De Yoe v. Seattle Electric Co.

Crow, J. Action by Elsie De Yoe against the Seattle Electric Company, for personal injuries. From a judgment in favor of the defendant, the plaintiff has appealed. On a trial of the issues joined by the pleadings, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the appellant, but the trial court thereafter sustained a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, and dismissed the action. The appellant now contends that the court erred in so doing. The evidence shows that the respondent owns a cable car line, which it operates on a very steep grade on Madison street, in the [589] city of Seattle; that on September 10, 1907, appellant became a passenger on one of respondent’s cars which she entered at First avenue, taking a seat in the forward end of the inclosed portion; that there was also an outside forward apartment for passengers; that at or near the Third avenue crossing, as the car was running up grade, it gave a severe jerk; that a passenger who was standing in the forward outside compartment was thereby thrown against a glass partition or window near which appellant was sitting, breaking the glass, and that the broken glass struck her face, causing serious injuries. The only witnesses produced by appellant, who testified as to the motion of the car, were the appellant herself and one A. J. Hassell. Appellant testified as follows: “Q. Now, what next happened? A. Well, just as the car started up there was á lurch, and I was hurt when this gentleman on the outside was thrown through the window, his elbow or shoulder went into the glass and broke it to pieces, and run in the side of my face. . . . Q. What caused the car to jerk, if you know? A. Well, I could not say unless it was when the gripman clutched the cable. It may have been taken hold of too sudden or something. I know it was a severe jolt and caused the passengers to sway that were standing up, and those in the seats slipped to the back end of the car. Q. What, if you know, caused this man to come through the window; was it the jerk? A. Yes, sir. Q. And you don’t know what caused the jerk, whether it was the taking up of the cable by the grip, or the taking up of the slack of the cable, or not; you don’t know what it was ? A. I know it was when the car started.” The witness Hassell testified on the same subject as follows : “Q. Was there any considerable jerk? A. Well, now, I couldn’t say in comparison. There was a jerk of the car. . . . Q. Did you hold on to the strap all of the way, or did you lose the strap? A. I think I hung on to the same strap until I got off at Fourth. Q. Did the j ar wrench your hand any? A. No, sir. Q. You still held on to the strap? A. Yes, sir.” [590] No other evidence as to the happening, or cause of the accident, or the jerking of the car was offered. The respondent produced evidence indisputably showing that a jerk, such as the one described by appellant and Hassell, was not an unusual occurrence in a cable car; that it was unavoidable, and that such a car, although handled in the most skillful and careful manner, could not be operated without frequent lurches and jerks. The appellant insists that the direct effect of the evidence produced by her was to show that the severe jerk caused the passenger who was standing outside to be forced through the window, thereby breaking the glass and injuring her; that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur should be applied; that a prima facie case of negligence was shown against the respondent, which shifted to it the burden of showing that the jerk which caused the accident did not result from its negligence; that such prima facie case arising from the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur was sufficient to carry the issue of respondent’s negligence to the jury and sustain a verdict in favor of appellant; and that it was then within the sole province of the jury to determine whether the evidence offered by respondent was of sufficient weight and credibility to rebut appellant’s prima facie case, to relieve respondent from the charge of negligence, and to prevent a recovery by appellant. In support of this contention appellant cites, with others, the following cases from this court, upon which she especially relies: Firebaugh v. Seattle Elec. Co., 40 Wash. 658, 82 Pac. 995, 111 Am. St. 990, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 836; Williams v. Spokane Falls N. R. Co., 39 Wash. 77, 80 Pac. 1100; Anderson v. McCarthy Dry Goods Co., 49 Wash. 398, 95 Pac. 325, 16 L. R. A. (N. S.) 931. The doctrine contended for was applied in the cases cited, but in each of them the nature of the accident itself was such as to make it manifest nqt only that the accident occurred, but also that it could not have occurred without some negligence upon the part of the defendant, the character and cause [591] of which, if known at all, would be peculiarly within the knowledge of the defendant. It was evident in the Firebaugh case that the explosion would not have taken place if the apparatus had been in good working order and properly handled; in the Williams case, that the collision would not have occurred if the coupler had not parted and negligent switching had not been done; and in the Anderson case, that the basket would not have fallen if it had been properly adjusted and operated. It was apparent that the occurrences mentioned were, each and all of them, unexpected and exceptional events, out of the usual order of things; while in this action the jerk complained of was an incident of frequent occurrence in the operation of cable cars, consistent with care and proper equipment, which by its mere happening does not raise any presumption of negligence on the part of the respondent, and invoke the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. It is common knowledge that frequent jerks of a cable car result from its ordinary operation. The gripman could not use the cable to propel the car without frequent jerks or jolts. Were we to apply the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur to this action, the effect would be to render it impossible for a transportation company to operate cable cars in the most skillful manner without making a prima facie case of negligence against It every time an unavoidable jerk or jolt occurred. In the Firebaugh case this court stated the true doctrine in the following language: “The rule of res ipsa loquitur is based upon the apparent fact that the accident could not have happened without negligence on the part of the carrier; or, upon the literal meaning of the expression, that the thing itself speaks, and shows prima facie that the carrier was negligent.” In Bartley v. Metropolitan Street R. Co., 148 Mo. 124, 49 S. W. 840, the court said: “It is a matter of common knowledge, of which even a court is not ignorant, as well as a matter of physics, that [592] the rope of a cable railroad cannot be kept taut and that the jerks, which are common and unavoidable to such roads, are caused by the slack in the rope being taken up. In order to recover from a cable railroad, it is not enough to show that there was a jerk, but it must affirmatively appear that the jerk was an extraordinary or unusual one, or attributable to a defect in the track, an imperfection in the car or apparatus, or to a dangerous rate of speed, or to unskillful handling of the car by the gripman. (Adams v. Railroad, 9 App. D. C. 26; Weaver v. Railroad, 3 App. D. C. 436; Railroad v. Snashall, 3 App. D. C. 420; Hayes v. Railroad, 97 N. Y. 259; Stager v. Railroad, 119 Pa. St. 70, 12 Atl. 821; Mitchell v. Railroad, 51 Mich. 236, 16 N. W. 388; Muller v. Railroad, 48 N. Y. Superior Ct. Rep. 546; Holland v. Railroad, 155 Mass. 387, 29 N. E. 622; Stewart v. Railroad, 146 Mass. 605, 16 N. E. 466; Railroad v. Cason, 72 Md. 377, 20 Atl. 113). Clearly, the testimony in this case does not show anything extraordinary or unusual in the jerk; no defect in the track or car or apparatus is shown, and no negligence of the gripman is made to appear. It was therefore the duty of the trial court to so declare, and to sustain the demurrer to the evidence at the close of the plaintiff’s case, and it was error on its part not to do so.” In Black v. Third Avenue R. Co., 37 N. Y. Supp. 830, it. was held that negligence on the part of those in charge of a cable car cannot be inferred merely from the fact that, as a plaintiff was about to take his seat, he was thrown to the-floor by the sudden starting of the car, there being no evidence that any negligence or any unusual force was applied by the gripman. That case has been followed and approved in: Needham v. Interborough Rapid Transit Co., 95 N. Y. Supp. 561; Molloy v. New York City R. Co., 98 N. Y Supp. 211; and Bollinger v. Interurban Street R. Co., 98 N. Y. Supp. 641. The courts have repeatedly held that a sudden jerk of a cable car does not necessarily raise a presumption of negligence on the part of the carrier. Such jerks are frequently incident to the operation of cable cars as a large number of them are repeatedly connected with, and released from, the593 same cable, thereby affecting each other’s movements. This is a matter of common knowledge, which passengers are presumed to anticipate. There was no evidence in the trial of this action to show the position of the passenger, who appellant claims was forced through the glass; that is, whether he was standing carelessly and without support just previous to the accident. A slight jolt of the car while traveling up grade, accompanied by his carelessness, may have caused him to lurch against the glass, without the least possible negligence on respondent’s part. The lower half of the window was protected with iron rods to guard against accidents. A sudden jerk on a passenger train of a steam railroad, or on a street car propelled by electricity, might be held to raise a presumption of negligence on the part of the carrier, which, in the case of a cable car, would be held to be consistent with careful operation. The trial judge undoubtedly granted the motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict for the reason that there was no proof of negligence on respondent’s part, and that he had improperly denied respondent’s previous motion for a directed verdict. The judgment is affirmed. Rudkin, C. J., Mount, Gose, Parker, Chadwick, and Morris, JJ., concur.