Anschicks v. State

Winkler, J. This is an appeal from a judgment of conviction for rape. The indictment charges that this appellant, “ on or about the seventh day of April, A. D. 1874, in the county of Robertson, and State aforesaid, with force — 533 — and arms, in and upon one Liney King, a female, in the peace of God and the said State then and there being, violently and feloniously did make an assault, and her, the said Liney King, then and there forcibly and against her will, and without her consent, feloniously did ravish and carnally know; contrary,” etc. On a former trial, in Robertson County, the appellant was convicted; and, on appeal to the Supreme Court, the judgment was reversed because of an erroneous ruling on a motion for change of venue. 45 Texas, 148. Subsequently the venue was changed from Robertson to Milam County, where the appellant was again tried and convicted; and from this last conviction the present appeal is prosecuted, a motion for a new trial having been overruled. Several errors have been assigned as cause for reversal of the judgment, which have beén urged here in an able brief and zealous argument by counsel for the appellant, and with an earnestness indicative of sincerity, and which seems to demand at our hands proper consideration. The first and second errors complained of assume that the jury should have been instructed to the effect that it should appear from the testimony that the female upon whom the offence was charged to have been committed, made such resistance to her assailant as she was enabled to make under the circumstances, considering the relative strength of the parties ; and that this resistance should have been continued until her person had been penetrated by the defendant, in order to warrant a conviction. And it is argued that the charge of the court was faulty in not presenting these views of the law, and that it erred in refusing special instructions asked, intended to correct the error and supply the supposed omission. On this branch of the subject the court charged: “To constitute the offence of rape by force, the force necessary to be used by defendant to obtain carnal knowledge of the woman must have been such as might reasonably be supposed sufficient to overcome resistance, — 534 — talcing into consideration the relative strength of the parties, and other circumstances of the case. In this case yon must be satisfied from the evidence that it was the intention of the defendant to have sexual intercourse with Liney King, notwithstanding any resistance she might make, and that she resisted defendant, and did not consent to have sexual intercourse with him.” We are of opinion that the charge of the court sufficiently instructed the jury, both as to the amount and kind of force which should be employed by the accused, as well as the nature and character of resistance to be made by the female, to warrant conviction. It is provided by the Code that the definition of “force,” as applicable to assaults and batteries, applies also to the crime of rape; and, further, “it must have been such as might reasonably be supposed sufficient to overcome resistance, taking into consideration the relative strength of the parties, and other circumstances of the case.” Penal Code, art. 542; Jenkins v. The State, 2 Texas Ct. App. 346. The charge, in so far as force by the defendant was concerned, was, in substance, the language of the statute; and we are of opinion that, so far as it concerns the subject of resistance by the female, it clearly intimates that this, too, is to be measured by the relative strength of the parties, and the other circumstances of the case. To attempt a more definite rule would be impracticable. All that the law seems to require is, that the amount of force on the one hand, and the amount of resistance on the other, must necessarily depend on the relative strength of the parties and the other circumstances surrounding the parties at the time, of which the jury must determine by the testimony. We are of opinion the defendant has no just ground of complaint at this charge, and that there was no error in .refusing the special charge asked by his counsel. The whole subject of resistance in such cases relates to, and is referable alone to, the question as to whether the act — 535 — was committed with or without her consent. A feigned resistance would not show want of consent, whilst an unfeigned, positive resistance would certainly tend in that direction. It is matter of evidence, to be considered by the jury, who alone are authorized to judge of the credibility of witnesses. Carnal connection with a female under ten years of age is rape, no matter what the circumstances; and the question of consent of the female, or whether there was force, threats, or fraud employed in obtaining the connection, or not, is wholly immaterial. Penal Code, art. 523. Females under this age are, in contemplation of law, incapable of comprehending the nature of the act or judging of its criminality, and hence are incapable of consent, or of resisting fraud, force, or threats. After they have attained the age ¡of ten years, our Penal Code presumes that they have obtained sufficient information as to the enormity of this crime, and law no longer holds that she is incapable of giving her consent; and so, agreeably to the Code, it is not rape for a male to have carnal knowledge of a female over ten years of age, with her consent. Penal Code, art. 523. Yet we are inclined to the opinion that, by a former construction of the provisions of the Code, the law does not wholly abandon the youthful female to the abuse of the licentious and depraved, but permits the jury trying a charge of rape, as among the “other circumstances of the •case” mentioned in the Code, to inquire into the age, «development, and moral training of a youthful female upon whom this foul crime is charged to have been committed, in so far as those considerations bear upon the question of assent, or whether the crime was committed without her •consent. Our idea on this subject is expressed by Mr. Wharton, in this wise : “An infant under ten years of age cannot consent to sexual intercourse, so as to rebut the presumption of force. And it would seem that when sexual intercourse is had with one over ten, who is still a child — 536 — in stature, constitution, and physical and mental development, the court may be justified in saying that the party was in like manner incapable of giving consent.” The turpitude of the ravisher, if guilty, ought to be increased in proportion to the helplessness of his victim, from whatever cause. We are of opinion, as to the third error assigned, that the attention of the court should have been called to this subject when the jury were being instructed as to the law of the case at the time of the trial; which, from a statement appended to a bill of exceptions signed by the judge, appears not to have been done. Still, the Code provides that an indictment for the offence of rape may be presented within one year, and not afterwards. Code Cr. Proc., art. 184. So that, if the indictment in this case was not presented within one year from the time the offence was committed, the prosecution was barred by limitation, and cannot be maintained. It is assigned as error that the court erred in permitting the jury to take with them, in their retirement, the indictment, upon which was written the verdict of a former jury; which, it is claimed, was to the prejudice of the defendant. This subject is not so presented by the record as that we are authorized to inquire into it. It was the business of counsel to see to it that the jury were permitted to-carry with them.such papers only as were proper to be used in their retirement; and if the attention of the court had been called to the subject, and it had refused to give the proper direction, it should have been presented by bill of exceptions. Cook v. The State, 4 Texas Ct. App. 256. In practice, it is usual and proper for the jury in charge of a criminal case to take the indictment with them in their retirement. If, in any case, there should be any valid reason why this should not be permitted, it would be an easy matter to obviate it by the use of proper caution at the trial, and before the jury retired. — 537 — The fifth assignment of error is, alleged misconduct of the jury in receiving the testimony of a juror as to matters of fact not adduced in evidence at the trial. The statement under this assignment is, that the jury received the evidence of one of the jurors, and that the action of the foreman of the jury was influenced thereby, to the prejudice of defendant. This is one of the grounds upon which the motion for a new trial is based. There is appended to the motion for a new trial an affidavit, purporting to have been made by the juror who signed the verdict of the jury as foreman, and which is stated to have been voluntarily made, to the effect that, after the jury retired to consider of their verdict, one of the jurors stated to the jury, while they were considering of their verdict, and before they had agreed, that he had lived in Robertson County, and knew the witness Mary Jane Phillips, who testified for the defendant on the trial; that she was unworthy of credit; that she was kept by Anschicks at the time, and that the whole of her testimony was concocted between them; and that the action of affiant, in rendering a verdict, was influenced thereby, to the prejudice of the defendant. It is shown by the statement of facts that the witness named in the juror’s affidavit testified on the trial. It does not appear that her testimony was attacked or her credibility called in question. We cannot say that her testimony, if true, was unimportant. The statement made to the jurors by one of the jurymen, as stated in the affidavit, is more significant than it would otherwise be, from the fact that the offence is charged to have been committed in Robertson County, and that the venue had been changed from that county because of prejudice against the defendant. There are nine grounds, in cases of felony, upon which new trials will be granted. These are set out in art. 672' of the Code of Criminal Procedure, where it is expressly stated that these are the only grounds upon which new trials shall be granted. The seventh ground is, where the jury, — 538 — after having retired to deliberate upon a case, have received other testimony, or where a juror has conversed with any person in regard to the case, etc. The eighth ground is where, from the misconduct of the jury, the court is of opinion that the defendant has not received a fair and impartial trial. The same article further provides that it shall be competent to prove such misconduct by the .voluntary affidavit of a juror, and that a verdict may in like manner be sustained. Pasc. Dig., art. 3187. It must be shown that the misconduct affected the fairness of the trial. Jack v. The State, 26 Texas, 4. Other misconduct on the part of one of the jurors is complained of in the motion for a' new trial, and .is supported by affidavits, and is the subject of a separate assignment of errors. This other misconduct, however, is so explained by counter-affidavits that it would not alone vitiate the verdict. But as to the matter set out in the voluntary affidavit of the juror, as mentioned above, no explanation whatever is offered. The juror swears that the statement set out in his affidavit did influence his verdict, to the prejudice of the defendant. And we are of opinion that, when considered in the light of surrounding circumstances, it was well calculated to have that effect. , In Wharton v. The State, 45 Texas, 2, a question arose which involved, to some extent, the same principle as the present case; and there, too, as here, there was conflicting testimony. In Wharton’s case, as reported, after the jury had retired, they returned into court and asked the question, “ Can we judge a witness just by what he says on the stand, and not by what we know of him privately? ” The judge, in answering the question, repeated his former charge, and gave to the jury some general directions as to the manner and means by which the jury might arrive at a conclusion as to the credibility of witnesses; and charged that, they being the exclusive judges of the testimony, “the court cannot inform you, in reference to the question you — 539 — put, any further.” The judge did not answer the question put by the jury. The court, the present chief justice delivering the opinion, after referring to the conflict between the witnesses for the defence and those for the State, say: “ It was evidently, therefore, of the utmost importance to the appellant that the case should have been submitted to the jury fairly and impartially, by the instructions given them by the court, and in a manner in no way calculated to .bias or prejudice them against the witnesses who testified on his behalf; and that the law of the case, to which the testimony of the witnesses was to be applied, should be plainly stated.” Further on they say: “Plainly, they (the jury) wished to know whether, aside from these considerations, they were at liberty to determine the credit to which the witnesses were entitled, or. the credence which they should give to their statements, from what the jury, or some •of them, might know of the witnesses, or of the matters about which they testified. The court, however, instead of ■answering this plain and simple question, instructed the jury, at some length, upon the rules and principles by which they might be governed, * * * in a way I cannot think entirely unobjectionable, as * calculated to rouse the sympathies or excite the passions of the jury;’” citing Code Cr. Proc., art. 575. The court, after discussing the well-established rules and principles of law by which the credibility of witnesses is to be impeached, say: “And if the jury desire to determine the credence which they will give their evidence by these rules, the court, when asked, should instruct the jury in regard to them; otherwise, they may mistakenly suppose the testimony of a witness is impeached, and entitled to no credence, which, if better advised of the law, they would believe without hesitation;” citing art. 616 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, to the effect that, “ if any juror has knowledge of a fact connected with the cause on trial, it is his duty to make it known before the cause is finally submitted. Should he fail to do this, he — 540 — may come into the court with the other jurors, after their retirement, and shall be sworn as a witness, and give his testimony.” The opinion concludes as follows : “As it is, we cannot say but what the appellant has been convicted on testimony wholly irrelevant and inadmissible, given without his knowledge, and by witnesses with whom he has not been confronted.” The judgment was reversed. And so we say of the present case. ■ It is apparent that, in Wharton’s case, the jury were permitted to consider and judge of the credibility of the witness by other means than by what had transpired on the trial, by the failure of the court to answer the question propounded by the jury, which is the same as that in the present case in principle, although the question arose in a different form. The opinion of one of the jurors, not testified to at the trial, and which was not evidence in any legal sense, did, agreeably to the affidavit of the juror, influence the verdict of the jury, to the prejudice of the appellant, and no effort was made to contradict or to neutralize the effects of the juror’s affidavit. On this ground alone, under the circumstances, we are of opinion that the verdict was vicious, and should have been set aside. The present case differs from Gilleland v. The State, 44 Texas, 356, in that the statement of the jurors in that case was met by counter-affidavits. The sixth error assigned needs no further notice than what is said as to the fifth. It is complained, in the seventh assignment of error, that the court erred in permitting the counsel for the State to propound leading questions to the prosecuting witness. We are of opinion that, when we take into consideration the circumstances under which those questions were permitted, as shown by the explanations given by the judge in signing a bill of exceptions to his ruling, that the questions were admissible. Leading questions are permitted in some cases even on direct examination, “ namely, when the witness appears to be hostile to the party producing him, or in — 541 — the interest of the other party, or unwilling to give evidence, or when an omission in his testimony is evidently caused by want of recollection, which a suggestion may assist.” 1 Greenl, on Ev. (6th ed.), sect. 435. It is stated in the eighth error assigned that the court erred in allowing the prosecuting attorney, in his closing argument, to use this language: “That the defendant, though his skin is white, his heart is blacker than the midnight of hell. He is more of a brute than any negro in the jungles of Africa; ” which, it is claimed, was to the prejudice of the defendant. We are not informed as to the circumstances under which those strong expressions were uttered, or what called them forth ; and whilst we cannot approve the language used, yet we are not prepared to say that it was not a merited comment upon the conduct of the appellant, if the testimony of some of the witnesses given on the trial is to be believed. Still, we are unable to perceive that strictures of this character could perform any legitimate service, and they are not to be encouraged. We make no ruling on the question, however, because it is not properly presented for revision. Matters of fact relied on for a new trial must be shown by bill of exceptions, or otherwise by the record, to entitle them to consideration on appeal. Cook v. The State, 4 Texas Ct. App. 265. The remaining error necessary to be noticed is the refusal of the court to grant a new trial. The most material of the grounds of the motion have already been passed upon, so far as likely to arise on another trial. The theory of the defence does not controvert the fact of carnal knowledge of the female, even to the extent required by law in prosecutions for rape, but controverts only the want of consent on her part. On this subject the proofs are conflicting and unsatisfactory; and on the subject of outcry and resistance, and prompt complaint after the injury, they are equally so; and, to our minds, must necessarily have — 542 — been strengthened, and the verdict influenced, by the statements of the juror made to his fellows after the jury had retired to consider as to their finding, and which were not testimony in any legal sense whatever. As was said by the Supreme Court in Wharton’s case, already cited : “As it is, we cannot say but what the appellant has been convicted on testimony wholly irrelevant and inadmissible, given without his knowledge, and by a witness with whom he has not been confronted.” We are of opinion the court below erred in overruling the motion for a new trial, and for this error the judgment must be reversed. Reversed and remanded.