Dunkin v. City of Hoquiam

Gose, J.- This is a suit to recover damages for personal injuries. From a verdict and judgment against the city it has appealed. The complaint states, that the appellant is a municipal corporation of the second class; that Second street is one of its principal streets and is planked for a width of twenty feet; that on September 24, 1908, at 9:80 o’clock in the evening, the street was obstructed by a ridge of soft mud, two feet in height and four to six feet in width, extending the full width of the street; that the city had notice of the obstruction, and that there were no lights or guards to indicate the danger or to protect against it; that at such time the respondent, whilst riding a bicycle at a slow rate of speed, ran into the obstruction and was thrown violently from his wheel onto the planking upon the street, sustaining great and permanent injuries. The complaint further states, that prior thereto the respondent had sustained an injury to his left hand, breaking certain bones, which had about united and recovered; that by reason of the fall the bones were re-broken ; that prior to the accident the respondent contracted yellow fever; that as a result of the disease he had been subjected to an operation, whereby an opening had been made in his side from which a small portion of the intestine projected; that he was in good health except as to the protruding intestine which, from the violence of the fall, was torn from the abdominal wall, causing a further prolapse, and — 50 — causing great pain and suffering; that the respondent will never be able to work, and that his right knee was skinned and bruised. The presentation of a claim for $10,000 was also alleged. Damages were demanded in the sum of $26,230. A motion was interposed to require the respondent to state what officer had been negligent, to state whether the injury to the knee was the cause of the pain and suffering, to require the complaint to be made more definite and certain in other respects, and to strike it as an entirety. The motion being denied, a demurrer was filed and overruled. The answer joined issue upon all the material matters set forth in the complaint except the presentation of the claim to the city for $10,000, and alleged affirmatively, (1) that the accident was the result of the respondent’s negligence; (2) that the claim sued upon was not presented to the city. The reply joined issue upon the new matter, and the case proceeded to trial and judgment. There was no error in denying the appellant’s motion to make the complaint more definite and certain. The respondent was not required to allege the particular officer whose neglect caused the injury. The negligence, if any, was that of the city. The allegation that the respondent received an injury to his right knee, that it was “skinned and bruised,” was sufficiently definite. The appellant is a city of the second class. Section 36, page 674, of the Laws of 1907, provides that all claims for damages against the city must be filed with the city clerk, and that no action shall be prosecuted against the city for any claim for damages until the same has been presented to the city council. It is admitted that the respondent, in due time, filed his claim with the city clerk for damages in the sum of $10,000. The motion sought to strike from the complaint the averment of damages in excess of that sum. There was no error in denying the motion in this respect. The verdict was for $7,500. It seems to be conceded that the error, if any, would have been cured had the court directed the — 51 — jury that the recovery was limited to $10,000. The question is purely an abstract one in view of the record. The ultimate fact to be determined by the jury was the amount of damages sustained by the respondent. The amount claimed would not change the nature of the testimony, nor influence the verdict. A motion for nonsuit was interposed at the close of respondent’s case, the denial of which is assigned as error. The evidence tended to show that, a few days before the accident, a property owner had obtained the permission of the street commissioner to dig a trench across the street at the place where the accident occurred, for the purpose of laying a sewer pipe; that the trench was dug; that there was a planked way used by the traveling public about twenty feet in width; that across the entire street there was loose dirt or mud taken from the trench, two feet or more in height and about four feet in width; that the street remained in this condition for about three days without a light or barrier; that about 9:30 in the evening the respondent was riding home on his bicycle, without a light, at reasonable speed; that the night‘was dark' and the nearest city light was a half block distant from the obstruction; that the street was one of the leading streets of the city; that he was riding upon the planked way; that when his wheel came in contact with the obstruction he was thrown over the handle bars and onto the planking and sustained a serious injury. The evidence showed that the dirt had been there for about three days before the accident happened. The question of the contributory negligence of the respondent and whether the city in the exercise of reasonable care should have known of the obstruction were for the jury to determine. There was abundant evidence that the obstruction was of such character as to be dangerous to all traveling in vehicles. It is urged that the admitted physical infirmities of the respondent made it negligence on his part to ride a bicycle in the nighttime. Streets are not maintained solely for the young and — 52 — strong, and we cannot announce as a rule of law that he was guilty of such negligence as would preclude a recovery. Nor can we upon the facts declare the law to be that the riding of a bicycle without a lantern was an act of negligence. It is next urged that a new trial should have been granted because the verdict is excessive. The evidence of the respondent tended to show that, in 1900, he contracted the yellow fever, which resulted in the closing of the lower bowels; that, since that time he has had an artificial anus which he could partially control; that he is twenty-nine years of age; that before the injury he was able to do light work, and that he had been earning $2.50 per day grinding knives in a planing mill until he received the injury to his hand, about five weeks preceding the injury complained of; that his hand was nearly normal at the time of the accident; that before the injury, the bowel projected from the side not to exceed an inch, and that he was free from pain; that when he got home, a short time after sustaining the injury, the artificial anus was bleeding; that it caused him constant pain and suffering ; that he has no control over it; that he cannot perform any kind of labor; that the knuckles of the forefinger were rebroken; and that his injury is not only permanent, but that his condition is pitiable in the extreme. The testimony of Dr. Harris on shows that he examined the respondent in January, 1901; that the artificial anus was then in good condition, the projection of the. bowel being about one-twelfth of an inch; that he next examined him about two years before the trial, his condition then being about the same as when he made the former examination, and that he was then in good health; that he examined him at the time of the trial and found that seven or eight inches of the lining of the bowel protruded from the side; that he had no control over the bowel; that he was not able to do any kind of work; that he was in constant pain, and that the injury will increase as time progresses. Upon this evidence it seems certain that the jury did not award excessive damages. — 53 — The court permitted respondent to twice exhibit the injured part to the jury. This is urged as error upon two grounds, (1) that it had a tendency to enlist the sympathy of the jury, and (2) that it was indecent. Upon the first contention we assume that, had the injury complained of been a broken leg or arm, the contention would not be tenable. The fact that the injury occurred to some other part of the body would not change the rule of evidence. We apprehend that no court would permit the introduction of indecent evidence, unless it was so connected with the res gestae as to become necessary to the administration of justice. Indecency depends upon the purpose of the utterance or act. “What we are to conclude, then, since the process of investigating the truth in courts of justice is both an indispensable and a dignified function of life, is that no utterances or acts called for in evidence in that process are to be prohibited because under other circumstances they might be characterized by indecency. In other words, the general policy of discountenancing indecency does not extend to the exclusion of evidence in a court of justice.” 3 Wigmore, Evidence, § 2180. Upon the cross-examination of respondent, he was asked if he was not drawing a pension for total disability at the time of receiving the injury. The court sustained an objection to this question, which ruling is said to have been error. No authorities are cited in support of its relevancy. We do not understand that the appellant at the trial sought to prove that the respondent was suffering from a total disability before the accident, but rather that owing to his physical condition it was negligence for him to have ridden a bicycle in the dark without a lantern, and that his ailment was not increased by reason of the accident. The respondent, as we have stated, testified that up to a short time preceding the injury he was earning $2.50 a day grinding knives in a mill. This the appellant not only did not attempt to disprove, but corroborated by the testimony of the foreman of the mill. The appellant offered in evidence certain papers purporting — 54 — to be the originals in the matter of a pension the respondent was receiving for infirmities resulting from his service in the United States army in the Philippine Islands. They were first offered in an unopened package. The court observed that they were offered as a mass; that not being advised as to what they contained, he would sustain the objection to their being admitted in evidence. Later one of appellant’s counsel addressing the court said: ' “Of this mass . we offer the last three pages . . . being the medical examination and physician’s certificate made in February, 1901, showing the condition of the man at that time.” This case was tried in April of this year, more-than eight years after the date of the report sought to be introduced in evidence. The offer was denied on the ground that the papers were not properly identified. The witness stated that he ‘had received them by mail and believed them to be the original papers. We think there was no error in the ruling of the court. It is at least doubtful whether the papers were sufficiently identified. They were inadmissible on at least two other grounds, (1) they were too remote in point of time, and (2) the certificate of the medical examiner was hearsay. Connecticut Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Schwenk, 94 U. S. 593, 24 L. Ed. 299. Certain hypothetical questions were propounded upon which error is assigned. These were based upon facts which the evidence tended to prove, and as such were proper. State v. Underwood, 35 Wash. 558, 77 Pac. 863; State v. Alcorn, 7 Idaho 599, 64 Pac. 1014, 97 Am. St. 252. Prior to the trial the court appointed certain physicians to examine the injuries sustained by the respondent, and they examined him. During the trial the appellant asked the court to require the respondent to submit to a further examination by one of these physicians. The court refused to do so, and the ruling is assigned as error. The authorities cited are cases where there had been no previous examination. There was no error in this ruling. — 55 — The respondent was permitted to testify that Dr. Senn examined him and advised him that his bowel trouble was caused by yellow fever. The evidence shows that this was in 1900. This evidence was immaterial, but it does not follow that its admission was error. Counsel for appellant cross-examined at length as to how the operation in 1900 should have been performed. These matters were not a part of the case. The ultimate questions for the jury to determine were, (1) was the negligence of the city the proximate cause of the immediate injury, and (2) the damages sustained thereby by the respondent. Who advised or performed the operation in 1900, and whether it was done in the most approved way, were collateral to the main inquiry. A case will only be reversed for prejudicial error. Hoseth v. Preston Mill Co., 55 Wash. 416, 104 Pac. 612. The contention that the court commented on the facts is without merit. The court may, in ruling upon an objection interposed by counsel during the progress of the trial, or during the argument of counsel to the jury, assign a reason for a ruling without violating the provision of the constitution forbidding the court to comment on the facts. It is urged that the court committed error in refusing to instruct the jury that in determining the question of the respondent’s negligence it should take into consideration whether or not he was intoxicated. The evidence shows that the injury was sustained between nine and ten o’clock in the evening. The only evidence as to his intoxication is the testimony of one Avitness that he saw the respondent at five or six o’clock in the afternoon, the day of the accident; that he was then “about half jagged.” He further said: “I do not know whether you would call it drunk or not.” If the Avitness who saw the respondent did not know whether he was drunk or sober, the jury could not be given an instruction from which it might guess that he may have been drunk. The testimony that “he was about half jagged” is not only indefinite, but is too remote in point of time to require an in — 56 — struction covering the respondent’s state of sobriety. The law deals with reasonable probabilities. Instructions framed to cover vague and possible conditions arising from the evidence would tend to confuse and obscure the issues. The other errors assigned by the appellant do not require separate consideration. We have examined the instructions given and those requested and refused, and we think, without specially setting out the instructions given, that they fully presented to the jury the general controlling principles of law governing the case. The jury were instructed that it was the duty of the city to keep its streets in a reasonably safe condition for travel; that if it had done so there was no liability; that a person traveling by night is required to use greater care than a traveler by day; that in determining the question of contributory negligence they should consider the condition of health and soundness of body of the respondent; that if the traveler has any physical infirmities he should exercise care commensurate with those infirmities ; that it was for them to determine whether it was negligence for the respondent to have ridden his bicycle without a light on the night in question. The law as to whether the city had notice of the obstruction in the street was also fully covered by the instructions. The judgment will therefore be affirmed. Rudkin, C. J., Chadwick, and Fullerton, JJ., concur.