2021 IL App (3d) 180545
Opinion filed March 10, 2021 ____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ILLINOIS, ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit, ) Will County, Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) Appeal No. 3-18-0545 v. ) Circuit No. 17-CF-162 ) IBRAHIM H. HADDAD, ) Honorable ) Daniel L. Kennedy, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding. ____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE WRIGHT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice McDade and Justice Holdridge concurred in the judgment and opinion. ____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 The State filed a certificate of substantial impairment pursuant to Rule 604(a)(1) and
appeals an order of the trial court granting defendant, Ibrahim H. Haddad’s, motion to suppress
evidence. On appeal, the State argues the officer had probable cause, or at least a reasonable,
articulable, suspicion, sufficient to justify stopping defendant’s vehicle. Thus, the evidence
gathered subsequent to the traffic stop should be admissible. ¶2 I. BACKGROUND ¶3 On February 1, 2017, the State charged defendant by indictment with unlawful
possession of cannabis with intent to deliver (720 ILCS 550/5(f) (West 2016)) and unlawful
possession of cannabis (720 ILCS 550/4(f) (West 2016)). The charges resulted from an officer’s
discovery of cannabis in defendant’s vehicle following a traffic stop on January 19, 2017.
Defendant filed a motion to suppress evidence (motion to suppress) arguing, among other things,
that law enforcement unlawfully arrested, seized, and searched defendant’s person and vehicle
without a warrant or probable cause. ¶4 On May 29, 2018, the trial court conducted a hearing on defendant’s motion to suppress.
Defendant testified that on January 19, 2017, at approximately 8:30 p.m., defendant was driving
northbound on 80th Avenue in Tinley Park, Illinois, in a 2012 Audi A6. Defendant recalled
travelling on 80th Avenue for one to two minutes. According to defendant, as he travelled on
80th Avenue for a short period of time, the speed limit on 80th Avenue was first 45 miles per
hour (mph) and then 40 mph. Defendant testified that there were not vehicles traveling in front of
him when law enforcement pulled his vehicle over. ¶5 Defendant testified that his vehicle had adaptive cruise control. While driving down 80th
Avenue, defendant had his cruise control set at 40 mph. Defendant explained that when his
vehicle’s cruise control is activated and detects a vehicle ahead of his vehicle, the vehicle issues
a visual red alert signal and the system automatically adjusts the distance between defendant’s
vehicle and the other vehicle to a safe distance. Defendant stated that the alert signal was not
activated just before the traffic stop, and the cruise control was not required to adjust his distance
between vehicles travelling in the same direction ahead of defendant. Defendant had his vehicle
inspected every 10,000 miles and testified that his adaptive cruise control was in working order
that night. ¶6 Russell Borrowdale, a tactical officer who worked for the Tinley Park Police Department,
testified that on January 19, 2017, at approximately 8:30 p.m., he learned of an ongoing Illinois
State Police investigation near a Hilton Garden Inn in Tinley Park. At the time, Borrowdale and
Detective Zylka were in the area near 183rd and 92nd Avenue. The officers were informed that
the investigation led to an Audi sedan, and the officers were given the vehicle’s registration
number. ¶7 Shortly thereafter, the officers observed and began travelling behind the Audi. According
to Borrowdale, he followed approximately 150 to 200 yards behind the Audi for 4 to 6 minutes,
or 2.5 to 3 miles. Borrowdale described the traffic as “very light.” Borrowdale stated that it was
his intention to observe the vehicle for any traffic infractions. Borrowdale did not observe any
traffic violations until the Audi reached the intersection at 171st Street. At that location,
Borrowdale observed the Audi “traveling approximately one car length behind the vehicle in
front of it, traveling approximately 40 miles per hour with steady rain coming down.”
Borrowdale stated that “The vehicle was following too closely, based on the speed, the
conditions and the distance between that and the vehicle in front of it,” in violation of the Illinois
Vehicle Code (the Code). 625 ILCS 5/11 et seq. (West 2016). Borrowdale did not observe any
other traffic infractions. ¶8 Borrowdale determined that the silver Audi travelled one car length behind the car in
front of it based on his daily interactions with traffic, knowing what cars can fit in between gaps,
and because the average length of a car is approximately 18 feet. In Borrowdale’s estimation, the
silver Audi travelled approximately 18 feet behind the vehicle in front of it. Borrowdale believed
that a vehicle should have one car length between it and the vehicle in front of it for every 10
mph in optimal driving conditions. Borrowdale conceded that the Code does not prescribe an
actual distance for following too closely, stating that the Code was subjective for that violation.
Borrowdale initiated a traffic stop at the 16600 block of 80th Avenue. Following Borrowdale’s
testimony, the parties presented their arguments on the motion to suppress to the court. ¶9 After taking the motion under advisement, the trial court announced its ruling in open
court by stating:
“Okay. This is the Court’s ruling as to pretext stops. I find the standard in People
versus Dennis Smith. If police officers — officers are objectively doing what they are
legally authorized to do, their actions are not to be questioned on the basis of any
subjective intent which they have acted.
I think it’s clear this is a pretext stop. He followed [defendant] for three miles. So
it goes to the two cases that the State has given me, People versus Mayberry (phonetic).
And in that case the officer testified that the car was directly behind him and was so close
to him that it alarmed him. I think he had an objective standard there because he could
estimate because he saw the car right in his rearview mirror.
And in People versus Wolford (phonetic), I think it explains on these types of
stops, the [Code] has recommended — the recommendation two-second intervals and he
did count the lines in that matter as reference points. And he said it was less than one-
second lines and that’s why he pulled him over. He had an objective standard there.
I think the police officer in this instance did not use an objective standard, he
used a subjective standard. Therefore, I am going to grant the defendant’s motion to
suppress.” ¶ 10 On July 11, 2018, the State filed a motion to reconsider which the trial court subsequently
denied. On September 12, 2018, the State filed a notice of appeal along with a certificate of
substantial impairment pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(a)(1), alleging that the trial
court’s ruling on defendant’s motion to suppress substantially impaired the State’s ability to
proceed to trial. Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(a)(1) (eff. July 1, 2017). ¶ 11 II. ANALYSIS ¶ 12 On appeal, the State argues the trial court erred by granting defendant’s motion to
suppress because Officer Borrowdale had probable cause, or at least a reasonable, articulable,
suspicion, sufficient to justify stopping defendant’s vehicle, thereby rendering the evidence
discovered admissible. Defendant argues the disputed facts, coupled with our deferential
standard of review, should lead this court to affirm the trial court’s ruling on defendant’s motion
to suppress. ¶ 13 At the outset, the parties dispute the applicable standard of review. The State argues we
should employ a dual standard of review when reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress.
According to the dual standard, the trial court’s factual findings are upheld unless they are
against the manifest weight of the evidence, and a de novo standard applies to the ultimate legal
question of whether suppression is warranted. People v. Absher, 242 Ill. 2d 77, 82 (2011); see
Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996). However, defendant points out that the trial
court’s ruling was based on a credibility determination of disputed facts and argues de novo
review is inappropriate. ¶ 14 Our supreme court instructs that de novo review is only appropriate where the trial
court’s ruling is not premised on any determination of facts and/or any assessment of the
credibility of the witnesses. People v. Wright, 183 Ill. 2d 16, 21 (1998); see People v. Nicolosi,
2019 IL App (3d) 180642, ¶ 14. Here, the trial court made factual determinations regarding the
accuracy of the officer’s measurement of the distance between two vehicles moving in the same
direction on the roadway. Therefore, we conclude the trial court’s ruling in this appeal should not
be set aside unless it was manifestly erroneous. See id. While we agree with defendant’s position
that de novo review is inapplicable, we note that the application of a de novo standard of review
would not change the outcome of this appeal. ¶ 15 The fourth amendment of the United States Constitution and article I, section 6, of the
Illinois Constitution guarantee citizens the right to be free from unreasonable searches and
seizures. U.S. Const., amend. IV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 6. Stopping a motor vehicle and
detaining its passengers constitutes a seizure within the meaning of the fourth amendment.
People v. Wofford, 2012 IL App (5th) 100138, ¶ 22. It is well established that traffic stops are
more analogous to Terry stops than they are to formal arrests, thus, they are subject to the fourth
amendment’s reasonableness requirement and may be justified on something less than probable
cause. People v. Maberry, 2015 IL App. (2d) 150341, ¶ 10; People v. Close, 238 Ill. 2d 497, 504-
05 (2010); see Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). When judging the reasonableness of a traffic
stop, courts must apply an objective standard and scrutinize whether the facts available to the
officer at the time of the stop would warrant a reasonable person to believe the traffic stop was
appropriate. Close, 238 Ill. 2d at 505. Generally, an officer is justified in stopping a vehicle and
briefly detaining the driver when he or she observes the driver commit a traffic offense. Wofford,
2012 IL 100138, ¶ 22; People v. Abdur-Rahim, 2014 IL App (3d) 130558, ¶ 26; People v.
McQuown, 407 Ill. App. 3d 1138, 1143 (2011). ¶ 16 Section 11-710(a) of the Code provides that “The driver of a motor vehicle shall not
follow another vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard for the
speed of such vehicles and the traffic upon and the condition of the highway.” 625 ILCS 5/11-
710(a) (West 2016). Section 11-710(a) does not prescribe a certain distance requirement and
does not define what is “reasonable and prudent.” *7 ¶ 17 With these principles in mind, the issue in this case can be narrowed down to whether
Officer Borrowdale had an objectively reasonable suspicion, based on the facts available to him
at the time of the stop, that defendant was following the car in front of him at a distance that was
not reasonable and prudent. ¶ 18 Here, the trial court’s ruling first required the trial court to resolve whether there was a
vehicle on the roadway travelling ahead of the Audi. The trial court’s findings did not question
or reject the officer’s credibility regarding the presence of a vehicle ahead of the Audi. However,
the trial court found the officer’s methodology when measuring the distance between the two
vehicles was not reliable. ¶ 19 When ruling, the trial court found the decision in Wofford to be instructive. We agree. In
Wofford, the Fifth District found an officer’s decision to conduct a traffic stop objectively
reasonable where the officer determined that the subject vehicle was traveling at less than a one-
second interval behind a camper trailer by using the dotted lines on the highway as a reference
point. Wofford, 2012 IL 100138, ¶ 4. The officer explained in detail how he performed this
dotted line test several times to determine that the subject vehicle travelled behind the camper
trailer at less than a one-second interval, much less than the two-second interval recommended
by the Illinois Rules of the Road. Id., ¶¶ 4-5. ¶ 20 In the instant case, the trial court noted that the officer did not rely on an objectively
reasonable means of measuring the distance between the Audi and the other vehicle. This
determination is well supported by the record subject to our review and should not be set aside.
Here, the officer estimated the distance to be 18 feet without, for example, explaining the
relationship in time and/or space measured by when the vehicle passed stationary landmarks,
such as light poles or dotted lines, and the time defendant’s vehicle reached the same landmarks. *8 ¶ 21 Giving deference to the trial court’s findings, as stated before ruling on the motion to
suppress, we conclude that the trial court’s ruling is not manifestly erroneous. For this reason, we
affirm the trial court’s decision granting defendant’s motion to suppress. ¶ 22 III. CONCLUSION ¶ 23 The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed. ¶ 24 Affirmed.