Damian Langere v. Verizon Wireless Services

FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT DAMIAN LANGERE, on behalf of No. 19-55747 himself and others similarly situated, Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:15-cv-00191v. DDP-AJW VERIZON WIRELESS SERVICES, LLC, Defendant-Appellee. OPINION Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Dean D. Pregerson, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted November 9, 2020 Pasadena, California Filed December 29, 2020 Before: Barrington D. Parker, Jr., * Paul J. Watford, and Patrick J. Bumatay, Circuit Judges. Opinion by Judge Bumatay * The Honorable Barrington D. Parker, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, sitting by designation. 2 LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. SUMMARY ** Arbitration / Appellate Jurisdiction The panel dismissed for lack of jurisdiction a Verizon Wireless customer’s appeal from the district court’s orders denying his motions to compel arbitration and reconsideration, and from his own voluntary dismissal, in a case in which the plaintiff brought a putative class action against Verizon for violation of federal and state consumerprotection laws. In Omstead v. Dell, Inc., 594 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2010), this court held that a plaintiff can avoid arbitration and manufacture appellate jurisdiction simply by voluntarily dismissing his claims with prejudice. The panel concluded that Omstead has been effectively overruled by Microsoft Corp. v. Baker, 137 S. Ct. 1702 (2017). The panel therefore held that a plaintiff does not create appellate jurisdiction by voluntarily dismissing his claims with prejudice after being forced to arbitrate them. ** This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader. LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. 3 COUNSEL Jordan S. Esensten (argued) and Robert L. Esensten, Esensten Law, Los Angeles, California, for PlaintiffAppellant. Julia B. Strickland (argued) and David W. Moon, Stroock Stroock & Lavan LLP, Los Angeles, California, for Defendant-Appellee. OPINION BUMATAY, Circuit Judge: After being compelled to arbitrate by court order, can a plaintiff avoid arbitration and manufacture appellate jurisdiction simply by voluntarily dismissing his claims with prejudice? We’ve previously answered that question in the affirmative. See Omstead v. Dell, Inc., 594 F.3d 1081 (9th Cir. 2010). But a later decision of the Supreme Court has forced us to reconsider. See Microsoft Corp. v. Baker, 137 S. Ct. 1702 (2017). After finding that our previous approach is clearly irreconcilable with that outlined by the Court, we change our answer. We conclude that our decision in Omstead has been effectively overruled by the Court’s decision in Microsoft. And so we hold that a plaintiff does not create appellate jurisdiction by voluntarily dismissing his claims with prejudice after being forced to arbitrate them. I. Damian Langere is a Verizon Wireless customer who purchased the company’s extended warranty program for his 4 LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. cellphone. He was unhappy to find out that the Verizon warranty offers similar protections to those already provided by his cellphone’s manufacturer for the first year. He therefore brought this putative class action against Verizon for the violation of federal and state consumer-protection statutes. Verizon moved to compel arbitration and stay judicial proceedings under 9 U.S.C. § 4 . 1 The district court obliged and granted the motion to compel arbitration. It also denied Langere’s later motion for reconsideration. Ordinarily, a plaintiff in this position has two choices to appeal: arbitrate the claims to completion and then appeal as of right, see 9 U.S.C. § 16 (a)(1)(3), (b)(1)–(3), or hope that the courts approve an interlocutory appeal, id. § 16(b); 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (b). But Langere tried something different. Finding himself in a “procedural bind,” Langere voluntarily dismissed his claims with prejudice, as he was entitled to under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1), without leave from the district court. 2 He did so because arbitration was not “economically feasible,” and he felt that appealing the arbitration order was his only viable option. He assured the district court that he was “not refusing to prosecute his claims,” but only refusing to do so in a way that he thought “would be futile and uneconomical.” — 1 — That section permits a party aggrieved by another party’s refusal to arbitrate to move the district court for an order directing that arbitration proceed as agreed by the parties. — 2 — Under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i), a plaintiff can file for voluntary dismissal without order of the court if filed before the opposing party serves either an answer or a motion for summary judgment. Here, Verizon did not file either and so Langere’s dismissal was procedurally proper. LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. 5 Langere then appealed his own voluntary dismissal, and the district court’s orders, to this court. Verizon moved to dismiss for lack of appellate jurisdiction. A motions panel of this court denied that motion without prejudice to renew during the merits consideration of the case. Verizon so renewed its concern about appellate jurisdiction before this panel. We now grant that motion. II. A. Generally speaking, we may only review decisions from district courts that are “final.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1291 . That means that a party normally must raise all their claims of error in a single appeal following a final judgment. Flanagan v. United States, 465 U.S. 259, 263 (1984). This principle, called the final-judgment rule, is fundamental to our legal system. See McLish v. Roff, 141 U.S. 661 , 665–66 (1891). Few have said it better than Justice Frankfurter: “Since the right to a judgment from more than one court is a matter of grace and not a necessary ingredient of justice, Congress from the very beginning has, by forbidding piecemeal disposition on appeal of what for practical purposes is a single controversy, set itself against enfeebling judicial administration.” Cobbledick v. United States, 309 U.S. 323, 325 (1940). The Supreme Court, therefore, has “resisted efforts to stretch § 1291 to permit appeals of right that would erode the finality principle and disserve its objectives.” Microsoft, 137 S. Ct. at 1712 . On top of the general final-judgment rule, Congress has carefully designed a framework for appeals in the arbitration context. In the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), Congress has expressed “a national policy favoring arbitration.” Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, 10 (1984). For that 6 LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. reason, the FAA “endeavors to promote appeals from orders barring arbitration and limit appeals from orders directing arbitration.” Bushley v. Credit Suisse First Bos., 360 F.3d 1149, 1153 (9th Cir. 2004) (simplified). It does so by explicitly prohibiting the appeal of orders compelling arbitration. See 9 U.S.C. § 16 (b)(3). The sole exception is a limited one: immediate appeal of an order compelling arbitration may only be taken under 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (b). 9 U.S.C. § 16 (b). That section allows interlocutory appeals when the district judge certifies that an appeal involves a “controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (b). Afterwards, the court of appeals may permit the appeal within its discretion. Id. Accordingly, it is “well established that § 16(b) bars appeals of interlocutory orders compelling arbitration and staying judicial proceedings,” and that § 1292(b) is the “sole avenue” to immediate appeal of such orders. Johnson v. Consumerinfo.com, Inc., 745 F.3d 1019 , 1021–23 (9th Cir. 2014); see also MediVas, LLC v. Marubeni Corp., 741 F.3d 4, 7 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding that “an order compelling arbitration . . . may not be appealed if the court stays the action pending arbitration”). This approach honors Congress’s efforts to funnel parties into arbitration “as quickly and easily as possible.” Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 22 (1983). At bottom, our job is to enforce the clear commands of Congress. In the FAA, Congress has commanded the “rapid and unobstructed enforcement of arbitration agreements.” Id. at 23 . LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. 7 B. For every rule, there’s an exception. In Omstead, we created one such exception to the rules for appealing arbitration orders. In that case, like here, a district court ordered arbitration of plaintiffs’ claims and stayed judicial proceedings. 594 F.3d at 1083 . In response, the plaintiffs told the district court that they would not arbitrate their claims, citing economic infeasibility and arbitration bias. Id. They also requested that the court enter a final order allowing them to appeal. Id. The district court refused, and instead dismissed the plaintiffs’ claims for failure to prosecute under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). Id. at 1084 . On appeal, we held that the district court abused its discretion in dismissing the action for want of prosecution because the Rule 41(b) dismissal factors favored the plaintiffs. Id. But we then explained what the plaintiffs should have done instead of refusing to arbitrate its claims: we advised that plaintiffs could have obtained immediate review of the arbitration order if they voluntarily dismissed their claims with prejudice under Rule 41(a)(2). Id. at 1085 . 3 We indicated that “a plaintiff that deems an interlocutory ruling to be so prejudicial as to deserve immediate review . . . has the alternative of dismissing the complaint voluntarily [with prejudice].” Id. (quoting John’s Insulation, Inc. v. L. Addison and Associates, Inc., 156 F.3d 101, 107 (1st Cir. 1998)). To avoid a “useless remand,” we sua sponte construed the district court’s Rule 41(b) dismissal — 3 — Rule 41(a)(2) permits the voluntary dismissal by court order at the request of the plaintiff, if the court finds it proper. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(2). 8 LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. as a Rule 41(a)(2) voluntary dismissal with prejudice and proceeded to decide the merits of the case. Id. 4 C. 1 . Seven years after Omstead, the Court decided Microsoft. 137 S. Ct. at 1702 . That case had a procedural history like this one. The plaintiffs filed a putative class action against Microsoft for defects in its gaming console. Id. at 1710 . Based on a prior class certification denial in a related case, the district court denied class certification and struck the class allegations. Id. at 1710–11. In one twist from the instant case, the plaintiffs came to us first and petitioned for an interlocutory appeal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f). Id. at 1711 . We declined. Id. The plaintiffs then returned to the district court and moved to dismiss their case with prejudice; Microsoft stipulated to the dismissal but maintained that such a dismissal would not be appealable. Id. The district court granted the stipulated dismissal motion, and the plaintiffs appealed. Id. We granted jurisdiction over the stipulated dismissal, holding it was a sufficiently adverse, final decision under § 1291. Id. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve the question: “Do federal courts of appeals have jurisdiction under § 1291 and Article III of the Constitution to review an order denying class certification . . . after the named plaintiffs have voluntarily dismissed their claims with — 4 — It is unclear under what authority we were able to make this sua sponte conversion since none was cited. LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. 9 prejudice?” Id. at 1712. For the reasons explained below, the Court said “no” and reversed our decision. Id. 2. In Microsoft, the Court held that “[p]laintiffs in putative class actions cannot transform a tentative interlocutory order into a final judgment within the meaning of § 1291 simply by dismissing their claims with prejudice—subject, no less, to the right to ‘revive’ those claims if the denial of class certification is reversed on appeal.” Id. at 1715 (simplified). The Court identified three factors demonstrating why a voluntary dismissal of class certification claims would not be treated as “final” under § 1291. First, the Court considered it of “prime significance” that the plaintiffs’ dismissal tactic would “undercut[] Rule 23(f)’s discretionary regime.” Id. at 1714. Rule 23(f) permits the appeal of an order granting or denying class certification, but similar to an appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (b), only with the approval of the court of appeals. Compare Fed R. Civ. P. 23(f) with 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (b). In the Court’s view, if this dismissal tactic could “yield an appeal of right,” it would undermine Rule 23(f) and render the final judgment rule superfluous. Microsoft, 137 S. Ct. at 1714–15. The Court also was concerned that the voluntarydismissal tactic “invites protracted litigation and piecemeal appeals.” Id. at 1713 . It explained that the voluntary dismissal deprives appellate courts of the ability to decline an appeal and, therefore, allows the plaintiff to exclusively determine whether an immediate appeal will lie. Id. Furthermore, a plaintiff may deploy this method more than once, “stopping and starting the district court proceedings 10 LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. with repeated interlocutory appeals.” Id. Rule 23(f) was meant to “prevent such disruption and delay.” Id. The Court finally explained that the “one-sidedness” of plaintiffs’ voluntary-dismissal device demonstrated that treating the dismissal as a final judgment was inappropriate. Id. at 1715 . Recognizing a final judgment in that case would permit “plaintiffs only,” and “never defendants,” to force an immediate appeal. Id. Again, such a tactic, the Court observed, would allow litigants to disturb the rulemaking process that Congress chose to settle appellate procedures. Id. In addition, three Justices would have ruled that the plaintiffs’ voluntary dismissal tactic deprived the court of jurisdiction because there was no longer a case or controversy. Id. at 1717 (Thomas, J., concurring). Justice Thomas, along with Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Alito, concluded that when plaintiffs voluntarily dismiss their claims, “they consent[] to the judgment against them and disavow[] any right to relief [from the defendant].” Id. In such a case, the parties were no longer “adverse to each other on any claims,” and the court of appeals could not “affect their rights” in any legally cognizable manner. Id. (simplified). This view was supported by the longestablished rule that “a party may not appeal from the voluntary dismissal of a claim, since the party consented to the judgment against it.” Id.; see, e.g., Evans v. Phillips, 17 U.S. 73 (1819) (dismissing writ of error on ground that plaintiff had “submitted to a nonsuit in the circuit court”); United States v. Babbitt, 104 U.S. 767, 768 (1881) (explaining that “consent to the judgment below” waived right to appeal); see also Keena v. Groupon, Inc., 886 F.3d 360, 365 (4th Cir. 2018) (recognizing, in this exact procedural context, “the longstanding principle that a party LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. 11 is not entitled to appeal from a consensual dismissal of her claims”). As a result, a unanimous Court ruled that plaintiffs can’t evade the discretionary framework for appealing classcertification denials by simply voluntarily dismissing their claims with prejudice and manufacturing appellate jurisdiction. III. Before considering Microsoft’s impact on Omstead, we pause to explain our framework for examining the interplay between circuit and Supreme Court precedent. Our circuit’s published opinions on the law are authoritative once issued and remain binding on subsequent panels of this court. See Hart v. Massanari, 266 F.3d 1155, 1171 (9th Cir. 2001). Generally speaking, the law announced in such cases can be changed only by Congress, our court itself sitting en banc, or the Supreme Court. Id. Sometimes, though, our precedent becomes effectively overruled by a Supreme Court decision that is closely on point, even if the decision does not do so expressly. Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 899 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). While following our past decisions is important to preserve the stability of circuit law, that is secondary to following the Supreme Court. Id. After all, “unless we wish anarchy to prevail within the federal judicial system,” we are always required to follow the controlling opinions of the Court. Hutto v. Davis, 454 U.S. 370, 375 (1982). Importantly, this deference extends to the reasoning of Court decisions, too— not just their holdings. See Thompson v. Hebdon, 909 F.3d 1027, 1043 (9th Cir. 2018); see also United States v. Slade, 873 F.3d 712, 715 (9th Cir. 2017) (finding a prior decision 12 LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. effectively overruled because its reasoning skipped an “analytical step” that the Supreme Court later required). So when the reasoning of a prior case of ours is “clearly irreconcilable” with the reasoning of a subsequent Supreme Court case, a three-judge panel is not bound by the former and is free to reject it as “effectively overruled.” Miller, 335 F.3d at 893 . This happens when the Supreme Court has “undercut the theory or reasoning underlying the prior circuit precedent in such a way that the cases are clearly irreconcilable.” Id. at 900 . Thus, even when the issue in the Supreme Court case is not “identical” to the one decided by our court, the Supreme Court’s reasoning may be controlling nonetheless. Id. This burden is high, but not insurmountable. See Aleman Gonzalez v. Barr, 955 F.3d 762, 765 (9th Cir. 2020). In employing this principle, we’ve said it is enough that the issues, while not carbon copies, “ultimately derive[d] from the same inquiry.” SEIU Local 121RN v. Los Robles Reg’l Med. Ctr., 976 F.3d 849, 855 (9th Cir. 2020). In SEIU Local 121RN, our prior precedent held that courts may construe a broad arbitration clause in a labor agreement as conferring authority on the arbitrator to decide arbitrability. Id. at 853 (discussing United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., Local No. 1780 v. Desert Palace, Inc., 94 F.3d 1308 (9th Cir. 1996)). But the Supreme Court had since held that in both the commercial and labor contexts, whether parties have agreed to submit their dispute to arbitration is presumptively a matter for the court to decide. Id. at 854 (discussing Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287 (2010)). While the Supreme Court case dealt with formation of an arbitration agreement generally and ours dealt with delegation to the arbitrator, more fundamentally, both cases dealt with what the parties agreed LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. 13 to have the arbitrator decide. Id. at 855. The “incompatibility of the rationale[s]” of the two cases was enough to render them “clearly irreconcilable.” Id. at 860. The Supreme Court’s decision therefore trumped our own. Id. at 861. And in Dorman v. Charles Schwab Corp., we viewed the Supreme Court’s holding that arbitrators can competently interpret and apply federal statutes as a general matter as effectively overruling our holding that ERISA claims in particular could not be competently decided by arbitrators. 934 F.3d 1107 , 1111–12 (9th Cir. 2019). The Court’s decision had swallowed our prior decision, even if it didn’t do so explicitly. Id. at 1112 . At the end, our cases distill to a simple principle: when a rule announced by this court and a rule later announced by the Supreme Court cannot both be true at the same time, they are clearly irreconcilable. In such a case, the former must give way to the latter. On the other hand, where two rules can coexist, we leave them both undisturbed. 5 At bottom, this just reflects the definition of “irreconcilable.” 6 — 5 — See, e.g., United States v. Grandberry, 730 F.3d 968, 973 (9th Cir. 2013) (finding our precedent—that law enforcement must have probable cause to believe that a parolee lives at the home to be searched before executing a warrantless search pursuant to a parole condition—was not irreconcilable with a Court holding that parolees may be subject to suspicionless searches of their person, not their home); see also United States v. Green, 722 F.3d 1146, 1150 (9th Cir. 2013) (finding the Court’s application of Apprendi to criminal fines did not effectively overrule our precedent that Apprendi doesn’t apply to restitution). — 6 — See Oxford English Dictionary Online, https://www.oed.com/vie w/Entry/99616? (defining “irreconcilable” as “[o]f statements, ideas, 14 LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. IV. Applying these principles to this case, we hold that Omstead has been effectively overruled by the Supreme Court’s decision in Microsoft. Class certification and compelling arbitration are not the same. But the ultimate, fundamental question is whether a plaintiff may bypass a regime for discretionary appellate review through a voluntary dismissal. Because the Supreme Court has clearly rejected that tactic, we must do so as well. At its core, the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Microsoft is clearly irreconcilable with our approach in Omstead. A. First and foremost, Langere’s voluntary-dismissal tactic undermines the discretionary appellate-review scheme designed by Congress in the FAA. See 9 U.S.C. § 16 . That section of the FAA embodies “Congress’ deliberate determination that appeal rules should reflect a strong policy favoring arbitration.” Stedor Enterprises, Ltd. v. Armtex, Inc., 947 F.2d 727, 730 (4th Cir. 1991) (simplified). It does so by privileging arbitration over litigation: any order refusing to compel arbitration is immediately appealable, even if interlocutory in nature. Id. (citing 9 U.S.C. § 16 (a)(1) and (2)). On the other hand, no appeal as of right exists from an order compelling arbitration until the arbitration has concluded. Id. It is only by leave of the courts that an appeal may be brought before then. 9 U.S.C. § 16 (b); 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (b). etc.: That cannot be brought into harmony or made consistent; incompatible”). LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. 15 The dismissal tactic here is antagonistic to Congress’s plan because it transforms discretionary, interlocutory appeals of orders compelling arbitration into appeals as of right. As a result, Congress’s final decision rule is rendered into “a pretty puny one,” Digital Equip. Corp. v. Desktop Direct, Inc., 511 U.S. 863, 872 (1994), and its scheme for discretionary appellate review of arbitration orders is nullified. This concern applies with even more force here, since Langere has unilaterally removed the district court from any role in the appellate process. Under the FAA, to appeal an interlocutory arbitration order, the plaintiff must first seek the concurrence of the district court. 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (b). Langere did not do so and instead filed for voluntary dismissal without court order. Unlike in Microsoft when the plaintiffs at least sought district court blessing for its stipulated dismissal, 137 S. Ct. at 1711 , Langere’s conduct has removed the district court completely from the picture and further undermined the will of Congress. Second, Langere’s voluntary-dismissal tactic “invites protracted litigation and piecemeal appeals.” Microsoft, 137 S. Ct. at 1713 . Since the strategy removes the courts’ discretion in policing appeals and places appellate rights exclusively in the hands of plaintiffs, nothing prevents them from exercising this option more than once, “stopping and starting the district court proceedings with repeated interlocutory appeals.” Id. at 1713 . This directly undermines Congress’s effort in the FAA “to prevent parties from frustrating arbitration through lengthy preliminary appeals.” Stedor Enterprises, Ltd., 947 F.2d at 730 . Indeed, a case might ping pong back and forth between the district and circuit courts with every new ground for compelling 16 LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. arbitration, if this voluntary-dismissal tactic were allowed to proceed. Third, like in Microsoft, the dismissal tactic here is onesided: only plaintiffs, never defendants, may force the immediate appeal of an order compelling arbitration. It is true that 9 U.S.C. § 16 (a) favors defendants by permitting the immediate appeal of an order denying arbitration. But, “whatever similarities or differences there are between plaintiffs and defendants” in arbitration appellate rights is a “question[] of policy” left for Congress to decide. Microsoft, 137 S. Ct. at 1715 (simplified). Reasonable people might disagree about the propriety of arbitration, but it’s not our prerogative to rethink Congress’s policy judgments. See Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, 138 S. Ct. 1612, 1619 (2018). Were we to replace three words in Microsoft, “denying class certification,” with “compelling arbitration,” and substitute “Rule 23(f)” with “§ 16(b),” that decision would be indistinguishable from our own. One case is about class certification and one is about arbitration. But we cannot cover our eyes to binding Court decisions on that basis alone. The reasoning of Microsoft was that the voluntary-dismissal device cannot be permitted to subvert the final judgment rule or a finely wrought, discretionary-appellate regime. And that is precisely what the gambit before us now purports to do. Simply, the rationales of Omstead and Microsoft are incompatible and irreconcilable. For that reason, we conclude that Omstead’s jurisdictional holding is overruled. B. Our decision today hardly breaks new ground. Rather, we just solemnize what seems obvious. Our court has previously acknowledged—on two separate occasions—that Microsoft effectuated a change in law in our circuit for the LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. 17 purposes of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b). See Henson v. Fid. Nat’l Fin., Inc., 943 F.3d 434 , 447–48 (9th Cir. 2019) (acknowledging that Microsoft represented a change in the law from Ninth Circuit precedent such as Omstead); Bobbitt v. Milberg LLP, 807 F. App’x 628 , 630 (9th Cir. 2020) (observing that “before [Microsoft],” the court could review interlocutory orders after a plaintiff voluntarily dismissed his claims with prejudice, citing Omstead). And in Johnson we held, notwithstanding Omstead, that § 1292(b) provides the sole route for immediate appeal of an order staying proceedings and compelling arbitration. 745 F.3d at 1023 . But Johnson did not deal with Omstead explicitly. In light of Microsoft, we pick up where Johnson left off and formally put Omstead to bed. The Supreme Court, too, appears to have confirmed our understanding, albeit in dicta. It has subsequently described its holding in Microsoft as standing for the proposition that “plaintiffs cannot generate a final appealable order by voluntarily dismissing their claim.” Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela, 139 S. Ct. 1407 , 1414 n.2 (2019) (emphasis omitted). 7 — 7 — Our decision in Rodriguez v. Taco Bell Corp., is not to the contrary since it had nothing to do with a discretionary appellate regime mandated by Congress. 896 F.3d 952 (9th Cir. 2018). There, we simply acknowledged that Microsoft does not prevent appellate jurisdiction when a district court grants partial summary judgment as to some claims and grants the plaintiff’s voluntary dismissal as to the remaining claims. Id. at 955 . Further, in Rodriguez, we relied on our decision in Brown v. Cinemark USA, Inc., 876 F.3d 1199 (9th Cir. 2017), which explained that Microsoft did not preclude appellate jurisdiction because “the present case was not a unilateral dismissal of claims, but a mutual settlement for consideration reached by both parties which expressly preserved certain claims for appeal.” Id. at 1201 . Unlike in the present case, the 18 LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. Applying Microsoft’s rationale to the appeal of orders to compel arbitration puts us in line with at least one other circuit. In Keena, the Fourth Circuit likewise applied the Microsoft factors to determine that plaintiffs cannot create appellate jurisdiction by voluntarily dismissing their claims after an arbitration order. 886 F.3d at 363–65 (explaining that, instead, “a party seeking to appeal an order staying the action and compelling arbitration must first secure permission from both the district court and the court of appeals under 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (b)”). Two other out-of-circuit cases do not counsel in favor of the Omstead rule either. First, the Fifth Circuit has concluded that Microsoft does not preclude the immediate appeal of an involuntary dismissal for want of prosecution, before affirming the district court’s dismissal because the litigant refused to arbitrate. See Griggs v. S.G.E. Mgmt., L.L.C., 905 F.3d 835 (5th Cir. 2018). That case obviously offers no support to Langere, who has voluntarily dismissed his claims. Second, Langere points to the Tenth Circuit, which concluded that a voluntary dismissal with prejudice was appealable as a final order. See Spring Creek Expl. & Prod. Co., LLC v. Hess Bakken Inv., II, LLC, 887 F.3d 1003, 1016 (10th Cir. 2018). But that conclusion depended on the fact that dismissal was stipulated to by the parties, and that the case fully resolved in arbitration before the appeal. Id. With a procedural posture unlike Microsoft and the case before us now, Spring Creek does not help Langere, either. procedural history in Brown did “not implicate the concerns raised in [Microsoft].” Id. Brown therefore has no bearing on our decision today. LANGERE V. VERIZON WIRELESS SERVS. 19 V. After careful consideration of our own precedent, and that of the Supreme Court, we conclude that the voluntary dismissal of claims following an order compelling arbitration does not create appellate jurisdiction. We therefore DISMISS this appeal for lack of jurisdiction.