Keene Valley Ventures, Inc. v. City of Richland

Korsmo, C.J. ¶ 1 — The trial court in this inverse condemnation action granted nominal damages to plaintiff Keene Valley Ventures (KW) and declined to award attorney fees. In this appeal, KW argues that it had no burden of proving the amount of its damages. We disagree and affirm. FACTS ¶ 2 Ron Johnson is the sole shareholder and director of Baines Corporation, as well as the sole shareholder, sole director, and president of KW Baines purchased 21.6 acres of undeveloped land in the city of Richland for $47,500 in 2000. KW subsequently purchased the property from Baines in 2003 for the sum of $189,170.1 The property is at Keene and Shockley Roads at the low point of Keene Valley in an area known as Sub-basin 3. ¶ 3 Richland has been developing Keene Road in stages. Part of that development included culverts that move water from south of Keene Road to ditches on the north side of the road adjacent to KWs property. A Storm Water Management Plan (SWMP) adopted by Richland in 2005 includes two projects that involve Sub-basin 3. One project would include the creation of a retention pond in the general vicinity of KWs property; it has not yet been designed or funded. A second project would involve piping more water to the area; that project likewise has not yet been approved by the city council. ¶ 4 Shortly after purchasing the property, Mr. Johnson discovered a large man-made wetland in the northwest corner of the KVV property. He retained a wetland scientist who determined that there were three man-made wetlands on the property. Irrigation of neighboring properties was identified as the source of the wetlands. Mr. Johnson calculated that he would need 27,000 cubic yards of dirt to 222 fill the three wetlands. Development of the upper valley-continued throughout the decade following Baines’ purchase of the land. More and more water was tunneled from those properties down to the bottom of the valley and, subsequently, onto KW’s property. ¶ 5 A geotechnical engineering study conducted for KW in January 2005 drilled three test pits. Groundwater was located in the pits at 5.5, 7.5, and 2 feet. A different company drilled three test pits in the same general area in November 2005. It discovered groundwater at 1.1, 1.2, and 2.5 feet, respectively. The testing company recommended a five-foot fill depth on the property. Mr. Johnson calculated that recommendation would require 145,000 to 150,000 cubic yards of fill. ¶ 6 ICW marketed the property. It entered into an agreement to sell the land in January 2006 for $541,500. A second agreement a year later involved a purchase price of $575,000. Neither sale closed; no evidence was admitted that explained the failure of either sale to close. ¶ 7 Water regularly collected in the ditch on the north side of Keene Road. Water also would occasionally flow from the ditch onto the KW property. Mr. Johnson wrote a letter to Richland, complaining about standing water in the ditch as well as the rising water table. Richland responded by explaining that the water was routed to the Keene Road ditch by design and was consistent with the SWMR ¶ 8 KW filed suit2 in 2008; the matter proceeded to a four-day bench trial in May 2011, and the parties filed written arguments. The trial court entered a memorandum decision the following month. The court ruled that KW had proved trespass, nuisance, and inverse condemnation, but that the damage to the land was temporary because Richland could reroute the water to flow away from the 223 property. The court also ruled that KW had failed to prove that it had sustained damage. The court awarded KW nominal damages of $1 and declined to award attorney fees. ¶ 9 After reconsideration was denied, KW timely appealed to this court. Richland filed a cross appeal from the determination that the taking was temporary. ANALYSIS ¶ 10 The trial court was unconvinced that KW had been harmed by Richland’s direction of water to its property. ICW vigorously argues both that it had no obligation in a condemnation case to establish its losses and that it nonetheless did so. We conclude that KW did bear the burden to establish its losses and that its failure to convince the trial judge is not something that we can remedy for it on appeal. We decline to consider Richland’s cross appeal except to the extent this issue is also argued by KW. ¶ 11 In order to prevail in an inverse condemnation action, the plaintiff must establish a “taking” by the government. Borden v. City of Olympia, 113 Wn. App. 359, 374, 53 P.3d 1020 (2002). In this context, a taking consists of an appropriation of private property without exercise of the power of eminent domain. Phillips v. King County, 136 Wn.2d 946, 957, 968 P.2d 871 (1998). The elements are “(1) a taking or damaging (2) of private property (3) for public use (4) without just compensation being paid (5) by a governmental entity that has not instituted formal proceedings.” Id. The plaintiff must establish more than simply interference with the owner’s property rights. Rather, there must be a permanent or recurring interference that “destroys or derogates” a fundamental ownership interest. Borden, 113 Wn. App. at 374. ¶ 12 This court reviews a trial court’s decision following a bench trial to determine whether substantial evidence supports any challenged findings and whether the findings support the conclusions of law. State v. Hovig, 149 Wn. App. 224 1, 8, 202 P.3d 318 (2009). “Substantial evidence” is sufficient evidence to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth of the declared premise. Panorama Vill. Homeowners Ass’n v. Golden Rule Roofing, Inc., 102 Wn. App. 422, 425, 10 P.3d 417 (2000). Conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. Robel v. Roundup Corp., 148 Wn.2d 35, 42, 59 P.3d 611 (2002). We defer to the trial court’s credibility determinations; we will not reweigh evidence even if we would have resolved conflicting evidence differently. Thorndike v. Hesperian Orchards, Inc., 54 Wn.2d 570, 575, 343 P.2d 183 (1959); Quinn v. Cherry Lane Auto Plaza, Inc., 153 Wn. App. 710, 717, 225 P.3d 266 (2009). Stated another way, an appellate court is not in a position to find persuasive evidence that the trier of fact found unpersuasive. Quinn, 153 Wn. App. at 717. ¶ 13 These principles resolve KVY’s argument that it did in fact prove its damages. We agree with KW that there was evidence from Mr. Johnson’s testimony that would have established the cost of restoring the property with fill dirt.3 However, the trial judge was not required to credit that information and find it persuasive, and this court is not in the position of reweighing that evidence. Although the evidence would have supported a contrary finding, it was entirely the trial court’s prerogative to decide how persuasive it found the evidence. Having concluded it was not persuasive, the story ended there. ¶ 14 KW also argues that once it established that its property had been damaged, it had no burden to prove the amount of its damages. It analogizes to a condemnation action in which the government, desiring to take private property for public use, must present evidence of the fair 225 market value of the property, although no party has a burden of proving value. E.g., State v. Amunsis, 61 Wn.2d 160, 164, 377 P.2d 462 (1963).4 ¶ 15 No Washington court appears to have yet considered the burden of proof, if any, on the damages component of an inverse condemnation action.5 Our courts have assigned the burden of proof to the property owner to establish that a taking occurred. E.g., Kahuna Land Co. v. Spokane County, 94 Wn. App. 836, 841, 974 P.2d 1249 (1999) (landowner had burden of establishing regulatory taking); Burton v. Clark County, 91 Wn. App. 505, 516, 958 P.2d 343 (1998) (same). ¶ 16 Richland cites numerous cases which it argues show that all jurisdictions in this country to consider the issue have concluded that the landowner bears the burden of proving damages. Included among that list are Carolina Chloride, Inc. v. Richland County, 394 S.C. 154, 170, 714 S.E.2d 869 (2011); Lawrence County v. Miller, 2010 SD 60, 786 N.W.2d 360, 366; Taylor v. Department of Transportation, 03-219 (La. App. 3d Cir. 06/23/04); 879 So. 2d 307, 319; and DeKalb County v. Daniels, 174 Ga. App. 319, 329 S.E.2d 620, 623-24 (1985). While the cases cited by Richland support its argument, they are of limited utility due to the varying state constitutional provisions that undergird condemnation and inverse condemnation actions. ¶ 17 The general proposition that “each party has the burden to prove the affirmative of an issue” does not apply to land valuation in condemnation actions. State v. Templeman, 39 Wn. App. 218, 224, 693 P.2d 125 (1984). As explained in Amunsis, the reason is that juries will consider competing 226 land valuations and select the appropriate value in light of the evidence. There simply is no issue of law or fact to which the burden “ ‘may intelligently and reasonably be applied.’ ” Amunsis, 61 Wn.2d at 163 (quoting Martin v. City of Columbus, 101 Ohio St. 1, 10, 127 N.E. 411 (1920)).6 ¶ 18 However, the Amunsis concern is not presented in an inverse condemnation case. Instead, the party claiming inverse condemnation must prove a taking, one element of which is the loss of the property or a diminution in its value. Phillips, 136 Wn.2d at 957. Unless the taking element is conceded, which it was not here, the Amunsis rule would relieve the plaintiff of proving one element of its case. Accordingly, we hold that the plaintiff in an inverse condemnation action bears the burden of proof in establishing the diminution in value of its property. The Amunsis rule is inapplicable when the diminution of value element of a taking claim is contested at trial. The trial court did not err in concluding that KW failed to sustain its burden of proving damages. ¶ 19 Two other damages-related arguments remain.7 KW contends that the trial court applied the wrong damages standard because it treated this case as a recurring temporary taking rather than a permanent taking. Richland argues in its cross appeal that the court erred in finding a temporary taking rather than a permanent taking because it has no specific plans to remediate its drainage plan and its effect on the KW property. We decline to consider Richland’s argument, except to the extent that it 227 overlaps KAY’S argument, because it has not established that a ruling will have any future impact; it is essentially a moot question in light of our disposition. f 20 In awarding damages for injury to real property, including cases of inverse condemnation, a court must first determine if the damage is temporary or permanent. Harkoff v. Whatcom County, 40 Wn.2d 147, 152, 241 P.2d 932 (1952). Permanent damage is valued by determining the market value of the property before and after the damage. Id. Temporary damage is valued in accordance with the cost of restoring the property. Id. Whether damage is permanent or temporary is a factual question. Barci v. Intalco Aluminum Corp., 11 Wn. App. 342, 355, 522 P.2d 1159 (1974). ¶ 21 The parties both argue that the trial court erred by finding the taking to be temporary rather than permanent. Since this is a factual question, we would normally defer to the trier of fact on this point. Quinn, 153 Wn. App. at 717. However, we need not consider this challenge because KW failed to prove its case under either standard. ¶ 22 The trial court determined the taking was temporary but found the proof of remediation costs insufficient to grant relief. The trial court additionally addressed the diminution in value question and also found KW’s proof lacking.8 It specifically found that there was no proof of the property’s value before the groundwater began rising or afterwards. Thus, even if the court had erred in determining that the damage was temporary rather than permanent, the alleged error was of no consequence to the outcome of the trial. Under either measure of damage, the trial court was not convinced that KW had shown that it actually suffered a loss. ¶ 23 The trial judge concluded that Richland had harmed KW through its channeling of waters to its ditches adjoining KYWs property, resulting in occasional flooding and 228 significant increases in the water table. The evidence supports those determinations. The trial judge also found that KW had not shown that its property value suffered from the city’s actions or that it had adequately proved the cost of remedying the situation. As the trier of fact, the judge was not required to find the evidence convincing. Accordingly, the court did not err when it ruled that although Richland had inversely condemned the property through its water management actions, KW was not entitled to actual damages. ¶ 24 Affirmed. Kulik and Siddoway, JJ., concur. Reconsideration denied May 31, 2013. Review denied at 178 Wn.2d 1020 (2013). Footnotes [1] There was no appraisal of the land. Mr. Johnson testified at trial that his accountant set the value of the land, but there was no explanation of how that value was calculated. [2] There were additional parties that were dismissed from the action before trial and different causes of action against Richland that also were dismissed before trial. Of the claims tried to the bench, only the inverse condemnation claim presents issues for our review. [3] KW did not necessarily prove that the fair market value of the property had been diminished, let alone destroyed. There was no appraisal of the property. The two sales agreements did not establish the market value because neither sale went through. They did suggest that the value of the land had appreciated greatly in less than a decade despite the rising groundwater levels. There also was no evidence that the land could not still be developed. Under the circumstances, the trial court understandably did not find actual damage. [4] The same rule applies at a condemnation hearing in which the parties agree that a special benefit to the land exists and the remaining question is the value of the land with the benefit. State v. Templeman, 39 Wn. App. 218, 223-24, 693 P.2d 125 (1984). [5] A justice dissenting in a condemnation case suggested that the landowner bore the burden of proof in an inverse condemnation case. State v. Ward, 41 Wn.2d 794, 798, 252 P.2d 279 (1953) (Grady, J„ dissenting). [6] “ You might as well undertake to fit a hat to a headless man as to fit the doctrine of burden of proof to a proceeding of this character, which is absolutely-wanting an issue to which such a doctrine can be applied.’ ’’Amunsis, 61 Wn.2d at 164 (quoting Martin, 101 Ohio St. at 11). [7] KW also assigns error to the trial court failing to award its attorney fees after prevailing at trial. See ROW 8.25.075(3). However, the award of nominal damages does not satisfy the statutory directive awarding attorney fees to a landowner who establishes an entitlement to compensation. In a different context, our court has consistently noted that nominal damages are not “real damages.” E.g., Gilmartin v. Stevens Inv. Co., 43 Wn.2d 289, 294, 261 P.2d 73 (1953) (quoting Bellingham Bay & British Columbia R.R. v. Strand, 4 Wash. 311, 314, 30 P. 144 (1892)). [8] See Clerk’s Papers at 414 (Findings of Fact 69-71, and 75).