Opinion filed September 3, 2020 ____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ILLINOIS, ) of the 14th Judicial Circuit, ) Whiteside County, Illinois. Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) Appeal No. 3-17-0307 v. ) Circuit No. 14-CF-53 ) JORDAN T. WOOSLEY, ) The Honorable ) Stanley B. Steines, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding. ____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE McDADE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices O’Brien and Wright concurred in the judgment and opinion. ____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 The defendant, Jordan T. Woosley, pled guilty to robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-1(a) (West
2012)) and was sentenced to 30 months of probation and 180 days in jail. After the circuit court
denied his motion to withdraw his guilty plea, Woosley appealed. On appeal, he argues that he
was denied his constitutional right to counsel when appointed counsel participated only by
telephone at the hearing at which the defendant was arraigned and was allowed to proceed
pro se. We reverse and remand. ¶2 I. BACKGROUND *2 ¶3 On February 7, 2014, the State charged Woosley by information with home invasion (id.
§ 19-6(a)(3)) and armed robbery (id. § 18-2(a)(2)). Count I alleged that Woosley knowingly and
without authority entered the dwelling place of Terry Schultz and threatened him with a firearm.
Count II alleged that Woosley, while armed with a firearm, took a firearm and money from
Schultz’s person. ¶4 Woosley initially had the public defender appointed but then retained private counsel,
who was later allowed to withdraw. Another public defender was appointed. ¶5 An amended information was filed on January 6, 2015, which added two counts of
robbery (id. § 18-1(a)). One of these counts alleged that Schultz was 60 years of age or older. In
addition, an accountability theory was added to count I. ¶6 The State filed a motion for fitness evaluation on January 26, 2015, claiming that it had a
bona fide doubt of Woosley’s fitness to stand trial based on phone calls Woosley had made while
in custody in which he stated, inter alia, that he was intending to kill himself and take several
people with him and that he was not taking his psychotropic medication regularly. The circuit
court denied that motion after a hearing, finding that the issues raised by the State did not
indicate that Woosley was unable to understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings
against him. ¶7 In March 2015, defense counsel asked for a continuance of Woosley’s trial. Woosley
complained about defense counsel’s representation of him, alleging that she did not want to work
with him because she refused to file charges “against the State” and against a detective. Woosley
also alleged that defense counsel’s request for a continuance was made in the State’s best
interest, not his. The court granted the motion. *3 ¶8 On July 10, 2015, the circuit court held a hearing on a motion to continue filed by the
State. Woosley was present in the courtroom. Defense counsel was present via telephone. 1
Initially, the court took care to ensure the record would reflect that while the case had been set
for a jury trial to be held on July 14, 2015, the prosecutor “had come into my chambers *** a
half an hour ago or more and wanted to know if I could consider a motion to continue this
afternoon and that [defense counsel] could make herself available by phone conference.”
Defense counsel then informed the court that she had received that morning an e-mail that
Woosley wished to represent himself. Woosley clarified that he wanted to proceed pro se but that
he wanted defense counsel reappointed as standby counsel only for the time he was on the stand
because he could not question himself. The court stated that it was reluctant to take up any more
of defense counsel’s time other than what was necessary for the State’s motion to continue.
However, defense counsel stated that she had the time. Ultimately, the court denied Woosley’s
request for appointment of standby counsel, in part explaining that it was not necessary to have
someone question him while he was on the stand. ¶9 Next, a lengthy discussion was had regarding Woosley’s desire to proceed pro se. During
the discussion and before the court proceeded with admonishing Woosley, the prosecutor
informed the court that he wished to file a second amended information, which had two changes:
(1) accountability theories were added to counts II to IV and (2) in count II (armed robbery),
“from the person of Terry Schultz” was changed to “from the person or presence of Terry
Schultz[.]” The prosecutor stated that he had the amended information drafted and ready for
1 Two days earlier, during a hearing on a motion to reconsider the denial of a motion to dismiss, defense counsel had informed the court that she would not be available on July 10, 2015.
filing. When the prosecutor left the courtroom to get the draft of the amended information, the
following exchange occurred:
“THE COURT: Mr. Woosley, you can say anything you’d
like to, but you’re still on the record. Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: I’m just going to ask you to stand quietly
until everybody is here.
THE DEFENDANT: Not a problem.”
Woosley said that the amended information did not change his desire to proceed pro se. The
court then read the charges and potential penalties to Woosley, who said he understood. ¶ 10 Next, the court admonished Woosley on the consequences of self-representation.
Woosley said he understood and still wished to proceed pro se. Woosley executed a written
waiver of attorney, and defense counsel was discharged. ¶ 11 Eventually, Woosley entered an Alford plea 2 to one count of robbery and was sentenced
to 30 months of probation and 180 days in jail. New counsel for Woosley filed a motion to
withdraw the plea, which ultimately was denied. Woosley appealed. ¶ 12 II. ANALYSIS ¶ 13 On appeal, Woosley argues that he was denied his constitutional right to counsel when
appointed counsel participated only by telephone at the hearing at which the defendant was
arraigned and allowed to proceed pro se. Specifically, he contends that
2 An Alford plea is a guilty plea in which a defendant maintains his innocence. See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37-38 (1970).
“[b]ecause Defendant’s counsel participated by telephone during the hearing on
Defendant’s motion to represent himself, counsel was unable to confidentially
confer with Defendant, advise him of his rights, answer any questions he may
have, personally advise Defendant of the ramifications of the State filing an
amended information, or, most importantly, ascertain whether Defendant was
legally fit to represent himself.” ¶ 14 Initially, we note that Woosley admits that he has not preserved this issue for appellate
review. However, he requests that we review the issue under the plain-error doctrine.
“[T]he plain-error doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider
unpreserved error when (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and
the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened
to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the
seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurred
and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the
defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial
process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” People v.
Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007).
The first step in the analysis is to determine whether error occurred. Id. ¶ 15 The sixth amendment guarantees an accused a right to assistance of counsel in a criminal
proceeding. U.S. Const., amend. VI. “A defendant is entitled to the representation of counsel at
all critical stages of a criminal prosecution, and this important right will not be taken away unless
affirmatively waived by a defendant.” People v. Burton, 184 Ill. 2d 1, 22 (1998). An important
consideration in whether a particular stage is critical is whether “certain legal rights may be lost
if not exercised at this stage.” Mempa v. Rhay, 389 U.S. 128, 134-35 (1967) (holding,
additionally, that counsel “is required at every stage of a criminal proceeding where substantial
rights of a criminal accused may be affected”). We review the issue of whether a defendant was
denied his or her right to counsel de novo. People v. Abernathy, 399 Ill. App. 3d 420, 426 (2010). ¶ 16 In this case, the context in which the alleged deprivation of counsel took place was as
unique as it was significant. The prosecutor knew that defense counsel could not be in court on
July 10, 2015. Nevertheless, he requested a hearing on the State’s motion to continue the trial
after confirming that defense counsel could appear by telephone. At that point, Woosley would
have a difficult time arguing that the case was at a critical juncture. However, subsequent events
elevated the importance of the hearing. At the outset of the hearing, defense counsel informed
the court that Woosley had requested, that morning, to proceed pro se. During the discussion of
that matter, just before the court was going to give Woosley the appropriate admonishments, the
prosecutor interrupted and said that he wanted to file an amended information. 3 Thus, Woosley
also needed to be arraigned on the amended information, of which neither Woosley nor his
counsel had advance notice. Accordingly, while the hearing began as a simple hearing on a
motion to continue the trial, it quickly became a critical stage of a criminal prosecution. See
Missouri v. Frye, 566 U.S. 134, 140 (2012) (holding that an arraignment is a critical stage in
criminal proceedings). ¶ 17 Under these unique circumstances, we do not believe that presence of counsel by
telephone—and on speaker for everyone in the courtroom to hear without being afforded any
opportunity for confidential communication with her client—is the type of representation
3 Further, because he stated that he had already drafted the amended information, it appears that the prosecutor either negligently or, even worse, intentionally deceived the circuit court by initially saying only that he intended to address a motion to continue the trial on June 10, 2015.
contemplated by the sixth amendment. The sixth amendment “embodies a realistic recognition of
the obvious truth that the average defendant does not have the professional legal skill to protect
himself when brought before a tribunal with power to take his life or liberty, wherein the
prosecution is presented by experienced and learned counsel.” Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458,
462-63 (1938). Despite the fact that Woosley told the circuit court that the prosecution’s
amended information did not change his desire to proceed pro se, we believe that properly
protecting Woosley’s sixth amendment right to counsel would have included, at the very least,
permitting private consultation with defense counsel, especially because the amended charges
were being filed at the same time that a motion to proceed pro se was being discussed. See, e.g.,
People v. Noble, 42 Ill. 2d 425, 430-31 (1969). The rushed informality of the matters raised at
the hearing enabled the prosecutor to successfully place his convenience above the constitutional
safeguards for this defendant. We therefore hold that error in fact occurred when defense counsel
was present by telephone in this case, as it had the effect of denying Woosley his right to counsel
under the sixth amendment. ¶ 18 Because we have found error in fact occurred, we now turn to Woosley’s contention that
the error was reversible under the second prong of the plain-error doctrine, which allows a
reviewing court to consider unpreserved error if “that error is so serious that it affected the
fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of
the closeness of the evidence” (Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565). Second-prong plain error is not
limited to the structural errors that have been recognized by the United States Supreme Court
(People v. Clark, 2016 IL 118845, ¶ 46), but the Supreme Court has in fact recognized the denial
of counsel under the sixth amendment to be structural error (United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez,
548 U.S. 140, 148-49 (2006) (citing Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 343-44 (1963)). Under
the second prong, the court will presume the defendant was prejudiced due to the importance of
the right involved, regardless of the strength of the evidence. People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167,
187 (2005). Accordingly, under the circumstances presented by this case, we hold that Woosley
was denied his sixth amendment right to counsel at the July 10, 2015, hearing. We therefore
reverse his conviction and sentence and remand for further proceedings. ¶ 19 Lastly, we emphasize that this hearing took place on July 10, 2015, long before
prearranged remote hearings became more common due to the current pandemic. Our decision in
this case must not be read as impacting any situation other than impromptu remote hearings
without advance notice. ¶ 20 III. CONCLUSION ¶ 21 The judgment of the circuit court of Whiteside County is reversed, and the cause is
remanded for further proceedings. ¶ 22 Reversed and remanded.
No. 3-17-0307 Cite as: People v. Woosley, 2020 IL App (3d) 170307
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Whiteside County, No. 14-CF- 53; the Hon. Stanley B. Steines, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Peter A. Carusona, and James Wozniak, of State for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant. Appellant:
Attorneys Terry A. Costello, State’s Attorney, of Morrison (Patrick for Delfino, Thomas D. Arado, and Stephanie L. Raymond, of State’s Appellee: Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.