with appurtenant certificate of interest, will be offered in 10 share lots, the successful bidder to have the privilege of taking all or any part of the block and that each share of stock will be accompanied upon delivery by a certificate of interest for $100. We authorize you to make the following bids for this security: Initial bid Maximum bid $250. per sh. $3,450. per sh. * * * * * "We authorize you to use your discretion in bidding*219 after the initial bid and you may increase any bid made against you by such an amount as you deem appropriate up to the maximum bids above mentioned. You will appreciate that it is our desire to purchase these securities at the lowest possible price. "In the event that you are a successful bidder on the first offering of any of the above mentioned securities we authorize you to elect to take the entire lot unless the amount of your successful bid is in excess of the following prices for the following securities: W. & J. Sloane 6% pfd. $35. W. & J. Sloane prior pfd. 45. W. & J. Sloane Mfg. Co. com. 45. C. H. Masland & Sons 30. C. H. Masland & Sons 5% pfd. 40. * * * * * "In such case we would like to have you elect to take only 100 shares of the lot, the balance will then be re-offered and we authorize you to make the same initial and maximum bids. If a second time your successful bid is in excess of the figures last mentioned, we authorize you to again elect to take only 100 shares. Upon the next offering we would like to have you stop bidding at the figures last mentioned above so that the other person bidding against you may become the successful bidder and be *220 in a position to elect to take the amount of stock which he desires. If he should elect to take less than the balance then offered, we authorize you upon the next offering to again bid the original initial and maximum bids mentioned above. It is our thought that this method will prevent us paying an unduly high price for an entire block when some competitor may desire to have only a small part of it. "These bids are made on behalf of Mr. Sloane and myself as trustees under the Thirteenth Article of Mr. Sloane's will, a copy of which we enclose for your information. * * *" The letter also authorized the brokers to make initial and maximum bids on securities of Lawyers Mortgage Co. and certain bonds. The auction sale was held on September 7, 1938, and all of the securities offered were sold for a gross amount of $554,851. Advertising, commissions, fees, and stamps came to $2,672, so that the net proceeds were $552,179. More than 100 persons attended the sale. Sloane and Redmond attended the sale. They were present to vary their instructions, as trustees, to their agents if they believed circumstances required altering the instructions. At the auction, the auctioneer read the terms*221 of the sale, announced that the certificates for the securities were present for examination, explained that certain stocks could be purchased either as a block or in lots of 100 shares or 10 shares, as the case might be, and then called for bids. At the conclusion of the bidding on each item, the auctioneer announced the sale and inquired how many shares the successful bidder wanted. For some securities there was active bidding; for some there was only a single bid. Wainwright, Luce & Willetts, representing the trustees, were the successful bidders for all of the stocks involved in this proceeding and for 195 shares of Master Craftsmen, Inc., and the bond and mortgage of the Nieberg Realty Co. In their letter to Wainwright, Luce & Willetts, dated September 6, 1938, part of which has been quoted above, the trustees authorized Wainwright, Luce & Willetts to bid on every stock, bonds, and mortgage certificate offered at the auction except shares of stock in American Woman's Realty and Hamilton Homes Ass'n; and the trustees stated the amounts of the initial and maximum bids which their agents were to make for each security, as in the instance of the stocks in question. In every instance*222 where the successful bidder was some firm or person other than Wainwright, Luce & Willetts, the bid exceeded the amount of the maximum bid authorized by the trustees except in two instances where the agents of the trustees did not bid the maximum and the security went to someone who took at a price equal to the authorized maximum bid. In addition to Wainwright, Luce & Willetts, there were 12 purchasers of the several securities offered. The following table shows the number of bids and the sales price for the group of stocks here involved: Sales Price No. of Securities Sold to the Trustees Bids Per Share Per Block 362 shares Masland common [36] $ 15.00 $ 5,430 750 shares Masland preferred [79] 37.50 28,125 3,175 shares W. & J. Sloane common [2] 1.30 4,127 1,900 shares W. & J. Sloane preferred [1] 5.00 9,500 8,228 shares W. & J. Sloane prior preferred [19] 15.25 125,477 3,020 shares Sloane Mfg. capital [1] 10.00 30,200 120 shares Alexander Smith capital [17] 2,015.00 241,800 Total $444,659 The bidding was as follows: The bid for Masland common started at $5 a share and, after 36 bids, the stock was sold for $15 a share. The bid for Masland preferred*223 started at $11 per share and, after 79 bids, the stock was sold for $37.50. There were two bids for the Sloane common, an initial bid of $1, a second bid of $1.25, and a last bid of $1.30. There was only one bid of $5 for Sloane preferred. On Sloane prior preferred the bidding started at $10, and went gradually up to $15.25 after 19 bids. There was only one bid of $10 a share for Sloane Manufacturing. On the Alexander Smith stock, the bidding started at $250 a share, and went to $1,000, $1,050, $1,150, $1,500, $1,550, $1,600, $1,625, $1,700, $1,725, $1,800, $1,825, $1,900, $1,925, $1,975, $2,000, $2,010, and to $2,015. The optional valuation date of the Masland, Sloane, and Smith stocks is September 8, 1938, for the purpose of determining the estate tax liability in this proceeding. C. H. Masland & Sons is a corporation engaged in the manufacture of carpets and rugs. It was incorporated in 1907 under the laws of Pennsylvania. In 1938, its issued and outstanding stock consisted of 14,432 shares of common stock and 6,250 shares of 5 percent non-cumulative preferred stock, both having a par value of $100 a share. In 1938, approximately 78 percent of the stock was held by members of*224 the Masland family, and the remainder was held by members of the family of the decedent, by the estate of the decedent, and by persons associated with W. & J. Sloane. There were 69 holders of the common and 27 holders of the preferred stocks. From 1889 until November, 1938, W. & J. Sloane acted as the sales agent of Masland & Sons. Neither of the Masland stocks was listed on any exchange and very few shares have been bought and sold. During the ten years 1929 to 1938, inclusive, the Masland business was operated at a loss in 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, and 1938, and at a profit in the other years. The total of the annual losses during the above years was $893.000; the total of profits in the other years was $376,000. No dividend was paid on the common stock during any of the years 1927 to 1940, inclusive. No dividend was paid on the preferred stock during 1929 to 1938, inclusive, except in 1937 when a dividend of $5 was paid, partly in cash and partly in notes. The fair market values on September 8, 1938, the optional valuation date, of the Masland stocks were as follows: $16 per share for the 362 shares of common stock; $37.50 per share for the 750 shares of preferred stock. W. & J. *225 Sloane, hereinafter referred to as the Sloane Company, is a New York corporation, organized in 1891. The business of the company included the retailing of furniture, floor coverings, and household furnishings; the wholesaling of rugs, carpets, and linoleum; the supplying of furnishings for hotels, steamships, and other large establishments under special contracts. The principal place of business is in New York City. Branch stores are maintained in San Francisco and Beverley Hills, California, Washington, D.C., and New York City. In 1938, the Sloane Company controlled through ownership of blocks of stock, W. & J. Sloane Manufacturing Company, Master Craftsmen, Inc., a manufacturer of furniture, and the William John Corporation, which owned a warehouse in New York which was used by the Sloane Company. Until November 1938, the Sloane Company acted as wholesale selling agent for Alexander Smith and Sons Carpet Company, C. H. Masland and Sons, and Sloane-Blabon Corporation. The Sloane-Blabon Corporation manufactured linoleum. All of its stock was owned by W. & J. Sloane Manufacturing Company, a non-operating company. In 1938, the capitalization and outstanding stock of the Sloane Company*226 was as follows: 18,046.2 shares - 6% prior preferred stock, par value $100 40,000 shares - 6% preferred stock, par value $100 59,547 shares - common stock, par value $10 (there were also 453 shares of common stock held in the treasury) The prior preferred stock had a prior claim to assets and to dividends. It had no voting rights under any circumstances, it was callable at $102 per share, and it was convertible into common stock. The preferred stock was junior to the prior preferred in its claim to assets and dividends. It had no voting rights. It was callable at $106 per share. The prior preferred stock had dividend arrears equal to approximately $515,000 ($28.50 per share) in September 1938. The preferred stock had dividend arrears of $1,280,000 ( $32 per share). The common stock had sole voting rights. The Sloane family has always controlled the Sloane Company. In 1938, all of the prior preferred stock was owned by members of the Sloane family; 75 percent of the preferred stock was owned by members of the Sloane family or by their estates or trusts. The remaining 25 percent of the preferred stock was owned by heirs of former members of the Sloane family, by stockholders of*227 Alexander Smith and Sons Carpet Company, and a few shares were owned by the public. Members of the Sloane family owned 55 percent of the common stock; the Smith Company and its associates owned 25 percent of the common stock; and 20 percent was owned by executives and salesmen employed by the Sloane Company. In 1938, there were approximately 40 holders of the prior preferred stock, 50 holders of the preferred, and 110 holders of the common stock. None of the stocks of the Sloane Company have ever been listed on any stock exchange. During 1937, the Sloane Company sold 500 shares of common stock, which was held in the treasury, at $10 per share. On December 29, 1939, an officer and director of the Sloane Company sold 200 shares of common stock at $1.45 per share to individuals who were business associates. He sold the stock in order to establish a tax loss. Except for the sale of common stock at the auction on September 7, 1938, there is no evidence of any other sales of the Sloane Company common stock during the years 1937 and 1938. In 1933, there was a recapitalization of the Sloane Company and new prior preferred stock, having a par value of $100, was created. In November of 1933, *228 2,000 shares of new prior preferred stock were sold to members of the Sloane family for cash at par. Except for this sale and the sale of the prior preferred stock at auction on September 7, 1938, there is no evidence of any sales of the prior preferred stock. Except for the auction sale of preferred stock there is no evidence of any other sales of preferred stock. No dividends were declared or paid on any class of the Sloane Company stock from the date of recapitalization in 1933 to 1938, inclusive. The Sloane Company had been a prosperous concern until 1929, due in large part to the profits obtained through its sole selling agency of carpet and linoleum mills. The business suffered during the depression. After 1929, and from 1930 through 1934, the business operated at a loss during each year. The losses were as follows: In 1930, the Sloane Company operated at a loss of $1,063,000; 1931, $1,975,000; 1932, $2,618.000; 1933, $555,000; 1934, $582,000. As of December 31, 1932, the earned surplus account of the company showed a deficit of $3,631,000. During the depression period members of the Sloane family made large advances to the business. In 1933, under a plan of recapitalization, *229 the par value of the common stock was reduced from $100 a share to $10 a share and the amount of the reduction was transferred to capital surplus. The new 6 percent prior preferred stock was issued to discharge debts due to stockholders for advances, to pay accrued preferred stock dividends, and to obtain cash. On or about December 1, 1933, the wholesale business was segregated from the retail business and was turned over to a newly organized corporation, W. & J. Sloane Selling Agents, Inc., which acquired the assets and assumed the liabilities of the wholesale department and carried on the business as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Sloane Company. The segregation was made at the suggestion of the Alexander Smith Company which felt that its accounts receivable for products sold by the Sloane Company should not be mingled with the Sloane Company business and should be better secured. The Sloane Selling Agents Company continued in business until 1935 at which time it was merged into the Sloane Company, although the segregation of accounts continued. During 1938, and prior, the Sloane Company borrowed heavily from banks and from 1932 through 1938, the Sloane Company was unable to *230 pay its bills with sufficient promptness to obtain cash discounts. On January 1, 1938, the Chase National Bank of New York held notes of the Sloane Company aggregating approximately $774,000, which indebtedness was reduced to $474,000 at the end of 1938. The Chase Bank held collateral to secure the indebtedness having an aggregate book value of approximately $3,487,000 plus an agreement which provided that one-half of the 1938 cash profits of the wholesale division should be paid to the bank. In the early part of 1938 a decision was made by the Alexander Smith Company that there would be no renewal of the selling agency contract held by Sloane, which was due to expire by its terms on November 1, 1938. On August 3, 1938, an agreement was executed by the two companies under which the Smith Company was to take over the sale of its own products and also the sale of the products of C. H. Masland and Sons. The arrangement under this contract resulted in the Sloane-Blabon Corporation also taking over the sale of its own products. As a result, the Sloane Company's wholesale business was practically eliminated under the above agreement. The fair market values on September 8, 1938, of the *231 Sloane Company's stocks were as follows: For the 3,175 shares of common stock, the fair market value was $1.30 per share; for the 1,900 shares of preferred stock, the value was $5 per share; for the 8,228 shares of prior preferred stock, the value was $30.00 per share. The W. & J. Sloane Manufacturing Company was organized in 1924 under the laws of New Jersey. It was organized by the Sloane Company to manufacture linoleum and other forms of floor covering. In 1925, it built a plant in Trenton, New Jersey. In 1931, its operating assets were consolidated with those of two other linoleum manufacturers, George W. Blabon and Company and the floor covering division of Certain-teed Products Corporation, to form Sloane-Blabon Corporation. As a result of this merger Sloane Manufacturing Company became a holding company, and, thereafter, practically its only assets were shares of the stock of Sloane-Blabon Corporation. In 1937 and 1938, Sloane Manufacturing Company owned 18,309 shares of the class A preferred stock, 5,435 shares of the class B preferred stock, and 32,513 shares of the common stock of Sloane-Blabon Corporation. The total outstanding capital stock of the Sloane-Blabon Corporation*232 consisted of 24,208 shares of class A preferred stock, 15,027 shares of class B preferred stock, and 75,633 shares of common stock. Except for a nominal amount of common stock, all of the shares of all classes of stock not owned by the Sloane Manufacturing Company were owned by Certain-teed Products Corporation. In 1938, the outstanding stock of Sloane Manufacturing Company consisted of 60,000 shares of capital stock, par value $100, 26,411 shares of the capital stock were owned by the W. & J. Sloane Company; 10,000 shares were owned by the Alexander Smith Company; and the remainder of the capital stock was owned by 108 stockholders who were either members of the Sloane family or employees of the Sloane Company or the Smith Company. There were, in all, 110 stockholders. During the years 1934 to 1938, inclusive the Sloane Manufacturing Company received no dividends on the Sloane-Blabon stock which it owned and had no income whatever. Its annual net losses ranged from approximately $3,000 in 1934 to approximately $6,000 in 1938. In the summer of 1938, it was decided that the Sloane Manufacturing Company should be dissolved, and by September of 1938 all essential steps for the dissolution*233 had been taken. The dissolution was effected in February of 1939. Upon the dissolution, the owners of Sloane Manufacturing Company stock received, in exchange, stock of the Sloane-Blabon Corporation at a certain ratio for the various classes of the Sloane-Blabon stock. As a result of the distribution in 1939, the Sloane Company, in exchange for its 26,411 shares of Sloane Manufacturing Company stock, received stock of Sloane-Blabon Corporation as follows: 7,922 shares of class A preferred, 2,114 shares of class B preferred, and 13,209 shares of common stock. In exchange for the 3,020 shares of the Sloane Manufacturing Company stock owned by the estate of decedent, the estate received stock of the Sloane-Blabon Corporation as follows: 904 shares of class A preferred, 244 shares of class B preferred, and 1,512 shares of common stock. The stock of the Sloane Manufacturing Company was never listed on any stock exchange. Except for the sale at the auction on September 7, 1938, there is no evidence of sales of stock of this company. On December 31, 1937, the accumulated undeclared dividends on the class A preferred stock of Sloane-Blabon Corporation amounted to $27 per share, and, on *234 the class B preferred stock amounted to $22.50 per share. On December 31, 1938, the accumulations were $33 and $27.50 per share, respectively. The management of Sloane-Blabon Corporation was controlled by Certainteed Products Corporation. In 1938, the board of directors consisted of 4 representatives of Sloane Manufacturing Company and 5 representatives of Certain-teed. The fair market value of 3,020 shares of W. & J. Sloan Manufacturing Company capital stock on September 8, 1938, was $28 a share. Alexander Smith and Sons Carpet Company is a New York corporation which was organized in 1873. Its offices and mills are in Yonkers, New York. It is the oldest and one of the best known concerns in the wool carpet and drug industry in the United States. At the time of organization, the corporation issued 3,000 shares of capital stock, par value $100 per share, and shortly after, the board of trustees directed that there also be issued scrip certificates in the aggregate amount of $300,000. Each certificate of stock was to be accompanied by a certificate of scrip having a face value equal to the par value of the stock; and the scrip was to be transferable only with an equivalent amount *235 of stock. None of the scrip has ever been called for payment and the capital structure as thus established has remained unchanged. Scrip certificates still accompany the stock certificates and are generally regarded as certificates of paid-in or capital surplus. The scrip has never participated in any distribution of earnings. The 120 shares of stock involved in this proceeding are accompanied by scrip certificates. In 1937 and 1938 the outstanding stock of the Smith Company consisted of 3,000 shares of capital stock and 3,000 scrip certificates. In 1938, the members of the family of Alexander Smith owned about 75 percent of the stock and scrip; the Sloane family and the Law family, owned about 15 percent; and about 10 percent of the stock was owned by present or former executives of the Smith Company. The stock has never been listed on any stock exchange and there have been very few transfers of stock other than those resulting from death. There were only three sales of stock of the Alexander Smith and Sons Carpet Company during the period 1933 to 1938, inclusive. In April of 1933, 39 shares were sold at $1,282.50 per share. In December of 1937, 10 shares were sold at $2,500 per *236 share. On September 28, 1938, 3 shares were sold at $2,000 per share. The only other sale was the sale at auction on September 7, 1938, involving the 120 shares held by the executors of the estate of the decedent. The net profits and dividends paid in 1935 to 1938, inclusive, were as follows: Dividends Year Net Profits Paid per Share [1935] $849,002 $100 [1936] 898,201 [1937] 562,402 [1938] 21,278 In 1928 the Smith Company entered into a contract with W. & J. Sloane, under which the latter became exclusive sales agent for the Smith products for a ten year period ending on November 1, 1938. During the last six years of this contract the Smith Company repeatedly expressed doubt as to the solvency of W. & J. Sloane, and in 1932 it caused the contract to be amended so as to provide greater security for its accounts. In the early part of 1938, the Smith Company decided not to renew the contract; and, under an agreement dated August 3, 1938, it assumed the sale of its own products and took over the sales offices and personnel of Sloane's wholesale division. There was considerable doubt as to what effect this change would have upon the Smith business. For ten years*237 the company had been out of the sales market; it had no direct representatives in the trade; and there was uncertainty as to how its position as dealer would be reestablished. The balance sheet of Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Company as of December 31, 1938, was as follows: Assets Current Assets: Cash $ 563,844 Federal, State and City Bonds 154,162 Accounts Receivable 2,806,200 Inventories 7,673,300 Total 11,197,506 Investment - W. & J. Sloane Mfg. Co. 601,400 Trademarks and Patents [1] Other Assets 791,068 Land and Buildings $17,031,617 Less: Reserve for Depreciation 9,517,652 7,513,965 Total Assets $20,103,940 Liabilities Current Liabilities Trade Acceptances and Commissions Payable $ 823,021 Accrued Taxes 325,481 Other Accrued Items 215,487 Total 1,363,989 Miscellaneous Reserves 15,000 Capital Stock - 3,000 shares $ 300,000 Scrip Certificates (redeemable at par; not entitled to interest or dividends) 300,000 Surplus 18,124,951 18,724,951 Total Liabilities $20,103,940 On September 8, 1938 the fair market value of 120 shares of Alexander Smith & Sons capital stock was $2,600 per share. Opinion Petitioners, in *238 the estate tax return for the estate of the decedent, reported the prices per share for which the securities in question were sold at auction as the fair market value of each stock, respectively; and they took the date of the sale, September 8, 1938, as the optional valuation date. Respondent does not agree that the sales of the stocks to the trustees are determinative of the question, but he does agree that title to the stocks was transferred by the executors to the trustees on September 8, 1938, and that such date is the "optional valuation date", whether the transfers were accomplished by sale, by distribution, or by some other disposition. See section 302 of the Revenue Act of 1926, as amended by section 202 of the Revenue Act of 1935. There is no question relating to the optional valuation date under this issue. The only question under this issue relates to the determination of the fair market value of each lot of stock on September 8, 1938. At the hearing, respondent did not attempt to support the values which he determined originally. He did not call any witnesses. His only evidence consisted of accountants' reports and pages from Moody's and Poor's manuals. On brief, respondent*239 contends that the findings of fact of the fair market value, in each instance should be as follows: Per Share 362 shares Masland common $ 35 750 shares Masland preferred [50] 3,175 shares W. & J. Sloane common [10] 1,900 shares W. & J. Sloane preferred [40] 8,228 shares W. & J. Sloane prior Pfd. [50] 3,020 shares Sloane Mfg. Co., capital [50] 120 shares Alexander Smith Co., capital 3,450 The above values are the maximum bid prices authorized by the trustees for the purpose of the bidding by their agent at the auction sale. It is to be noted here that none of the above maximum bids were made at the auction sale. In determining the values of the stocks in question, as shown in the statement attached to the notice of deficiency, respondent determined that the fair market value of Masland common was $35 per share; and that the value of Masland preferred was $65 per share. He states that those values represented the mean between the low and high quoted prices "as of the optional valuation date". The record is silent as to the source of the alleged quoted prices and as to the amounts of any such quoted prices. There is no evidence of any market quotations or of any quoted prices*240 for these stocks at any time close to the optional valulation date, the only evidence of any sale or prices being the auction sales. Also, in the statement attached to the notice of deficiency, respondent stated that the values which he determined for the other stocks represented the fair market values as disclosed by the balance sheets and financial statements of the several corporations. It is shown in the findings of fact that the value per share so determined for each stock was $51 per share for Sloane common; $100 per share for Sloane preferred; $100 per share for Sloane prior preferred; $60 for Sloane Manufacturing., and $6,232 per share for Alexander Smith Carpet Company. It is readily seen that there are wide differences between the values for each stock as originally determined by the respondent and as now contended for by him, except in the case of Sloane Manufacturing Company capital stock. Petitioners rely upon the auction sales as the best evidence of the fair market value of each stock and ask that the finding of fact upon the value, in each instance, should be the selling price per share for each, lot of stock at the auction. However, petitioners introduced opinion*241 evidence of two experts; Paul B. Coffman, vice president of Standard & Poor's Corporation, in charge of research and valuation; and Robert G. Wiese, a member of the firm of Scudder, Stevens & Clark, investment counsellors. Coffman did not express any opinion of the value of the Masland stocks. In the opinion of these witnesses, the stocks in question had the following values as of the optional valuation date: Coffman Wiese 362 shares Masland common $ 16.00 750 shares Masland preferred 26.00 3,175 shares W. & J. Sloane common $ 1 2.50 1,900 shares W. & J. preferred [5] 11.00 8,228 shares W. & J. prior pfd. [26] 33.00 3,020 shares Sloane Mfg. Co. [28] 18.17 120 shares Alexander Smith Co. 2,600 2,620.00 We have considered all of the evidence. The determination of the fair market values of each of the stocks is difficult because in each instance there was not an established market for any of the stocks. Also, each corporation was a family corporation, the stock of which was closely held. The lots of stocks held by the estate of the decedent were small and represented only minority interests. There had been very few sales of any of the stock. The two witnesses*242 for petitioner used different methods in arriving at their opinions of value. Wiese considered the financial condition of each company, the earnings record for past years, and the outlook for earnings in the future. However, in each instance, he selected securities of businesses in a similar condition with respect to earnings, and considered the market values of the securities of corporations which he selected as comparable. He then applied a discount factor where the stock here in question appeared to be of less value than the best comparison he found. After arriving at a preliminary value for the stock in question, he tested such value by further comparison of the asset values of the stock in question and the comparative stocks. He also made comparisons of the stock in question at his tested valuation, with the market prices of selected comparable stocks which were listed on the New York Stock Exchange. His method of valuation can best be described as an attempt to calculate what the market price of each of the stocks in question would be if there were an established market for each stock by making comparisons with concerns whose stocks were bought and sold on a market. His method*243 also seems to represent one which an investment counselor would use in giving advice to clients in search of investments, having a wide choice of securities to choose from. His method gave little if any consideration to what a willing buyer and a willing seller would agree upon as the fair price of any one of the particular stocks in question, each having a reasonable knowledge of the material facts relating to the corporation and its business at the date of valuation. See Mathilde B. Hooper, Administratrix, 41 B.T.A. 114, 129, for a discussion of the material factors to be considered in determining the fair market value of the stock of a close corporation. The opinions of Wiese gave too little consideration to the material facts relating to each corporation whose stock was to be valued. Setting aside for the moment consideration of the weight to be given the auction sales, and Wiese did not give them any weight but proceeded as though there were no sales in an open market of any of the stocks, we refer to our prior expressions of doubt of the probative value of such type of expert testimony. See Estate of Jacob Fish, 1 B.T.A. 882, 886,*244 where we said, "Such computations are too speculative to form the basis for the levying and collecting of taxes". See also, George D. Harter Bank, Executor, 38 B.T.A. 387, 398; and James Couzens, 11 B.T.A. 1040, 1163, where comment is made regarding opinions of value which apply considerations applicable to a freely marketable listed stock. We consider the opinions of Wiese as weakened by the method he followed; but we have given consideration to his opinions. Coffman gave consideration to the following factors in his valuation of all of the stocks except the Masland stocks, which he did not value: Book value 1 (which he did not consider a reliable guide), earnings, past, current, and estimated future. He considered the particular business in which each corporation was engaged, internal conditions in the particular business, and conditions outside of the business and beyond its control but which have a bearing upon the conduct of the business. He endeavored to arrive at a reasonable estimate of earnings and dividend paying capacity over a reasonable period in the future. In each instance he considered the asset position*245 of the company as shown by its balance sheet as of December 31, 1938, and he reviewed the balance sheets for the four preceding years. He analyzed the record of the income account over the period 1934 to 1938, inclusive. Some of his observations with respect to each corporation which he valued are set forth below: (a) W. & J. Sloane. Coffman found that during the years 1934-1938, both inclusive, the wholesale division contributed more than three-quarters of the total net sales of the company. In 1938, 74.1 percent of the total net sales were from the wholesale department, and in earlier years, 79 percent. The wholesale division had operated at a profit during the above period. He found also that during the five year period of his test period, the company operated at a sizeable net loss, if the wholesale division were excluded. It was decided in August of 1938 that the Smith Company would not renew its agency agreement with Sloane, and that Smith would take over other selling activities of Sloane, so that its wholesale business would be entirely eliminated. Accordingly, Coffman considered the future prospects on the basis of the record of the retail department. The retail department*246 had operated at net losses ranging from $134,000 to $594,000 during the five year period, except in 1937 when the net profit was $23,000. He estimated that the company could be expected to show a net loss from operations over a reasonable period in the future, and that it would not be in a position to declare dividends even on its prior preferred stock, let alone the preferred and common. The Sloane Company had paid no dividends from 1934 to 1938, inclusive. He was unable to base his values for the Sloane stocks on earning power and dividend paying capacity. He did not consider liquidation value a sound approach. He treated the problem as one relating to a going concern. He resorted, finally, as the only method to value the stock, to analyzing the market prices of industrial nondividend paying preferred stocks in relation to their par value plus accumulated dividends, to obtain the percentage relationship of market prices to par plus accumulated dividends. He determined, by comparison, that a ratio of 20 percent to par would be fair for the prior preferred stock of Sloane, and applying such ratio to par plus accumulated dividends, $130 per share, he found $26 per share to be the fair*247 market value of the prior preferred stock. The prior preferred stock had preference as to assets and dividends over the preferred and common stocks. In his opinion there was very little value applicable to the preferred and common shares. Because of the relative position of the preferred stock and the voting rights held by the common stock, he arbitrarily placed a value of $5 per share on the preferred stock, and $1 per share on the common. (b) Sloane Manufacturing Company. The Manufacturing Company was a holding company. It had received no dividends from its holdings of Sloane-Blabon stock during the period 1934-1938. In the summer of 1938 it had been decided to dissolve the company and to distribute the assets to the stockholders. Coffman determined a fair value of the Sloane-Blabon stocks upon a consideration of the prospective earning capacity of that company and its ability to pay dividends. On December 31, 1938, there were arrears on the Sloane-Blabon stocks of $33 per *248 share on the class A preferred stock, and $27.50 per share on the class B preferred stock. That was considered. By a method of capitalizing the prospective dividends on these stocks, and discounting them for a period of three years to allow for liquidation of bank loans, and valuing the arrearages in dividends, he valued the class A stock at $85.60 per share and the class B stock at $21.08 per share on September 8, 1938. For the common stock there was no prospect of dividends for an extended period. A value of $2 per share was placed on this stock. On the basis of the fair market values of all of the Sloane-Blabon stocks, Coffman determined that the fair market value on the optional date of Sloane Manufacturing stock was $28 per share. (c) Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Co. In valuing the Alexander Smith stock, Coffman considered the same factors as in the case of the other stocks. This company had a net working capital at the end of 1938 of $9,833,517, and surplus of $18,124,951. The book value of its stock was $6,141.32 per share, excluding the 3,000 scrip certificates which are redeemable at par but not entitled to interest or dividends. During the period 1934-1938, Coffman*249 found that net sales and net income were as follows: Year Ended Dec. 31 Net Sales Net Income [1934] $ 7,769,725 $142,738 [1935] 12,630,962 849,002 [1936] 17,139,136 898,201 [1937] 18,823,800 562,402 [1938] 13,997,088 21,278 He considered past earnings and estimated future earnings, giving consideration to the new selling agreement which called for 6 percent commissions on sales for the Masland Company; and the company's past record of dividend payments. The past experience of the company showed a flexible policy of paying out a substantial portion of earnings in dividends in profitable years. He estimated that the company could pay, in the future, 75 percent of its projected net income, which would indicate future dividends of $175 per share. He used the rate of 6.75 percent to capitalize the estimated future dividends which yielded $2,592.59 per share. In his opinion, the fair market value of the Alexander Smith stock was $2,600 per share on September 8, 1938. Due consideration has been given to Coffman's testimony and opinions of value. Respondent contends that the values expressed by both witnesses are not entitled to much weight. He argues that the values are too*250 low when compared with the net worth of each company as shown by the balance sheets. Respondent contends, also, that the sales on September 7, 1938, at the public auction are not conclusive evidence of the fair market values of the stocks. Respondent points out that the executors and the trustees were the same individuals, and that one of them, John Sloane, was an officer in the Sloane Company, and was well acquainted with the business. John Sloane had been president of the company; he was a director and chairman of the board; and he had been in the business since 1906. Respondent argues that the prices determined by the trustees as the prices at which the stocks might be sold to outsiders (the maximum bid prices), represents their opinion of the values of the stocks and that such opinion is more reliable than that of the experts who were not as intimately acquainted with the business of each company. Upon consideration of all of the evidence we have found the fair market value of each stock on September 8, 1938, to be the $ prices set forth in the findings of fact. The prices obtained at the auction sales are not the only criteria to use in making the determination of the fair market*251 values. The vendors and the vendees were the same persons and it was the intent of Sloane and Redmond to have their agents bid prices above the bid of any outsiders up to the maximum prices which they set. They were present at the sale to alter their instructions to their agents. There was, accordingly, such control of the auction sales by the principals that they cannot be regarded as arms-lengths sales in every instance. In reality, the executors were selling to themselves. On the other hand, we do not regard the maximum authorized bids as determinative of the fair market values. At best they represent only further opinions of value. Although these maximum bid prices were fixed by Sloane and Redmond in their $ capacity as trustees, as the top prices they were willing to pay as vendees, those prices must be regarded also as the prices for which the executors were willing to sell the stocks in an arms-length transaction. At the auction sale no outsiders were willing to pay prices which reached the level of the prices at which the vendors were willing to sell. Accordingly, the maximum authorized bids were not indicative of fair market value. There was practically no market for the*252 stocks. The vendors were not "willing sellers" at the low prices which the limited market of the auction room provided. They sold the stocks to themselves in their capacity as trustees rather than sell to outsiders at the low prices offered at the auction. The net effect of the situation is that there was not any agreement upon a sales price between willing buyers and willing sellers at the auction sale. When the market did not rise to the prices at which the vendors were willing to sell, the vendors took the stocks themselves in their alter ego capacity, at a bid price slightly above the offers which were made. The auction sale served no purpose other than to effect a distribution and transfer of the stocks to the trustees. Except for this, the auction sale was a mere formality. Or, if the auction sales be given the character as sales in a limited market, then we think the prices obtained were, in almost every instance, too low, in relation to intrinsic value, to be the sole criterion of fair market value. William Korn, Executor, 35 B.T.A. 1071, 1078; Eleanor Lansburgh, Administratrix, 35 B.T.A. 928, 935. Consideration*253 has been given to all the evidence, including the opinions of the two experts and the auction sales. We have found as a fact that the fair market values of the stocks in question on September 8, 1938, were as follows: 362 shares of Masland common $ 16.00 per share 750 shares of Masland preferred 37.50 per share 3,175 shares of W. & J. Sloane common 1.30 per share 1,900 shares of W. & J. Sloane preferred 5.00 per share 8,228 shares of W. & J. Sloane prior pfd. 30.00 per share 3,020 shares of Sloane Mfg. capital 28.00 per share 120 shares of Alexander Smith Co. capital 2,600.00 per share These amounts, in our opinion, represent the lowest figure that a willing buyer and a willing seller would agree upon on September 8, 1938, each having a knowledge of the facts. These amounts reflect the trend of earnings and reasonable prospects for the future. II. Inter Vivos Trusts Findings of Fact Henry T. Sloane, the decedent, was born on December 1, 1845, and at the date of his death on September 18, 1937, he was 92 years of age, reckoned to his nearest birthday. On the date of his death there were two living children surviving the decedent, Jessie Sloane Widener and Emily Sloane*254 de La Grange. There were living also, Diana Dodge Ryan, daughter of Jessie Widener; and Diana and Alexandra Davies, daughters of Diana Dodge Ryan; and four children of Emily de La Grange, Amicie, Anne, Emilie, and Henry. The relationship to decedent, the date of birth, and the age of each on September 18, 1937, the date of decedent's death, for all of these direct living descendants of the decedent are set forth below. Age on 9/18/37 Relationship Date of Nearest Name to Decedent Birth Birthday Jessie Sloane (Dodge) Widener Daughter Dec. 16, 1883 [54] Diana Dodge (Davies) Ryan Granddaughter Aug. 20, 1910 [27] Diana Davies Great granddaughter Sept. 3, 1931 [6] Alexandra Davies Great granddaughter Jan. 6, 1934 [4] Emily E. Sloane de La Grange Daughter Jan. 28, 1890 [48] Amicie H. E. de La Grange Granddaughter Jan. 21, 1917 [21] Anne Odette C. de La Grange Granddaughter Apr. 27, 1918 [19] Emilie L. M. de La Grange Granddaughter Mar. 30, 1919 18 $ Henry L. E. A. de La Grange Grandson May 25, 1924 [13] In the years 1916 to 1924, inclusive, the decedent created ten trusts and transferred property to the trustee or trustees under the trusts. The*255 parties are agreed that none of the transfers in trust were made by the decedent in contemplation of death. The terms of each of the ten trusts are incorporated herein by reference. The trusts were created for the following named beneficiaries: Number of Age on Date of Cre- Trust * Named Beneficiary 9/18/37 ation of Trust $ Trust No. 9 Jessie Widener [54] June 8, 1921 Trust No. 1 Diana Dodge Ryan [27] Sept. 21, 1916 Trust No. 3 Emily de La Grange [48] April 24, 1917 Trust No. 2 Amicie de La Grange [21] April 24, 1917 Trust No. 6 Amicie de La Grange [21] Dec. 21, 1920 Trust No. 4 Anne de La Grange [19] Nov. 29, 1918 Trust No. 7 Anne de La Grange [19] Dec. 21, 1920 Trust No. 5 Emilie de La Grange [18] July 17, 1919 Trust No. 8 Emilie de La Grange [18] Dec. 21, 1920 Trust No. 10 Henry de La Grange [13] June 9, 1924 Decedent's daughters, Jessie and Emily were adults and were, respectively, 38 and 27 years of age when the trusts were created for their benefit. The terms of the trusts for their benefit (Nos. 9 and 3) are identical except for differences in the names of persons*256 named to succeed to the interests in the trust estates. Under the terms of each trust, the trustees were to apply the net income to the use of Jessie. for life, under her trust, and to the use of Emily, for life, under her trust. Upon the death of Jessie (Trust No. 9), the trust corpus is to be divided into equal shares so as to make one share for each child of Jessie surviving her, and one share for the living issue, taken collectively, of each child of Jessie then deceased. Any share set aside for the issue of a deceased child is to be paid to such issue. Any share set aside for Diana Dodge Ryan, Jessie's daughter, is to be held in further trust to pay the net income to Diana during her life, and upon her death, the principal is to be paid to her issue then living; or if none, then to the issue of Jessie then living; or if none, to Emily de La Grange, if living; or, if not living, to the living issue of Emily; or if none, then to the decedent, Henry T. Sloane, if living; or if he should not be living, then to the next of kin of Henry T. Sloane. Any share which could be set apart for a child of Jessie, other than Diana Dodge Ryan, was to be held upon other trusts, which are not *257 material because Diana was the only child of Jessie living at the time of decedent's death. In case Jessie died leaving no issue her surviving (1) if Emily were then living the principal was to be held in further trust to pay the net income to Emily during her life; and (2) at the death of the survivor of Jessie and Emily, the principal of the trust was to be paid to the issue of Emily then living, or if none to the decedent if living, or if he were not then living, to his next of kin. Upon the death of Emily de La Grange (Trust No. 3), the principal of the trust was to be divided and held in trust or paid in the same manner as in the trust for Jessie, as stated above, substituting the name of Amicie for the name of Diana, and the name of her mother, Emily, for the name of Jessie. A different provision was made in the succession after reaching the issue of Emily. If none of her issue survived her, one-fifth of the principal was to be paid to Amaury de La Grange, if living and if he had been Emily's husband at the time of her death; and four-fifths of the principal was to be paid to the decedent, Henry T. Sloane, (or the whole upon failure of Amaury to take) if living, or to his next*258 of kin. Also, any share so set apart for a child of Emily other than Amicie was to be held in trust to pay the income to such child until the death of Amicie or of such child, whichever should first occur. If such child survived Amicle, then on Amicie's death the principal of such share was to be paid to such child. If such child predeceased Amicie, then on the death of such child the principal of such share was to be paid to the issue of such child, or if none to the issue of Emily then living, or in default of such issue to pay one-fifth of the principal of such share to Amaury, subject to the conditions above described, and the other four-fifths (or, if said conditions were not met, the whole) of the principal of such share to the decedent if living, or, if he were not then living, to his next of kin. In case Amicie predeceased her mother Emily, then in place of Amicie's life there was to be substituted the life of the first-mentioned of such of the following persons as should survive Emily: Diana Dodge Ryan, Margaret Sloane Patterson, Elizabeth de Rham Leonard, Cornelius S. Lee, Jr. If neither Amicie nor any of the four persons just mentioned survived Emily, then on Emily's death*259 the share of the principal which otherwise would have been held in trust for a child of Emily (other than Amicie) was to be paid outright to such child. In case Emily died leaving no issue her surviving, the principal of the trust was to be paid one-fifth to Amaury, subject to the conditions above described, and four-fifths (or, if said conditions were not met, the whole) to the decedent if living, or, if he were not then living, to his next of kin. Contingent measuring lives under trusts for Jessie and Emily, the date of birth, and the age on the date of decedent's death, nearest birthday, are as follows: Date of Age on Name Birth 9/18/37 Margaret Patterson June 28, 1910 [27] Elizabeth Leonard Aug. 18, 1912 [25] Cornelius Lee, Jr Feb. 1, 1904 [34] The beneficial interests created by the trust for the benefit of Diana Dodge Ryan (Trust No. 1) were as follows: The net income of the trust was to be paid to Diana Dodge Ryan during her life. At her death, if issue of hers survived her, the principal was to be paid to such issue. In case no such issue survived her, if her mother Jessie were living the net income of the trust was to be paid to Jessie during her life, *260 and at the death of the survivor of Diana Dodge Ryan and Jessie the principal was to be paid to the decedent if then living, or, if he were not living, to his next of kin. The beneficial interests created by the trust for the benefit of Henry de La Grange were as follows: The net income of the trust was to be accumulated until Henry's twenty-first birthday (May 25, 1945), subject to the trustees' power to apply the accumulated income to Henry's maintenance, education or support. In case Henry should die before May 25, 1945, the accumulated income was to be paid to his issue him surviving, or if none to his mother Emily if living, or if Emily were not then living to her issue then living, or in default of such issue to the decedent if living, or if he were not then living, to his next of kin. On May 25, 1945, if Henry were living the accumulated income was to be paid to him, and thereafter the net income of the trust was to be paid to him during his life. At Henry's death, if he left issue him surviving, the principal of the trust was to be paid to such issue. In case no such issue survived him, if his mother Emily survived him, the net income of the trust was to be paid to Emily during*261 her life, and at the death of the survivor of Henry and Emily the principal of the trust was to be paid to the issue of Emily then living, or in default of such issue to the decedent if living, or, if he were not then living, to his next of kin. The beneficial interests under the two trusts created for Amicie (Nos. 2 and 6) and the two trusts created for Anne (Nos. 4 and 7) and the two trusts for Emilie (Nos. 5 and 8) are substantially the same, except for variations in the names of remaindermen, as under the trust for Henry de La Grange, as set forth above. The trusts all provided that the net income was to be accumulated during the minority of the first named beneficiary. If said beneficiary died and was survived by the decedent only the total accumulations would revert to the decedent. With respect to the principal of each trust, if the first named remaindermen died and were survived only by the decedent, the principal would revert to the decedent. As of September 18, 1937, and considering only persons in being on that date, no portion of the principal of any of the trusts could become payable to the decedent unless the following persons, whose ages on that date have been set*262 forth above, or survivors of them among the group, should die before the decedent: Jessie Widener, Diana Dodge Ryan, Emily de La Grange, and her children Amicie, Anne, Emilie, Henry, and Diana and Alexandra Davies, great grandchildren of the decedent. In each trust there was accrued income at the date of the death of the decedent, and there was accrued income one year thereafter, on September 18, 1938. The parties have stipulated the amounts of the accrued income on September 18, 1937, and on September 18, 1938, and the stipulations are included herein by reference. In the trusts for Jessie, Emily, and Diana Dodge Ryan (Trusts Nos. 1, 3, and 9), the only person interested in the accrued income was the named beneficiary of the trust, who in each instance, was the life beneficiary of the trust, and the accrued income account represented all the accrued income. In all of the other trusts more than one person had an interest in the accumulated income, and two accounts were carried for accrued income, namely, the primary account and the accumulations account. On September 18, 1938, Amicie had become of age and entitled to the accumulated income of both of her trusts (Nos. 2 and 6); i.e., *263 income on hand or accumulated to September 18, 1937, and neither the decedent nor any other person had any interest in such accumulated income. The parties have stipulated the values of the assets of each trust, exclusive of accrued income, as of the two dates September 18, 1937, and September 18, 1938, and the stipulations are incorporated herein by reference. In the estate tax return, the petitioners reported that all of the trusts were in existence at the time of the decedent's death, and they claimed that none of the transfers to the trustees were subject to estate tax. The respondent, in his notice of deficiency, determined that the decedent's transfers to the trustees were intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at his death, within the meaning of Section 302 (c) of the Revenue Act of 1926, as amended; and he included in the gross estate the value, as of September 18, 1938, of all assets held by the trustees of the several trusts at the time of the decedent's death, together with all income accrued on said assets to the date of decedent's death. The assets of certain trusts, exclusive of accrued income (Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10), included shares of stock of W. & *264 J. Sloane, prior preferred and preferred. The fair market values of these stocks on the two dates were as follows: Class of Stock Sept. 18, 1937 Sept. 18, 1938 W. & J. Sloane - prior pfd. $36 per share $30 per share W. & J. Sloane - preferred 8 per share 5 per share Opinion In each of the indentures creating the ten inter vivos trusts, there is express provisior for reverter to the grantor of the corpus, contingent upon his surviving his daughters and grandchildren and others; and in seven of the trusts there is express provision for payment to the grantor of income accumulated during the minority of the income beneficiary, contingent upon his surviving certain persons. Three of the trusts provide for the present enjoyment of income by the income beneficiary. In determining the deficiency, respondent included in the gross estate the entire value of all of the trusts. Respondent, on brief, now takes the position that in the case of the three trusts (Nos. 1, 3, and 9), where the outstanding life interests in trust income were in enjoyment, there should be excluded from the gross estate the actuarial value of the equitable life estates. He takes this view under*265 his ruling, T.D. 5008, C.B. 1940-2, p. 286, which amended article 17 of Regulations 80 (1937 ed.). He contends that the value of the property in the ten trusts should be included in the gross estate to the extent that such interests were defeasible during the decedent's lifetime. He contends that the gross estate should not be diminished by any value actuarially calculated for the accumulations of income in the seven trusts; and we understand this contention to mean that the entire value of the seven trusts should be included in the gross estate. Petitioners contend that respondent should have included in the gross estate only the value of decedent's possibility of reverter in each of the ten trusts, if anything at all is to be included. Petitioners contend, first, that nothing should be included in the gross estate on account of the transfers to the trusts because the possibility of reverter to the grantor was remote. In the event that contention is rejected, petitioners have introduced in evidence the actuarial value per dollar of the interest of the decedent in the principal of all of the trusts and in the accumulated income of seven trusts, as *266 computed by an actuary. These values were computed as of the date of decedent's death, September 18, 1937, and they were no greater one year later, on September 18, 1938. The actuarial value per dollar of principal and of accumulated income of the interest of the decedent in each trust, as computed by petitioners, is as follows: Value per $ Value per $ of Ac- Trust of Principal cumulated Income No. 1 $0.00000046785 No. 2 0.000000004514870646 $0.0000000000000097 No. 3 0.0000000186 No. 4 0.00000000452568 0.0000000000345 No. 5. 0.00000000054646 0.00000000023718 No. 6 0.0000000373893000646 0.0000000000000097 No. 7 0.0000000375730 0.0000000000345 No. 8 0.0000000376856 0.00000000023718 No. 9 0.0000000000000546 No. 10 0.00000000500409 0.00000000282353 The question is whether the value, at the time of the death of the decedent, of the remainder interest in each of the ten inter vivos trusts, after the life estates, is includible in the gross estate of the decedent as a transfer intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after his death within the terms of section 302 (c) of the Revenue Act of 1926 as amended. There is no contention that*267 the transfers to the trusts were made in contemplation of death. The question is decided for the petitioners upon authority of Frances Biddle Trust, 3 T.C. 832, since the facts here are sufficiently similar to the facts in the Biddle Trust case, in all important respects, to require similar results. See also, Estate of Benjamin L. Allen, 3 T.C. 844. III. Miscellaneous Issues A. Accrued Interest and Dividends. Findings of Fact Among the assets included in the gross estate were certain interest bearing bonds and dividend paying stocks, a description of which is unnecessary. The accrued income thereon at the date of death was $28,191.06, and on theoptional date the accrued income was $21,073.12. Also, among the assets included in the gross estate were certain interest-bearing mortgages and notes, C 1 to C 30, inclusive. The accrued income on the notes and mortgages on the date of death and on the optional valuation date, respectively, was $1,877.03 and $1,848.02.the parties are in agreement with respect to the above amounts. Opinion Petitioners have elected to value the estate under the optional valuation*268 date method. A minor question presented is whether there should be included in the gross estate $30,068.09, the amount of interest and dividends which had accrued but had not been received at the date of death, as respondent contends, or, $22,921.14, the amount which had accrued but had not been received at the optional valuation dates, as petitioners contend. Respondent's view is taken under his ruling T.D. 5047, approved May 22, 1941, C.B. 1941-1, p. 425. The ruling amends articles 11 and 13 of Regulations 80, (1937 ed.) as amended by earlier rulings. Also, the ruling was issued after the decision of the Supreme Court in Maass v. Higgins, 312 U.S. 443. We considered the same question in Estate of George R. Nutter, 46 B.T.A. 35, 38; aff'd, sub nom. McClennen et al., Executors v. Commissioner, 131 Fed. (2d) 165, 170. We considered the Maass case, and, under its authority, sustained respondent's view. We do likewise here, and hold that only the amount of $30,068.09, accrued but not received at the date of death, should be included in the gross estate*269 under the optional valuation method, and not $22,921.14, accrued but not received as of the subsequent optional valuation dates. We so hold under the limited facts presented. Respondent's contention here is in harmony with the result reached in the Maass case. There has not been included in the $30,068.09 any interest or dividends which accrued after the date of the decedent's death. Here, the above amount of interest and dividends accrued during the period before death. We think they must be included in the gross estate. In the Maass case, the executor availed himself of the optional valuation date method of valuing the estate. The Supreme Court opinion states that, "In the appraisal of the decedent's estate, rent or interest accrued to the date of death is properly treated as a capital asset." The accruals of income to the date of death, under respondent's contention, are here treated as a capital asset. The accruals are to be paid in cash. The value of the accruals, $30,068.09, became fixed at the date of death. The optional valuation dates cannot have any bearing upon or relation to the amount of the accruals to be included in the gross estate. As long as the decedent*270 lived he had a right to the accruals of interest and dividends, which was a property right. Death ended that interest of the decedent. The date of death fixes the amounts of the accruals which became a capital asset at the death of the decedent. Petitioners present no argument to sustain their position but rely solely on the Maass case. In our opinion that case is not authority for fixing the amount of the accruals at a date subsequent to the date of death, which is, in substance, what petitioners seek to do. B. Additional deductions. Findings of Fact Petitioners have paid a total of $6,416.72 for administration expenses and claims against the estate, in addition to those claimed as deductions for expenses paid in the return. Opinion Petitioners included in deductions from the gross estate in the estate tax return $55,000, as "estimated" attorneys' fees, all of which was allowed by the Commissioner. Between September 29, 1939, and October 28, 1942, $51,000 attorneys' fees was paid. The evidence does not show whether the $51,000 was in addition to the $55,000 which has been allowed. This item may be adjusted under Rule 50 under stipulation of the parties. The petitioners*271 deducted on the estate tax return $74,167.51 as "estimated" executors' commissions. The Commissioner allowed as deductions for such commissions $75,118.07, the amount stated in an affidavit filed October 10, 1940, by one of the petitioners. On September 29, 1940, petitioners paid commissions totaling $40,000. The evidence does not show whether the $40,000 is part of the $75,118.07 which has been allowed. The matter may be adjusted under Rule 50 under stipulation of the parties. The respondent agrees that petitioners are entitled to an additional deduction of $6,416.72 for administrative expenses which have been paid. At the time of the hearing petitioners were unable to estimate the additional amounts of deductible expenses which would be paid by the executors. Further adjustments may be made under Rule 50 under stipulation of the parties. C. Credit for State Estate Taxes Petitioners claim and respondent agrees that petitioners are entitled to credit against the estate tax for inheritance taxes paid to the states of New York and Florida in the amount of $345,836.89. D. Credit for Federal Estate Tax. The estate tax return reported the value of the net estate as $3,211,866.09, *272 and the estate tax as $861,081.94. Respondent determined that the value of the net estate was $8,235,522.13, and that the total estate tax was $3,868,180.09. Under the holdings made by this Court and under certain agreed adjustments, the recomputation to be made under Rule 50 will show substantial reductions in the amounts of the value of the net estate and the total estate tax. Petitioners paid $861,081.94 of tax on December 17, 1938. Thereafter, on October 21, 1940, they paid $284,110.81 on account of the total estate tax due, and interest in the amount of $31,392.30, or a total sum of $315,503.11. The payment was made pursuant to a Waiver of Restrictions Against Immediate Assessment and Collection of Deficiency in Estate Tax, executed by petitioners on October 18, 1940, and filed with the collector on October 21, 1940. By the terms of this waiver the petitioners waived, "* * * the restrictions provided in section 308 (a) of the Revenue Act of 1926, or section 871 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code, and consents to the assessment and collection of a deficiency in estate tax in the sum of $284,110.81, together with interest thereon as provided by law". Interest upon the sum $284,110.81*273 was computed from the date it was due and payable to October 21, 1940. The interest so computed amounted to $31,392.30. When the Commissioner computed the deficiency he took into account only the payment on tax of $861,081.94. Deducting that sum from total net estate tax of $3,868,180.09, he determined that the deficiency in tax was $3,007,098.15, and said amount was stated to be the amount of the deficiency in the notice of deficiency which bears the date May 28, 1941. Petitioners have paid a total of $1,145,192.75 on account of total estate tax due. Petitioners, on brief, allege that respondent erred in failing to give the estate credit for the payment on account of estate tax due which was made on October 21, 1940. It is not clear whether petitioners refer to $284,110.81, the amount paid upon the tax, or the total sum $315,503.11, which includes interest in the amount of $31,392.30. Thus the issue presented is not clear. From respondent's motion for reconsideration, dated May 1, 1944, it appears that he does not deny that petitioners are to receive credit for the $284,110.81 which was paid on account of the estate tax due, so that if there is a deficiency in tax found under *274 the Rule 50 recomputation, it will be in an amount by which the amount of the recomputed tax exceeds the total of the sums which petitioners have paid on account of estate tax due, namely, $1,145,192.75. See Estate of Genevieve Brady Macaulay, 3 T.C. 350, 357. We think the amount of $284,110.81 certainly must be treated as payment on account of total estate tax due. With respect to the amount of $31,392.30, a payment of interest, we understand that petitioners do not now contend that this Court has any jurisdiction over interest computations or payments thereof in the case of the primary taxpayer. Cf. Capitol Building & Loan Association, 23 B.T.A. 848. Any adjustments to be made with respect to interest on the deficiency ordinarily are made by the Commissioner in accordance with his customary administrative procedures. See Treasury Decision 5233, promulgated February 26, 1943. But the Tax Court has no jurisdiction over the matter of interest. Estate of Genevieve Brady Macaulay, supra. Decision will be entered under Rule 50. Footnotes *. The amounts per share represent the gross auction sale price per share. ↩ **. The total values reported represent the total net sales prices after deducting expenses.↩ 1. The book values per share of the stocks he valued were as follows: Sloane, prior pfd., $413.29; preferred, $127.81; common, a deficit of $3.882; Sloane Mfg., $90.75; Alexander Smith, $6,141.32.↩ *. The numbers given to the trusts are the numbers they bear as Exhibits.↩