Leeson v. Saw-Mill Phoenix

Root, J. Respondent instituted this action to recover damages for an injury sustained while operating a lathe, in the wood turning department of a mill owned by the defendant mill company. The facts were about as follows: There was, in said department, a small lathe capable of turning a stick about four feet in length, and a large lathe to be used upon sticks much longer. The accident occurred while the respondent was operating the latter. Respondent, Alfred Leeson, was the wood turner for appellant. Defendant William R. Roy was the superintendent in charge of the mill at the time of the accident; and appellant John Peterson was the foreman'. The accident was alleged to have been caused by the use of a broken socket which holds the rest which steadies th,e chisel held by the operator in turning a stick. There are two of these sockets, somewhat in the shape of the letter “L.” The longer side of the socket rests on the timbers forming the table, and is fastened down solid by a bolt, the head of which catches in a groove extending down the middle of this brace or socket, and is held down by a crosspiece under the timbers of the table. Extending from the upright arm of one of these braces or sockets to the other is a parallel bar foaming the rest. By reason of the groove in the brace the distance of the rest from the timber in the lathe can be regulated according to the size of the piece being turned, but when it is set it is perfectly solid. The timber to be turned, a square piece of wood, being fixed in the lathe, power is applied and the clamps and the stick they hold are made to revolve with great rapidity toward the rest. The turner takes a position in front of the rest, holding a chisel or gouge, which, with its handle, is about two feet long, in a slanting position and resting upon the rest. The blade is turned upward and toward the revolving timber, so that as it comes in contact with the chisel the corners are cut off — 425 — and the timber is made round, beaded, fluted, or otherwise shaped as the operator desires. The handle projects below the rest, and is grasped there by both hands of the turner. The rest is necessary to this work, and must be perfectly solid, since if it were loose or wobbly the chisel could not be held firmly, and might catch in the revolving timber, with probable injury to the person holding it. At the time of the accident, one of the sockets or braces was defective in that a piece had been broken out of one side of the arm resting on the table next to the groove, so that the head of the bolt would not catch and hold the brace. This brace or socket had been broken for some time; but respondent continued to use it without complaint until the day of the accident, or as he maintains, two or three days before the accident, when he called both Mr. Roy’s and Mr. Peterson’s attention to it. During this time he fastened the socket down by some sort of a wooden contrivance arranged by himself. When he called Mr. Roy’s attention to it, Mr. Roy told him to take the socket to the office, and he would have it fixed. This Leeson did in a few minutes, but later on in the morning he brought it back and used it on another job. When the superintendent went to the office to get the rest to have it fixed, that same morning, he found it gone, although he had seen it there a little while before. Respondent claims to have returned it and again taken it after having been told by Peterson that he must get out a certain order at once, which he could only do on the large lathe. Peterson swears that he did not tell Leeson to get the rest to do the work, and he did not promise to have it repaired. Leeson proceeded to use the broken socket, although he believed there was some danger in so doing. It was while Leeson was using the lathe, after having brought back the socket the second time, that the accident is alleged to have occurred. It is claimed that by reason of the rest being loose, the handle of the chisel was thrown back, hitting appellant in the abdomen and rupturing him. It was about noon at the time, and appellant sat down — 426 — and did not begin -work until after dinner. He finished the rest of the five timbers which he had begun to- turn that day, and continued working for three or four days before he went to- see a doctor. He did not complain of being hurt to- Mr. Roy till a day o-r. two- after the accident. He continued to work at the mill for a few days after he had seen the doctor. Plaintiff is an expert wood turner, a married man forty-seven years old, and was earning $3.50 per day. The answer, by way of affirmative defense-, alleges that whatever injury said plaintiff sustained, was caused by his own negligent act; and that he, by his own negligence, eontribued to and caused said injury; and that said plaintiff knew any and all danger wbicb he would and did incur in performing said labor, and voluntarily assumed any and all risk in performing said work. A trial was had before a jury, which brought in a verdict of $5,500 for the plaintiff. Challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence and motions for judgment were made by appellants, at the close of respondent’s case-, and at the- end of all the evidence, all of which were overruled except as. to Roy. A motion for a new trial was duly made, and denied. The court having sustained a motion for a nonsuit as- to- the defendant William R. Roy, judgment of dismissal was- entered as to him. Judgment was entered against defendants Saw-Mill Phoenix and John Peterson, for $5,500, together with cost incurred. Prom this judgment, said defendants appeal to this court. Appellants assign error upon the action of the- court in giving certain instructions, and in refusing' to give others requested by them. Some ©f the instructions complained of were faulty or defective; hut we do- not believe the giving of any of them was, or was capable of being, prejudicial to appellants. Some of those requested by appellants were correct statements of law, but inapplicable to. this case. Others referred to matters properly covered by the instructions given • by the court. We think that the charge given fairly covered — 427 — the ease and that no reversible error was committed either in the giving or refusing of instructions. Error is assigned upon'the denial of the motions made for judgment at the close of respondent’s case and at the termination of all the evidence. There is no- doubt hnt that respondent would he held to have assumed the risk of the danger that occasioned his injury, were it not that he was working, as he maintains, under a promise to repair. In fact, respondent’s counsel do not claim otherwise. The pivotal question is as to whether or not respondent was working under a promise to repair such as would take the case out of the ordinary rule of assumed risk. We think that he was. The superintendent promised to have the socket repaired or1 replaced by a new one as soon as respondent finished the job he was then working on. But before this repairing was done, another piece of work was presented. The foreman told him that it must he done immediately. It was necessary, or at least respondent believed it was necessary, to use the large lathe and the broken socket to perform this work. Respondent testified that the foreman told him to get and use this socket, and it would he repaired when the job was completed, and he did so very reluctantly. His evidence on this point, however, is somewhat confused and not very satisfactory. We think, however, that from all of the evidence the jury could legally have found that both the foreman and superintendent promised to repair or replace this defective appliance, and that respondent continued to work with the sainé, expecting that it would soon he repaired or replaced. It is urged, however, by appellants that the promise does not bring the case within the exception to- the rule for the reason that they did not promise to make the repairs or change until a definite time thereafter — to wit until the job was finished that respondent was working upon, and hence that the promise was not effective as to the piece of work he was then engaged upon. We cannot uphold this contention. Heither of the jobs mentioned required much time- — one hnt — 428 — a few hours, the other about one day. Believing that the socket would he repaired or replaced within a few days, he was justified in trying to work with the broken appliance unless the danger from it was so imminent that a workman of ordinary prudence would have regarded it too hazardous and have refused, for that reason, to so nse it. He admits that he knew there was some danger to he apprehended, but did not regard injury therefrom as probable. We cannot say, as a matter of law, that the danger was so apparent and imminent that he should have declined to nse the broken socket notwithstanding the promise to repair or replace. Ordinarily intelligent, reasonable, fairminded men might properly differ upon this proposition; hence; it was a question for the jury. That body having found the issue in favor of rer sp’ondent and the trial court having upheld the verdict, we feel hound thereby. Appellants insist that the verdict is excessive. We think the contention must he sustained. Bespondemt placed upon the witness stand two physicians. One of these was Dr. Baker, who, among other things* stated as follows: “I think as a rule the majority of men with ruptures are fairly comfortable with a truss, others again are not comfortable. ... I don’t know about the percentage but I tbink the majority are able to' engage in physical exercise and carry on some light occupation.” And upon cross-examination, testified: “As applied to' the risk to live, if the rupture is constantly kept within the abdominal walls by a truss* there is practically little danger of any serious complication as far as life is concerned.” The other was Dr. Oatterson, who’ upon direct examination was asked the following question, and answered as indicated: “Q. About what probability of recovery would there he? Are you able to state it any more definitely than you have? A. Oh, I should judge that at least 75 per cent of these cases are permanently cured. Many of them are cured for the time being hut in a year or two the rupture returns again; — 429 — the tissue gives way and they have the same condition hack again.” And upon cross-examination, answered questions as follows: “Q. About what length of times does it take a patient to recover from an operation of this kind? A. Oh, a patient usually gets up in two weeks or three weeks-; but it is usually necessary for them to keepi pretty quiet for six weeks or two months before they are able to be around very much or to- do work. Q. And after that if there is a recovery, they are substantially in a normal condition, are they not? A. Tes, a very good condition. . . . Q. And I will ask you if, in your judgment, an operation could be successfully performed upon him ? A. I think so. ... . Q. I will ask you if, in your judgment, you could not take this man and perform an operation upon him, and make- him practically in normal condition, in your judgment? A. Tes, so far as I can see; I see no> reason why it could not be done. . . Q. Isn’t it a fact as shown by the medical authorities, that one-sixth of the population are suffering with rupture? A. Tes, I think that is correct. . . . Q. Doctor, this operation, assuming that it was all successful, and so on, what would it cost for nurses, medicines, doctors and hospital fees and so on? A. Oh, somewhere in the neighborhood of two or three hundred dollars; between two and three hundred dollars maybe.” The appellants placed upon the witness stand one Dr. Essig. At the close of this doctor’s testimony the counsel for respondent admitted in open court that another medical expert whom the appellants were intending to call as a witness would, if called, testify in substance the same as Dr. Essig. And said counsel for respondent also in open court made the following statement: “I am willing to take Dr. Essig’s testimony as correct. I think he exaggerated a little, but I am willing to take his testimony as stating the medical facts in the case if it will save you any time.” Dr. Essig, among other things, testified as follows: “He has a rupture of the right side; what we call an inguinal hernia; that is a hernia that passes through a ring, — 430 — what we call the internal ring, . . . Q. How, I will ask you to state what he can use* if anything, for the purpose of enabling him to work? A. He can wear a truss, or he can have an operation performed upon it to make a permanent cure. The truss, of course, is something that supports and prevents it from coming into the canal at all. Q. What was his general physical condition ? A. Good. After the examination, I asked him if there was anything else. He said absolutely nothing excepting that. Q. What was his appearance as to being in normal condition in flesh and all ? A. He appears to he in a healthy condition, aside from the condition of the rings. Q. I will ask you state to the jury, from the examination which you made and from your talk'with him, whether in your judgment he can wear a truss and would then he able to work and perform the ordinary occupation which he follows of a turner ? A. I discovered no reason why he might not do it; none whatever. Q. I will ask you what percentage of people the medical authorities show to he suffering with rupture? A. In perhaps about 16f per cent of the people that you meet upon the street where there is no family history of hernia preceding — I mean in the ancestry— have hernias, or about 22 per cent of people whose ancestors have had hernia have it; abo-ut 16§ per cent of those who give no- ancestral history have it. In other words, abont 16 f per cent of the people that you meet in common every day life are afflicted with hernia. . . . Q. I will ask you to state to the jury whether or not in your opinion as a surgeon, a skillful surgeon could perform a successful operation upon this plaintiff and cure him of this rupture, make him fully cured ? A. I discovered no reason whatever to indicate otherwise. Q. About how long a time would it take from the time of the operation ? A. I make it a rule in my own cases to keep them in bed about three weeks after an operation. I keep them longer after hernia operations than others because you are trying to close- a natural canal in it and yon want to be sure that your adhesions are all perfect; so I usually keep them three weeks. A great many •keep them about two weeks. Foley, wlm does more operations than any man in the United States, and possibly than any man living, keeps them two weeks. Q. About how long would it take him to recover if the operation was successful ? A. Well, full recovery is a question that has to be determined — 431 — by the lapse of some time. We occasionally have a relapse after an operation. If the patient gets on without relapse, without a recurrence of it for a year, without getting down again, we consider that the cure is permanent. But inside of six weeks a case without any complication arising in it, ought to be1 able to resume work. Q. And perform any ordinary labor, such as turning ? A. Yes, any labor that he might ever have performed previously. Q. How, then, I will ask you, in your judgment, without this operating, with the use of a truss, if this man can perform the usual avocation of a turner? A. Any properly fitted trass ought to enable that man to perform any labor that he has ever performed heretofore. . . . The probabilities are that there has always been that weak condition upon both sides-, because it shows itself at this side of the ring, a feebly closed right. . . . Q. I mean if he has got a truss on it don’t hurt him ? A. Hot necessarily, no, sir; because thousands wear them and work hard every day. Thousands have them and work without feeling them. ... A. I wouldn’t charge him less than $250. Q. What other expenses would he have ? A. His hospital expenses. Q. How much would they be? A. Three weeks. . . . That would cost him anywhere from $8 a week up to $15, $18, $20, $25 or $30 depending on the kind of room he thought he ought to have. He would rest as well in the $8 bed as he would in the $30 bed, ... A. Well, sir, the average death rate in 10,000 up to 1900 is nineTenths of 1 per cent and it has improved a little recently. . Q. There is, however, a risk attending the operation ? A. There is no operation that is free from risk. . . Q. All that you can say, or the most skillful of you, is that the probabilities are that a cure will be effected and a recovery had? A. Yes, that is all any man can say.” All of the doctors testified that respondent was in a healthy normal condition with the exception of the hernia. Respondent, himself, testified that since quitting work in the mill he had engaged a small part of' the time in some occupations not requiring much physical exertion. The evidence given by the medical witnesses and by respondent, and in his behalf, does not in our opinion show an injury justifying an award of damages in the sum found by the jury. We believe that — 432 — the sum of $3,500 would he vexy ample compensation, and much, more in accord with what is right in the premises. An excessive verdict in a case like this is not only an injustice to the defendants, hut it is a menace -to the welfare of the state, and should not he upheld. The case will he remanded with the following instructions: If respondent, within thirty days from the filing of the remittitur in the superior court, shall file a relinquishment of so much of the judgment as exceeds the sum of thirty-five hundred dollars, the judgment in said sum will stand affirmed. If such relinquishment is not so filed within said time, the superior court is directed to enter an order granting a new trial. Costs to appellant. Mount, C. J., Cbow, and Hadley, JJ., concur. Pullebton and Rudkin, JJ., concur in the result.