Easton v. Littooy

Ellis, J. Action to foreclose a mortgage for default in payment of interest. The sole defense was payment of the first coupon alleged to be in default and discharge of the others and of the principal note by tenders when due, wrongfully rejected. The cause was tried on stipulated facts. On September 1, 1908, one Mary M. Gans, mother of defendant, Mabel Gans Littooy, executed and delivered to one M. L. Bevis her note for $2,500, due January 1, 1918, with ten interest coupons attached, each, save the first, being for $175, and maturing, respectively, January 1 of each year after date. The note and coupons were by their terms payable with New York exchange at the office of Bevis Brothers, in Spokane, Washington. The note contained the usual provision for acceleration of maturity on default of interest, and also gave the maker the option of paying the principal on any interest date on and after January 1, 1914, on thirty days’ notice. The mortgage was given to secure the note and interest and was soon after assigned to plaintiff, who resides at Lowville, New York, and who still holds it. The assignment was duly recorded. In March, 1910, Mrs. Gans, — 650 — by a deed of gift, conveyed the mortgaged premises to defendant, Mabel Gans Littooy, who still owns the property. The first coupon was paid by Mrs. Gans to Bevis Brothers, in response to a notice from them, prior to January 1, 1909, and the coupon was subsequently surrendered by them, Mrs. Littooy having knowledge of the facts at the time. On December 1, 1909, Bevis Brothers mailed to Mrs. Gans at Tacoma the following notice: “The interest on your loan of $2,500 will mature January 1, 1910. The amount due at that time will be $175, which please remit to us promptly so that the eastern lender may receive it on the day it falls due. Be sure to send New York or Chicago draft, otherwise add 25 cents to cover cost of exchange. Interest at the rate of 10% will be charged on all delinquent payments. The coupon will be mailed to you as soon as it is received from the east. Please pay your taxes before they become delinquent. Bevis Brothers.” On receipt of this notice, Mrs. Gans showed it to Mrs. Littooy, and through her procured a New York draft for the $175 and mailed it to Bevis Brothers at Spokane. Later, with the knowledge of Mrs. Littooy, this coupon was also surrendered to Mrs. Gans by Bevis Brothers. On August 2, 1910, Mrs. Gans died, leaving a will devising the mortgaged property to Mrs. Littooy, who was appointed and qualified as executrix. Plaintiff never presented any claim against the estate, which has long since been settled. He now has no personal claim against any one for the amount of the debt. On December 1, 1910, Bevis Brothers mailed another notice addressed to Mary M. Gans at Tacoma, Washington, couched in similar terms to that above, save as to date, and requesting payment of the coupon maturing January 1, 1911. This notice was received by Mrs. Littooy, who, on December 15, 1910, remitted to Bevis Brothers at Spokane $175, New York exchange, and a few days later received their receipt for it. She has never received the coupon. On February 6, 1911, plaintiff wrote a letter addressed to Mrs. — 651 — Gans, which was in due course received by Mrs. Littooy, stating that he owned the notes and mortgage and demanding payment of this coupon. This conveyed the first actual knowledge to Mrs. Littooy of the fact that plaintiff held the note, coupons and mortgage and of his address. In response, both she and her attorney wrote to plaintiff advising him that she had sent the interest “to your agents Bevis Bros, of Spokane on December 15, 1910, by New York draft”; that she held their receipt for that amount; that she had received no notice to pay any other person, and had sent the money to Bevis Brothers, as she had the prior interest. On April 14, 1911, plaintiff wrote to Mrs. Littooy’s attorney stating that he had written to Bevis Brothers asldng them to forward the money for the coupon, expressing the belief that he would soon receive it, and stating that, if not received within a reasonable time, he would so advise in order that Mrs. Littooy might proceed to compel Bevis Brothers either to return the money or send the coupon, also stating that plaintiff always kept coupons on loans until the drafts to pay them were received. Correspondence of the same tenor on both sides continued, and on August 8, 1911, plaintiff wrote to Mrs. Littooy for the first time repudiating her and her attorney’s assumption that Bevis Brothers were his agents and asserting that he had never authorized them to collect for him any interest coupon. Meantime Bevis Brothers had been declared bankrupt. Thereafter, prior to the maturity of each of the coupons maturing January 1, 1912, and January 1, 1913, Mrs. Littooy, through her attorney, offered to pay them if sent to some designated place in the state of Washington. Each of these offers plaintiff refused unless she would pay, not only the current coupon, but that of 1911. On August 26, 1913, Mrs. Littooy, through her attorney, wrote to plaintiff demanding that he present to her the principal note for $2,500 through some bank or person in Tacoma or at any place of convenient access in the — 652 — state of Washington, in which event she would pay the note, together with interest thereon subsequent to January 1, 1913. Plaintiff replied, recognizing defendant’s right to pay the principal debt on January 1, 1914, together with all accrued interest, and again stating that, if she would pay the coupons maturing respectively January 1, 1911, 1912, 1913 and 1914, as well as the principal, he would forward all these with a satisfaction of the mortgage to some bank at Tacoma where they could be paid. This she refused, and this suit followed. Defendant husband, disclaiming any interest, was dismissed. The trial resulted in a decree of foreclosure for the full amount claimed. Defendant appeals. In response to the claim that the first coupon was paid by the remittance to Bevis Brothers, respondent invokes the general rule that one paying a note to a person assumed to be the agent of the owner is only protected by demanding and receiving the note, citing, Dewing v. Crueger, 7 Wash. 590, 35 Pac. 393, and Western Security Co. v. Douglass, 14 Wash. 215, 44 Pac. 257. But in each of those cases the money was paid to the alleged agent, not at the place where by its terms the note was payable, but with the express understanding that it was to be transmitted by the alleged agent to the designated place of payment. The distinction is plain. In the case here, it was as much the respondent’s duty to have the coupons at their place of payment on their due date as it was appellant’s duty to pay them at that place. No tacit understanding between respondent and Bevis Brothers that the latter would send the money to him before the coupons were forwarded could abrogate or change that duty. Appellant, knowing that the notes were payable at the office of Bevis Brothers in Spokane, and having received the notice from the person in charge of that office, and having paid other coupons for her mother to the same person at the same place in response to similar notice, subsequently receiving the coupon, was reasonably warranted in assuming that Bevis Brothers were authorized to receive the payment. True, as — 653 — said in the Douglass case: “It is familiar law that one dealing with an agent is bound to know his authoritybut it is equally familiar law that one dealing with a supposed agent may safely rely upon the apparent authority which the supposed principal knowingly and continuously permits the supposed agent, whatever his real authority, to assume. There can be no question that the appellant did in fact believe that Bevis Brothers were authorized to receive this money. The whole situation was one reasonably calculated to induce that belief. Wolford v. Young, 105 Iowa 512, 75 N. W. 349; Quinn v. Dresbach, 75 Cal. 159, 16 Pac. 762, 7 Am. St. 138. Had there been an immediate repudiation of the agency, appellant would have stood at least some chance of collecting the money paid from Bevis Brothers before their failure. There was no such repudiation until August 8, 1911. At that time there was no such chance. We think the facts estopped respondent from then denying the agency, which he did not expressly and unequivocally repudiate before. Appellant claims that the action was prematurely brought, in that the coupons were not sent to this state, and in that respondent declined to accept payment, save on condition that the 1911 coupon be again paid. This might be true were it not for the fact that, prior to suit, appellant herself had given notice in exercise of her own option to accelerate maturity. Moreover, in connection with that notice, she disclaimed any intention of paying any back interest except that which had accrued since January 1, 1913. After that notice she could only claim that the action was prematurely brought by showing that she was then ready and willing to pay all the matured interest coupons subsequent to that paid to Bevis Brothers. The parties are now here, the one claiming that the debt has been paid by the several tenders; the other that neither principal nor interest since 1910 has been paid. The real contest is as to what, if anything, is due. The contest having been waged on that issue in the court below, and brought here for our determination, we decline to — 654 — treat it as academic and order dismissal of the action as premature. Finally, it is urged that the conditions of the mortgage were fully satisfied and the lien discharged by the several tenders of interest and of the principal before suit. Appellant also asserts a continued readiness to pay, as excusing the failure to bring the money into court. Undoubtedly at common law, a mortgage being a conveyance with a defeasance, tender of the mortgage debt on law-day satisfies the condition and invokes the defeasance so as to discharge the property from the incumbrance. But the debt remains and its payment may be enforced by an action at law; this on the ground that it is only the incidental or accessorial things that are lost by rejection of tender, not the original debt or duty. Kortright v. Cady, 21 N. Y. 343, 78 Am. Dec. 145. Undoubtedly, also, where, as in this state, a mortgage is a mere lien, tender by the mortgagor at any time before suit has the same effect, nor is it necessary in either case that the tender be kept good by bringing the money into court. Thomas v. Seattle Brewing & Malting Co., 48 Wash. 560, 94 Pac. 116, 125 Am. St. 945, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1164. This rule, though logical and well supported by authority, is a harsh one, penal in its nature, and the courts have shown no disposition to extend it. Murray v. O'Brien, 56 Wash. 361, 105 Pac. 840, 28 L. R. A. (N. S.) 998. The principle should not be pressed beyond its strict limits. Harris v. Jex, 66 Barb. (N. Y.) 232. In order to discharge the lien of the mortgage, the proof must be clear that the refusal was palpably unreasonable, absolute, arbitrary and unaccompanied by any bona 'fide though mistaken claim of right. “But to produce such serious and heavy consequence the refusal must have been unqualified, and unaccompanied by any bona fide claim of right, which was supposed by the party to justify his refusal. The claim of right may have been one that could not be supported as matter of law; still, if it was believed in, and was not wantonly put forward as a cover to — 655 — a wrong púrpose, it is sufficient to prevent the forfeiture of the security. So here, while it is clear enough that the complainant had no right to make it a condition of receiving payment, that the defendant should enter into stipulations about making repairs on the mortgaged property, still it may have been that it thought it had such right; and I do not find such evidence of its bad faith in this regard as to justify a declaration of forfeiture.” Union Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Union Mills Plaster Co., 37 Fed. 286, 3 L. R. A. 90. In such a case equity will treat a mistake of law as analogous to, if not identical with, a mistake of fact and relieve against forfeiture. Renard v. Clink, 91 Mich. 1, 51 N. W. 692, 30 Am. St. 458. There is no equity in seeking to avoid both lien and debt. Waldron v. Murphy, 40 Mich. 668; Harris v. Jex, supra. In the case here, it is manifest that respondent throughout entertained a bona fide belief that he was entitled to all he demanded. In holding that he was mistaken in this we have gone quite as far as the equities of the case will justify. The record discloses a long standing controversy touching a matter upon which there was reasonable ground for honest difference of opinion, which nothing short of an appeal to the courts could settle. It would be harsh and inequitable to visit upon respondent a forfeiture of his lien, when, as in this case, a discharge of the lien would be a discharge of the debt. We decline to do so. Though respondent evidently believed that by accepting payment of subsequent coupons and of the principal he would prejudice his right to claim that the 1911 coupon had never been paid, we are satisfied that in this too he was mistaken. Regardless of the controversy touching that coupon, he was not justified in refusing to accept payment of the subsequent coupons and principal. It has always been held that the tender of the principal before suit, if wrongfully rejected, stops subsequent interest. We must give it that effect in this case. Respondent is entitled to his lien for the face of each of the past due coupons, saving the one paid to Bevis Brothers, and for the principal debt. He is not entitled to — 656 — interest on any of these coupons, nor upon the principal subsequent to January 1,1914, nor is he entitled to an attorney’s fee, since the foreclosure was the result of his own mistakes. The cause is remanded with direction to modify the decree in accordance with this opinion. Appellant is entitled to her costs on this appeal. Morris, C. J., Mount, Chadwick, and Fullerton, JJ., concur.