East Hoquiam Co. v. City of Hoquiam

Ellis, J. This is an appeal from a judgment affirming the order confirming a reassessment roll prepared by the city commission of Hoquiam, a city of the second class, reassessing, among others, certain lands belonging to the appellants. A former assessment was set aside by the superior court upon the grounds that the assessment had been made upon a fundamentally wrong basis and that the property of these appellants had been assessed in excess of the benefits. On the appeal to the superior court from the reassessment roll, the appellants introduced no evidence on the question of benefits, save the record on the first appeal containing the court’s findings of fact, conclusions of law and judgment. It was stipulated that the assessed valuation for general taxation of all the property in the district for the year 1914 was $23,565. The improvement had been completed and accepted and the original assessment had been held invalid prior to the enactment of chapter 168 of the Laws of 1915, p. 526, amending 3 Rem. & Bal. Code, § 7892-12, relating to the limit of assessments. That amendment went into effect shortly prior to the approval of the reassessment roll by the city commission. The questions presented are largely of first impression and require full consideration. I. Appellants first contend that the reassessment is invalid in that its total exceeds fifty per cent of the assessed valuation for general taxation of all the property in the district. The aggregate of the reassessment for the entire district was $17,380. Fifty per cent of the assessed valuation — 212 — at the time the reassessment was made was $11,782.50. The amendment of 1915, so far as here material, reads as follows: “The council shall have jurisdiction to proceed with any such improvement initiated by petition or resolution: Provided, That in any city of the first class or city organized and existing under the commission form of government provided for in chapter 116 of the Laws of 1911, it appears from the certificate of the board, officer, or authority designated by charter or ordinance to determine the same that the proportion of the estimated cost and expense thereof to be assessed against the property in the proposed improvement district does not exceed fifty per cent (50%) of the valuation of the real estate, exclusive of improvements thereon, within such district, according to the valuation last placed upon it for purposes of general taxation: Provided, That this limit may be exceeded when any such improvement shall be petitioned for in the manner provided in section 7892-9 of Rem. & Bal. Code, and such petition shall be signed by the owners of sixty (60%) per cent of the lineal frontage upon the improvement to be made and three-fourths of the area within the limits of the proposed improvement district, and shall specify a certain higher percentage up to which the property within such proposed improvement district may be assessed: Provided, further, That the jurisdiction of the council or other legislative authority to proceed with any such improvement initiated by resolution shall be divested by a protest filed with the council prior to the awarding of the contract for such improvement signed by the owners of three-fourths of the area within the limits of the proposed improvement district.” We have italicized the parts added to the original section by the amendment. Appellants’ argument under this first head is based upon the claim that, in making the reassessment, the city commission was bound by the limitation as it existed at the time the reassessment was made. Section 7892-42 of 3 Rem. & Bal. Code is cited in support of this claim. That section provides that every assessment shall be made in accordance with the provisions of law and ordinances existing at the time of its levy. The argument is specious. It begs the question. It assumes that the amendment of — 213 — 1915, which for the first time imposed any limitation, save that of actual cost and special benefits, upon the power of cities other than of the first class, to assess or reassess,' is retroactive and is intended to apply to improvements theretofore initiated and completed. The amended section is, however, clearly prospective in its terms. The very first clause indicates that it shall not apply to improvements theretofore made, since it authorizes the council to proceed with improvements initiated by petition or resolution. Obviously this language, which indicates the purview of the whole section, can have no application to an improvement already completed. It would be idle to authorize the council to proceed with a thing already performed. The section throughout negatives the idea of a retroactive intention. It is made to apply to a “proposed improvement district.” It contemplates a preliminary estimate of the cost of the improvement. Manifestly, such an estimate would be an idle formality as to an improvement made long prior to the passage of the act. After the improvement has been made, the cost is no longer a matter of estimate, but an actuality. If any doubt could exist as to the purely prospective intention of this section, that doubt is removed by the last proviso added by the amendment, which declares that the jurisdiction to proceed with the improvement shall be divested by a protest filed with the council “prior to the awarding of the contract for such improvement,” etc. It is too clear for cavil that this section cannot apply to any improvement not only initiated prior to its passage, but for which the contract had been awarded and performed by the making and acceptance of the improvement. Suppose that the improvement here in question had been completed, as it was, prior to the enactment of this amendment, but that the original assessment roll had not been made until after that enactment. We apprehend that no one would seriously contend that, in such a case, the fifty per cent limit fixed by this amendment would have any application. The case supposed is in no — 214 — sense different from the case before us. It is true that the original assessment was made prior to the passage of the amendment applying the fifty per cent limit to cities other than of the first class, but it is also true that that assessment was set aside and the reassessment was made to pay for the same improvement. We find it unnecessary to enter at length into the invited discussion as to the constitutional power of the legislature to have made this limitation retroactive, since, even assuming the power, it has not done so. The city having initiated this improvement, let the contract, completed the work and accepted the benefit, has the right to levy an assessment for the full cost of the work, up to the limit of the special benefits conferred, to pay for it. We cannot blink the fact that the other view would be to countenance an enforced repudiation of a moral obligation legally incurred. People ex rel. Whitley v. Common Council of Lansing, 27 Mich. 130. That the legislature ever intended such a result will not be assumed, in the absence of a specific declaration to that effect. II. It is next asserted that, in setting aside the first assessment, the trial court found the assessed valuation to be the limit of the special benefits to the property in the district as a matter of fact. It is argued that this is res judicata, and that 'there can, therefore, be no reassessment on the entire district in excess of the assessed valuation for general taxation of the property within the district at the time the finding was made. This position is unsound'for two reasons. In the first place, the court made no such finding. It is true that, in his memorandum decision in the first case, the learned trial judge expressed the opinion that the fact that the cost of the improvement exceeded the assessed valuation of the property in the district was ground for holding the assessment void, but he did not carry that view into his findings of fact or conclusions of law. His findings, so far as here material, were (1) that the cost of the improvement, as fixed by the preliminary estimate, was $17,279.97; (2) that the — 215 — assessed valuation for general taxation of the property within the district at the time the improvement was made was $13,685; (3) that the assessment was made upon a fundamentally wrong basis, in that some of the property was assessed upon a front-foot basis and some upon a square-foot basis, and for other reasons foreign to the question of assessed valuation; and (4¡) that specifically described properties of the appellants were assessed in specific sums which were in excess of the benefits. He then concluded, as a matter of law, that the assessments as to these properties should be set aside as “made upon a fundamentally wrong basis” and “in excess of the benefits derived.” There is nothing in all of this adopting, as a matter of fact, the assessed valuation for taxation as the limit of actual benefits. It is true, also, that the judgment recites that the assessments are set aside as having been “made upon a fundamentally wrong basis” and as “being in excess of benefits derived and in excess of the assessed valuation of the property involved.” But this is neither a finding nor an adjudication that the actual benefits derived to the whole district did not in fact exceed the assessed valuation of all the property in the district. Even assuming, therefore, that the finding supposed would have been res judicata, appellant’s argument fails for lack of a minor premise, since no such finding was made. In the second place, there is no natural or logical relation between the benefits to property derived from a given improvement and the assessed valuation of that property for the purpose of general taxation. The finding that the entire assessment for the local improvement exceeded the valuation of all the property in the district for general taxation, which was the finding actually made, had no logical tendency to show that the special assessment exceeded the special benefits conferred, either on the entire district or on any specific property therein. Had the court actually made a finding that the assessment was void because it exceeded the valúa — 216 — tion for the purpose of taxation and based his judgment vacating the first assessment on that alone, the judgment would have been a palpable non-sequitur from the finding and void on its face, since in the absence of a legislative declaration to that effect, such a finding would be no ground for the vacation of the assessment, and certainly not res judicata in a proceeding to reassess based upon actual cost and special benefits. In the absence of a statutory limitation, any provision in a judgment vacating an assessment, attempting to fix a limit to the power to reassess specific tracts in the district other than the natural limit of cost proportioned to benefits conferred, is brutum fulmen, because beyond any issue legally cognizable by the court. A judgment purporting to impose such a limit, though unappealed from or even affirmed on appeal, will not be binding on this court on an appeal from a reassessment. The courts have no power to so embarrass the city in making a reassessment. Such is the logical trend of our own decisions. Johnson v. Seattle, 53 Wash. 564, 102 Pac. 448; Allen v. Bellingham, 77 Wash. 469, 137 Pac. 1016; State ex rel. Hindley v. Superior Court, 82 Wash. 37, 143 Pac. 455; Inner-Circle Property Co. v. Seattle, 69 Wash. 508, 125 Pac. 970; Lester v. Seattle, 42 Wash. 539, 85 Pac. 14; Ryan v. Sumner, 17 Wash. 228, 49 Pac. 487. Any other rule would make the power to reassess for benefits conferred a mere matter of grace to be accorded by the courts, rather than a matter of right as declared by the statute. The legislature alone has the power to declare a limit other than the natural limit of actual cost and special benefits, which is the limit impliedly recognized by the constitution. Const., art. 7, § 9. It is, of course, admitted that there was no such limitation as to cities of the class here involved at the time the first assessment was set aside. The amendment of 1915, as we have seen, is not retroactive. The finding, therefore, that the assessment exceeded the assessed valuation for general taxation is not res judicata of — 217 — the right to reassess the entire district or any specific property therein in excess of the assessed valuation. III. Finally, it is contended that the finding of the trial court in setting aside the first assessment, that it exceeded the benefits to the appellants’ properties, is res judicata of the question of benefits. In the first proceeding, the court found that the assessment upon some thirty-four pieces of the appellants’ properties exceeded the benefits derived by those properties from the improvment “by a considerable.” In the court’s finding were set out the specific descriptions of those properties and the amounts assessed against each which were found excessive. In the reassessment roll, which is now before us, these same properties are included, and all of them, save seven, are assessed in amounts larger than in the original roll. Three additional properties belonging to the appellants are included and assessed in the reassessment roll. It is urged that the city commission had no power to reassess these same properties for the same improvement except in sums materially less than the amounts held on the first appeal excessive of benefits. The appellants invoke the broad general rule that, in an action between the same parties, a judgment is res judicata of all matters in issue and all matters that might have been raised and adjudicated. Obviously, that rule cannot be applied as between an original assessment and a reassessment without rendering the statute authorizing a reassessment nugatory. The subject-matter of the first contest was the origial assessment roll, that of the second contest, the roll on reassessment. Shepherd v. Kansas City, 81 Kan. 369, 105 Pac. 531. An order or judgment directing the recasting or modification of an original assessment roll is, of course, res judicata of the thing ordered in all subsequent litigation touching that roll, but a judgment annulling or setting aside an original roll in whole or in part and leaving it to the determination of the city authorities whether a reassessment or supplemental — 218 — assessment shall be made in pursuance of their statutory-power, in the very nature of the thing can be res judicata only as to the invalidity of the first roll, except where that judgment, on a proper issue formed, has finally and specifically determined the one thing which must inhere in any valid assessment, namely, the special benefits to given property. 2 Page & Jones, Taxation by Assessment, § 991; Mills v. Charleton, 29 Wis. 400, 9 Am. Rep. 578. As said in Johnson v. Seattle, supra: “The cases brought under the old assessment above referred to are not res judicata, for the reason that the old assessment is superseded by the reassessment. Those cases had reference to the old assessment, and were res judicata as to the questions raised therein; but they are not so as to the reassessment, further than a payment under the old assessment becomes by the ordinance a payment pro tanto under the reassessment. The assessment is identical with the red figures in the old assessment, and appears to be a fair assessment for benefits received by the property in the district. It is not claimed that the property improved has not received benefits to the amount of the reassessment.” The cases referred to in the above quotation are State ex rel. Barber Asphalt Pav. Co. v. Seattle, 42 Wash. 370, 85 Pac. 11, and Lester v. Seattle, supra. In the first of those cases, it was adjudged that a part of the assessment, spread without notice upon a sixty-foot strip additional to the strip of one hundred twenty feet abutting the improvement, which alone was included in the notice of assessment, was void for lack of notice, but the power of the city to make a reassessment for the cost of the work was recognized, and the right of the contractor to compel an exercise of that power by the city was declared. In the Johnson case, above quoted, the prior judgment was held not res judicata precluding the right of the city on proper notice to reassess the same property in precisely the same amounts as in the original void assessment; this, obviously, because the question of benefits was not determined — 219 — in the first judgment: See, also, the other decisions of this court hereinbefore cited to the same effect. But where, as in the case before us, in the first judgment it was adjudicated on a proper issue that the specific property is not benefited by the improvement in excess of a given sum, or that an assessment in a given sum on specific property exceeds the special benefits to that property, a different question is presented. It is obvious that such a judgment determines a question of fact between the same parties, which, in the absence of changed conditions, remains the same regardless of the particular proceeding in which the same fact becomes an issue. Schuchard v. Seattle, 51 Wash. 41, 97 Pac. 1106. The first judgment is, therefore, necessarily res judicata as to that fact between the same parties on a reassessment. Otherwise, a judgment setting aside an assessment on specific property on the sole ground that the assessment exceeded the benefits to that property would be an idle form, since the city could reassess the property in the same sum ad infinitum. Taxation by special assessment is defensible only upon the theory of corresponding special benefits to the property assessed. Const., art. 7, § 9. That is the sole moral basis of the right to reassess where the first assessment has failed for any reason other than the lack of special benefits to the property assessed. Freeport St. R. Co. v. Freeport, 151 Ill. 451, 38 N. E. 137; In re Shilshole Avenue, 85 Wash. 522, 148 Pac. 781; Seattle v. Kelleher, 195 U. S. 351. But where it is once determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, in an action between the city and the property owner, that given property cannot be benefited by an improvement as much as a given sum, the moral right, and hence the legal authority, to reassess for that sum or a greater sum does not exist. Such a judgment goes to the very ground-work or basis of any assessment. Greeley v. Town of Cicero, 148 Ill. 632, 36 N. E. 603; Town of Cicero — 220 — v. Green, 211 Ill. 241, 71 N. E. 884. -It is true that we said in the case of Inner-Circle Property Co. v. Seattle, supra: “In a reassessment proceeding, the questions of benefits and apportionment thereof are as much original questions as they are in the original assessment proceeding.” Language equally broad is found in our decisions in Allen v. Bellingham, State ex rel. Hindley v. Superior Court, and Johnson v. Seattle, supra; but in none of these cases did it appear that the judgment annulling the first assessment contained any adjudication that the specific property involved was not specially benefited by the improvement in a sum equal to or greater than the amount of the first assessment. The question here under consideration was not involved in any of those cases. The language there used must, therefore, be construed as applying to judgments based on other grounds, touching which, as we have seen, it is strictly accurate. In the case before us, the judgment on the first roll having determined that the specific assessments against the appellants’ properties in that roll exceeded the benefits to those properties, finally determined that question and was binding upon the city, precluding it from assessing the same properties in the same or greater amounts. We do not hold, that a finding of no benefits, or of benefits less than a given amount, would be res judicata where, before the reassessment, a defective improvement has been changed, or for any other reason the -relation of the improvement to specific property has been altered, so as to lay the foundation for evidence that property not originally benefited has received an actual physical benefit, or that property originally benefited in a certain amount has received an increased benefit. On such a case, we express no opinion. On the facts before us we conclude (1) that a new assessment should be made on all property benefited for the reasonable value of the improvement, which, in the absence of proof to the contrary, is its actual cost, unlimited by the amount — 221 — of the valuation of the property in the district for general taxation, either at the time the improvement was made or at the time of the new assessment; and (2) that the new assessment on each of the appellants’ lots shall be substantially less than the trial court found to be excessive of benefits in the first proceeding. Reversed and remanded for further proceedings. Morris, C. J., Mount, and Fullerton, JJ., concur. Chadwick, J., concurs in the result.