Sundquist Homes, Inc. v. Snohomish County Public Utility District No. 1

Alexander, J. The principal issue before us is whether a public utility district may charge a real estate developer for costs the district incurs in relocating electrical transmission facilities, when the relocation is a necessary condition of the developer’s project. We answer that question in the affirmative and, thus, affirm the Court of Appeals. Sundquist Homes, Inc.1 purchases large tracts of undeveloped land in Snohomish County and subdivides it into residential building lots. Snohomish County regularly conditions approval of Sundquist’s plats on improvements to county roads adjacent to the proposed developments. Often, this requires relocation of electrical utility facilities, such as poles and transmission lines. Consequently, on 17 occasions between 1988 and May of 1995, Sundquist asked the respondent, Snohomish County Public Utility District No. 1 (PUD), the owner of electrical utility facilities in Snohomish County, to relocate such facilities. Each time the PUD agreed to do so, it entered into an agreement with Sundquist, which provided that the PUD would relocate the facilities and Sundquist would bear the actual expenses associated with the relocation. These agreements were con — 406 — sistent with a policy set forth in PUD Resolution 2751, which was enacted in 1983. It stated that the PUD “will not bear the cost of relocation when . . . [t]he relocation primarily is for the convenience of or benefits a private interest, even if it bestows a secondary public benefit.” Clerk’s Papers at 106. On each of the occasions that the PUD moved electrical facilities at Sundquist’s request, Sundquist paid the costs of relocation. These costs totaled more than $125,000. Sundquist later questioned the PUD’s authority to impose the costs and, in May 1996, it filed suit against the PUD, seeking a declaratory judgment, recission, injunctive relief, and damages. It claimed in its suit that the PUD should refund to it the amount it paid the PUD for the costs of the relocations. In support of its claim Sundquist advanced three theories, all of which were based on its assertion that the charges assessed by the PUD were contrary to law. The PUD moved for summary judgment, contending that Sundquist’s suit should be dismissed. Sundquist also moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted the PUD’s motion and denied Sundquist’s. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court. We granted Sundquist’s petition for review. I Sundquist asserts that there is a disputed issue of material fact that makes dismissal on summary judgment inappropriate. Review of a summary judgment is, of course, guided by familiar principles. Fundamentally, summary judgment is proper only when “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR 56(c). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court must consider “[a]ll facts and reasonable inferences ... in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and all questions of law are reviewed de novo.” Mountain Park Homeowners Ass’n v. Tydings, 125 Wn.2d 337, 341, 883 P.2d 1383 (1994) (citations omitted). Resolution of disputed factual issues can be — 407 — sustained when reasonable minds could reach but one conclusion from the evidence accompanying a summary judgment motion. Central Wash. Bank v. Mendelson-Zeller, Inc., 113 Wn.2d 346, 353, 779 P.2d 697 (1989). Sundquist contends that it is not clear from the record whether the PUD’s relocation of electrical utility facilities was primarily for the benefit of Sundquist. Thus, it argues that the propriety of the imposition of the charges on Sundquist, pursuant to PUD Resolution 2751, cannot be determined. This argument is quite apart from its assertion that Resolution 2751 is contrary to state law. We note, at the outset, that this purported factual issue was never raised at the trial court. Although the failure to raise the issue below does not preclude Sundquist from raising it on appeal, its failure does suggest that the existence of a dispute of material fact was not readily apparent to Sundquist at summary judgment. That is understandable because, in our view, the trial court and the Court of Appeals properly held, after viewing the submissions in a light most favorable to Sundquist, that Sundquist was the primary beneficiary of the relocations at issue. The case was, therefore, ripe for summary judgment. Our conclusion finds support in the submissions on summary judgment, and is contradicted by none of them. For example, the declaration of Michael Brown, Sundquist’s land development manager, contains the statement that Sundquist requested the relocations; that the relocations were necessitated by Sundquist’s plans for improvements; and that Sundquist agreed to pay for each of the relocations. Not surprisingly, Sundquist’s counsel conceded at oral argument at the Court of Appeals “that all the improvements that necessitated moving utility lines were made to roads adjacent to their developments.” Sundquist Homes, Inc. v. Snohomish County Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1, 92 Wn. App. 950, 956-57, 965 P.2d 1148 (1998), review granted, 138 Wn.2d 1001, 984 P.2d 1034 (1999). At this stage, Sundquist’s only argument on the issue is that “[t]he record is absolutely void of any evidence that — 408 — the relocation of these facilities had anything to do with providing power service to Sundquist or future home buyers.” Pet’r s’ Supplemental Br. at 16. As noted above, the record belies this assertion. It also contains receipts submitted by Sundquist that make clear that the relocation of facilities was just one of several services the PUD performed for Sundquist, and that Sundquist paid the PUD’s bill on each occasion.2 Like the other services, each of the utility facility relocations was necessitated by Sundquist’s development plans. To rebut the PUD’s submissions, Sundquist cites no specific facts and, thus, is unable to establish the existence of genuine issue of material fact. See Mackey v. Graham, 99 Wn.2d 572, 663 P.2d 490 (1983). In sum, we are in accord with the Court of Appeals conclusion that “[t]he main benefit was that Sundquist became entitled to proceed with its plats.” Sundquist, 92 Wn. App. at 957. II The primary issue in this case is whether RCW 36.55.060 prohibits the PUD from passing off to Sundquist the costs of relocating its utility facilities. That statute, in pertinent part, reads as follows: The facilities of the holder of any such franchise shall be removed at the expense of the holder thereof, to some other location on such county road in the event it is to be constructed, altered, or improved or becomes a primary state highway and such removal is reasonably necessary for the construction, alteration, or improvement thereof. RCW 36.55.060(4). Sundquist contends that, because the PUD holds the franchise and owns the electrical utility facilities that were relocated, “all costs related to situating or relocating the franchise facilities must be paid by the franchisee.” Appellant’s Revised Br. at 20. The “plain language” of this sec — 409 — tion, Sundquist argues, requires that franchisees bear all costs of facility relocation when a county road is improved.3 The flaw in Sundquist’s reasoning is that the above-quoted section has to be read in light of the entire chapter within which it is located, ch. 36.55 RCW. Although every provision of that chapter regulates some aspect of the relationship between the County and its franchisees, no provision in the chapter pertains to the relationship between franchisees and third parties. That relationship is regulated by other chapters of the Code and the common law, as we discuss below. Thus, when RCW 36.55.060(4) is read in context it can be understood only to prohibit the County from assuming these costs as between the County and the franchisee. The statute does not, however, apply to the present controversy, as it does not address the issue of whether a relocation expense can be passed on to a third party. Furthermore, as Sundquist points out, “[statutes are to be construed to effect their purposes, and to avoid an unlikely or strained consequence.” State v. Mierz, 127 Wn.2d 460, 480, 901 P.2d 286, 50 A.L.R.5th 921 (1995) (citing Ski Acres, Inc. v. Kittitas County, 118 Wn.2d 852, 857, 827 P.2d 1000 (1992)). If the “at the expense of the holder” language of RCW 36.55.060(4) prohibited the imposition of all costs of relocation on third parties, as suggested by Sundquist, then franchisees would also be prohibited from passing on these charges in rate increases to its rate-paying customers. Sundquist’s “plain meaning” interpretation would, in short, lead to the absurd consequence that a nonprofit, municipal corporation, like a public utility district, would have no funds with which to pay for the relocations of facilities at the request of developers. This absurd, and — 410 — we believe unintended, consequence is avoided by simply reading the statute in a commonsense manner. Ill Sundquist also contends that the PUD was without authority to pass on relocation costs to it. Although we agree with Sundquist that mere passage of PUD Resolution 2751 would not justify the imposition of the charges, if the PUD otherwise lacked authority to impose them, we nonetheless conclude that Sundquist is mistaken in its overall assertion. We reach this conclusion despite the fact that there is no statutory provision directly addressing the PUD’s authority to pass on these costs, being satisfied that its authority may reasonably be implied from several aspects of the PUD’s proprietary authority, i.e., its powers to contract, set rates, and maintain facilities. A public utility district is a municipal corporation under the constitution and statutes of Washington. RCW 54.04.020; Hite v. Public Util. Dist. No. 2, 112 Wn.2d 456, 458, 772 P.2d 481 (1989). “Municipal authorities cannot exercise powers except those expressly granted, or those 'necessarily implied from granted powers.” Pacific First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Pierce County, 27 Wn.2d 347, 353, 178 P.2d 351 (1947); see also Granite Falls Library v. Taxpayers of Granite Falls, 134 Wn.2d 825, 834, 953 P.2d 1150 (1998). In the context of the provision of electricity and related services a public utility district’s powers are broadly implied. In the production and sale of electricity, a municipal corporation acts in its proprietary capacity. Washington Pub. Power Supply Sys. v. General Elec. Co., 113 Wn.2d 288, 301, 778 P.2d 1047 (1989). In that capacity, a municipal corporation “ ‘is implicitly authorized to make all contracts and to engage in any undertaking which is necessary to render the system efficient and beneficial to the public.’ ” Hite, 112 Wn.2d at 460 (quoting Puget Sound Power & Light Co. v. Public Util. Dist. No. 1, 17 Wn. App. 861, 864, 565 P.2d 1221 (1977)). Entering into contracts in — 411 — order to recover out-of-pocket costs from a party who requests relocation of utility facilities for its primary benefit strikes us as an entirely reasonable and efficient method of financing relocations. Furthermore, it recognizes that the person or entity benefiting from the relocation should bear the expense associated with the effort. The power to impose relocation costs on Sundquist may also be fairly implied from the PUD’s rate-making and facility maintenance authority, which derives from RCW 54.24.080 and RCW 54.16.040. In relevant part, these statutes provide as follows: 54.24.080 Rates and charges .... (1) The commission of each district which shall have revenue obligations outstanding shall have the power and shall be required to . . . collect rates or charges for electric energy and water and other services . . . furnished ... by the district. The rates and charges shall be fair and . . . nondiscriminatory, and shall be adequate to provide revenues sufficient for the payment of the principal of and interest on such revenue obligations . . . and for the proper operation and maintenance of the public utility and all necessary repairs, replacements, and renewals thereof. 54.16.040 Electric energy. A district may . . . maintain, conduct, and operate . . . transmission and distribution lines ... for the purpose of furnishing the district. . . with electric current . . . with full and exclusive authority to . . . regulate and control the use, distribution, rates, service, charges, and price thereof. Admittedly, neither statute expressly provides authority to the PUD to charge relocation costs to third parties. The statutes do, however, provide public utility districts with authority to maintain facilities and set prices for service and distribution of electric current. RCW 54.16.040. In addition, RCW 54.24.080 requires only that rates cover operating expenses and principal and interest on revenue obligations. See Carstens v. Public Util. Dist. No. 1, 8 Wn.2d 136, 151, 111 P.2d 583 (1941) (stating that a “municipally owned enterprise of this nature may not be operated for profit, and must establish its rates at the lowest possible — 412 — point”). In our judgment, the expressly granted power to maintain facilities and set rates for electrical energy and other services includes, by implication, the power to charge private developers, such as Sundquist, for the costs of relocation in order to ensure that the PUD’s “system [is] efficient and beneficial to the public.” Hite, 112 Wn.2d at 460 (quoting Puget Sound Power & Light Co., 17 Wn. App. at 864). This court has construed similar statutes regulating a public utility district’s water system to allow the district to impose a connection charge on new users, rather than passing on those expenses in the general rates. Hillis Homes, Inc. v. Public Util. Dist. No. 1, 105 Wn.2d 288, 298, 714 P.2d 1163 (1986). Although the instant case is distinguishable from Hillis Homes in that it dealt with hook up charges rather than relocation costs, as here, it is instructive on the issue of the scope of the PUD’s power. Significantly, this court construed the district’s statutory grant of “full and exclusive authority” to regulate the distribution of water to include the power to charge the actual cost of connection, notwithstanding the absence of language in the statute authorizing the specific charge. See Hillis Homes, 105 Wn.2d at 298-99. In upholding the connection charges that were at issue there, we stated that an express grant of power “ ‘includes by implication the right to do such acts as may be reasonably necessary to achieve that objective.’ ” Hillis Homes, 105 Wn.2d at 298 (quoting Foundation for the Handicapped v. Department of Soc. & Health Servs., 97 Wn.2d 691, 698-99, 648 P.2d 884 (1982)). In sum, RCW 54.24.080 gives the PUD the power to collect charges for furnishing “other services” and RCW 54.16.040 gives it authority to maintain distribution lines. Consistent with the stance we took in Hillis Homes, we conclude that the power to charge a developer with the costs of relocating utility facilities for the developer’s bene — 413 — fit is within the ambit of the powers expressly granted by those statutes. IV Sundquist makes an additional argument that the “Court of Appeals decision violates housing affordability policy of the [Growth Management Act (GMA), RCW 36.70A.]”4 Pet’rs’ Supplemental Br. at 18. More specifically, it contends that if franchisees are allowed to pass on relocation costs to developers, the cost of new construction and existing housing will increase and be less affordable. Whatever the merit of this policy underlying the GMA, Sundquist fails to connect the statutes we apply here today with that policy. We are unwilling to transport the public policy considerations that prompted the Legislature to adopt the GMA to statutes that are unconnected to that act and make no reference to it. V Finally, we note that amici, the Building Industry Association of Washington and the Washington Association of Realtors have weighed in on Sundquist’s behalf. These parties echo arguments that Sundquist has set forth in its briefing, and, to that extent, are dealt with above. Amici also raise arguments that were riot raised by Sundquist. This court will not address arguments raised only by amici. Rabon v. City of Seattle, 135 Wn.2d 278, 291 n.4, 957 P.2d — 414 — 621 (1998) (citing In re Detention of J.S., 124 Wn.2d 689, 702, 880 P.2d 976 (1994)). VI In conclusion, we agree with the Court of Appeals that there are no material factual issues, and that imposition of the relocation charges on Sundquist did not violate RCW 36.55.060(4) or the GMA, and is within the implied powers of the PUD acting in its proprietary capacity. Consequently, summary judgment in favor of the PUD was proper. The Court of Appeals is affirmed. Guy, C.J., Smith, Johnson, and Talmadge, JJ., and Kennedy, J. Peo Tem., concur. Footnotes [1] A11 of the named plaintiffs are hereinafter collectively referred to as “Sundquist.” [2] These services included, for example, an electrical underground system with street lighting, road crossings, removal of overhead line, and installation of underground service to another plat. [3] A fair portion of Sundquist’s briefing on this is devoted to addressing the merits of an unpublished opinion from Division Two of the Court of Appeals. We decline to consider that opinion since unpublished cases cannot be cited as authority under RAP 10.4(h). [4] RCW 36.70A.020 states, in pertinent part: “The following goals are adopted to guide the development and adoption of comprehensive plans and development regulations of those counties and cities that are required or choose to plan under RCW 36.70A.040. The following goals are not listed in order of priority and shall be used exclusively for the purpose of guiding the development of comprehensive plans and development regulations: “(4) Housing. Encourage the availability of affordable housing to all economic segments of the population of this state, promote a variety of residential densities and housing types, and encourage preservation of existing housing stock.”