State ex rel. Campbell v. Superior Court

The opinion of the court was delivered by Reavis, C. J. Original application for mandamus. The state, on the relation of Mr. Campbell, prosecuting attorney of Pierce county, moves for a mandate requiring the judge of the superior court to fix a day upon which judgment and sentence of death, theretofore rendered in the case of State of Washington, plaintiff, v. Eben L. Boyce, defendant, shall be executed, and that the superior court issue a death warrant directed to the sheriff of Pierce county, commanding him to execute the judgment and sentence on a day to be fixed by the court therein. It is stated that the superior court refused to fix a day, or any day, for the execution of such judgment and sentence, or to issue a death warrant, solely upon the ground that any day Avhich might be fixed not less than thirty nor more than ninety days from the 6th day of June, would be after the' act of the legislature entitled “An act relating to the death warrant, the contents thereof, the return of same, and fixing place of execution, and amending sections 6993 and 6995 of Ballinger’s Annotated Oodes and Statutes of Washington,” approved March 8, 1901 (LaAvs 1901, p. 100), had taken effect and become a law, and that such laAv repealed §§ 6993 and 6995, Bal. Code, under which the judgment and sentence must be carried into execution. — 273 — To the petition for mandate a general demurrer was interposed by the judge of the superior court, and it was stipulated by relator and respondent that the petition be heard upon its merits. Prom the record presented it appears that Eben L. Boyce ivas duly convicted of the crime of murder in the first degree, and judgment on such conviction entered, and sentence of death in pursuance thereof was made on the 26th day of April, 1900; that thereafter, upon appeal from such judgment to this court, it ivas, on the 19th day of April, 1901, duly affirmed, and the sentence ordered carried into execution, and the remittitur duly filed in said Superior court. The question for consideration is the duty of the superior court to direct the execution of the sentence of death. The existing law applicable to the case is contained in §§ 6993-6996, Bal. Code. Section 6993 substantially declares that when judgment of death is rendered, the warrant shall be signed by the judge and attested by the clerk, and state the conviction and judgment, and appoint a day for the execution, which shall not be less than thirty nor more than ninety days from, the time of judgment, and the sheriff or officer to whom a warrant is delivered shall return the same within twenty days after the time fixed for the execution. Section 6994 prescribes the punishment as death by hanging by the neck. Section 6996 provides that when the time appointed for the execution of a prisoner is past; from any cause, the court shall cause the prisoner to be brought immediately before it, and proceed to appoint a day for the carrying into effect of the sentence of death. This law and the provisions for carrying out of the sentence of death Avere in-force at the time the crime for Avhich defendant Avas convicted was committed, and are now the Iraa^ ; but the.respondent declines to issue the death Avarrant under the existing law — 274 — for the reason that the act relating to the death warrant, supra, will go into effect before the minimum'time for the execution required in the death warrant shall have expired; and counsel for the relator urge the court to construe the future act relating to the death warrant, to determine its effect upon the existing law and its relation to crimes committed before it is in force; and the construction and effect of the intended law have been exhaustively discussed. The probable effect and consequences to the state, society, and the defendant are earnestly impressed upon the court as requiring determination at this time of the force and effect of the contemplated law, which changes the procedure in the execution of the death sentence. However cogent such reasons may be to induce the court to advance the hearing of a cause and to a speedy consideration and decision thereof, no judicial determination can be made until the case is completely before the court for hearing. It is apparent that the act of March, 1901, supra, is not the law now before us. Its operation must commence in the future, subject to the contingency of time, subject always to the legislative will. The judicial function is to construe and declare existing law. In those rare eases where, under extraordinary emergencies, judges have expressed opinions in cases not properly before them, such opinions have always been deemed merely advisory, and have not had the force and effect of binding decisions, and especially is this true where, constitutional principles are involved; and sound jurists have always been as one in criticizing and animadverting on the impropriety of such opinions. In the case of Clayton v. Calhoun, 76 Ga. 270, injunctive relief was asked against the enforcement of a proposed law. The court, in affirming the decree of the inferior court, observed: “It may be well, however, to add, in approval not only — 275 — of the judgment of the chancellor who denied the writ of injunction, but of the main reason on which he rested his judgment, that it would be a stretch of power in the judiciary to restrain by its process, mesne or final, a law enacted by the general assembly, in a formative state and stage. Such stretch of judicial authority would overshadow the law-making prerogative, usurp, the functions-of a co-ordinate and distinct department of government by interfering with its mode, of enacting laws, and-violate that paragraph of the bill of rights in the constitution, which declares that ‘the legislative, judicial and executive powers shall forever remain separate and distinct.’ ” It was also observer by the court in another case (Scoville v. Calhoun), at page 269 of the same volume: “When the law operates upon the private property of an individual, and that is seized or destroyed or confiscated, or the individual is arrested and indicted thereunder for its violation, then that portion of the law thus affecting his private property and personal liberty may be assailed by him as unconstitutional or illegal. . . . They [the courts] will always wait until the law is attempted to be put in operation, and then act against the officer who executes or attempts to execute it, and not against the lawmaking branch of the government in the general scope of its power.” In the case of Kansas City, etc., R. R. Co., v. Whitehead, 109 Ala. 195 (19 South. 70 5), the court, in the construction of a section of the Alabama code, observed: “It is true this section was pronounced unconstitutional in a very brief opinion in the case of Brown v. Alabama Great Southern R. Co., 87 Ala. 370. But at the time of the injury the subject of the suit in that case, and at the time of the commencement of the suit, this section of the Code had not legal existence. The Code had not then become operative, as was pointed out in the argument of counsel. Statutes cannot be pronounced unconstitutional at the mere will of courts, or in suits in which they are not involved — not the foundation of any right asserted by — 276 — the plaintiff, or matter of defense preferred by the defendant.” And the decision referred to was not deemed authority in the construction of the law which was then in operation. . The principle was under consideration by the supreme court of Ohio in State v. Baughman, 38 Ohio St. 455. There, by joint resolution of the general assembly, the 'attorney general was directed to institute, action in quo Warranto against certain police commissioners, and to procure therein a decision of the supreme court on several constitutional questions suggested in the resolution. The court observed in the case before it : “A decision on any of the questions not suggested, not necessary to a determination of the right of defendants to exercise these functions, would not be a judicial settlement of such questions, but would be without authority conferred by the constitution to make it. To be a judicial settlement the question decided must arise in a judicial proceeding, properly before a court of competent jurisdiction. . . . If the judiciary were to assume to decide hypothetical questions of law not involved in a judicial proceeding in a cause before it, even though the decision ‘would be of great value to the general assembly’ in the discharge of its duties, it would, nevertheless, be an unwarranted interference with the functions of the legislative department that would be unauthorized, and dangerous in its tendency. Hot only this, but it would be an attempt to settle questions of law involving the rights of persons without parties before it, or a case to be decided in due course of law, thus violating that provision of the Bill of Rights which declares that every person shall have a remedy for an injury done him by due course of law.” It becomes important to inquire who are the real parties in interest here. True, the relator is one. Who is the other ? Ordinarily, in the procedure of mandamus and prohibition against the judge of a superior court, the real party in interest is not the court. The judge has no rights — 277 — affected, and the rule liefe has been to assess the costs of such procedure to the real party, other than the judge. A grave question is suggested to the court, involving the rights and the life of a defendant convicted of murder. He is not here, not a party before the court. We must look at the substance. It only requires the suggestion that-he is interested in the final determination to conclude that he may he heard. Evidently his rights cannot be foreclosed by any expression in any form where he is not a party. The conclusion is that a case is not presented which involves an inquiry into the effect and operation of the contemplated law, which may go into effect hereafter. But, under the requirements of the existing law, it is the duty of the' superior court to issue the death warrant in accordance with the provisions of the statute, and it is so ordered. The writ will issue. Dunbar, Axdeks and Mount, JJ., concur.