Lanier v. Chappell ex rel. Monroe

Hawkins, Justice, delivered the opinion of the Court: ; Elizabeth Chappell, an infant, &c., brought an action of indebita-tus assumpsit in the Court below, against James Lanier, and JBenja-min C. West, the appellants. The declaration charges them as surviving partners of a concern, trading and doing business under the name, style and firm of the Quincy Steam Saw Mill Company, for the work and labor of the servants and slaves of the plaintiff done, performed and bestowed by them in and about the business of. the defendants, at their special instance and request. The following note was attached to the declaration : “ On the first day of January next, we promise to pay James La-nier, guardian of Elizabeth Chappell, minor heir of Benjamin Chap628 pell, deceased, three hundred and thirty-five dollars, for the hire of two negro boys, named Edward and Henry. JAMES LANIER, Treasurer Steam Saw Mill Company. January 1, 1841. To this declaration, the defendants in the Court below pleaded— 1. Payment. 2. That they delivered the plaintiff, before the .commencement of the action, a promissory note for the amount sued for*, signed by James Lanier, Treasurer Steam Saw Mill Company, and payable to James Lanier, guardian of Elizabeth Chappell, and that the same was taken in full satisfaction and discharge of the several promises in the declaration mentioned, and of all damages by the plaintiff sustained, by reason of the non-performance of the same, and was accepted of and from the defendants in full satisfaction and discharge of the promises and damages. 3. The statute of limitations.. To the first plea, the plaintiff replied non-payment, and tender of issue. To the second plea, that the note at the time of the commencement of the action was and still is wholly due and unpaid, and that plaintiff is the holder thereof. To the third plea, of the statute of limitations, the plaintiff replies infancy. In the consideration of the case, we will, in the first place, notice the instruction asked for by the appellants, and refused by the Court below, to wit: “ That, if the jury shall believe from the evidence,, that the contract upon which this suit is brought was made by James Lanier, as the lawful guardian of Elizabeth Chappell, with the Quincy Steam Saw Mill Company, of which he was at the time a member — that the right to receive and the duty to pay united in the same person, and the debt became thereby extinguished.” We cannot think that the Court erred in declining to give this instruction. In such a case, we do not regard the debt extinguished, but merely the remedy, so far as respects the guardian, suspended. Of course, as long as the fiduciary character of Lanier existed, an action could not be brought upon the note, for the reasons assigned by the counsel for the appellee ; but to say that the debt itself became extinguished, owing .to this temporary and' fortuitous union of. — 629 — payee and promissor, would be, we think, as little in consonance with justice as the rules of law. As soon as Lanier ceased to be the guardian of Elizabeth Chap-pell, this peculiar character of Lanier, to wit, the right to receive and ' the duty to pay, underwent a radical change, and the duty to pay only remained. The books draw a clear and visible distinction between the acts of a 'party and the acts of law. For instance, where the debtor was appointed executor — this at common law was deemed a suspension of the remedy by the voluntary act of the creditor, and, therefore, the action was gone, but the effect was different, where the remedy was suspended by the act of the law. ‘‘ Thus, if administration of the effects of a creditor be committed to the debtor, this, being by act of law, is only a temporary privation of the remedy. — ■ Therefore, if the obligor of a bond takes out administration to the obligee, and dies, the administrator de honis non of the obligee may maintain an action for such debt against the executor of the obligor.” 2 Williams on Executors, 940. So, in the Commentaries on Equity, vol. 2, page 454, Judge Story remarks: “ At law, a testator, by the appointment of his debtor to be his executor, extinguishes his debt, and it cannot be revived ; although a debt due by an administrator would only be suspended. The reason of the difference is, that the one is the act of the law, and the other is the act of the party.” 1 Atkins, 461—Hudson v. Hudson. The note in this case was a valid one, and given upon a good and meritorious consideration, to wit, the services of the slaves of the plaintiff in and about the business of the defendants, and though the forms of legal proceedings precluded her for awhile from suing upon it, there is no reason, when these technical objections have ceased to exist, that it should not at least be considered as evidence of a contract. There was here no voluntary act of the party, by which she was to be indefinitely bound. She had no option, no discretion to exercise, for all that was vested in the guardian ; and inasmuch as he, by the act of law, could not sue, the remedy was suspended, until a new and different state of affairs arose. Before closing this part of the subject, we will refer to the case of Richards v. Richards, 2 Barn. & Ad., 447, cited by counsel for ap-pellee. In this case, a married woman being administratrix, received a sum of money in that character, and lent the same to her — 630 — husband, and took in return for it, the joint and several promissory note of her husband and two other persons, payable to her, with interest — it was held, that, although she could not have maintained any action upon the note during the life-time of the husband, yet, that he having died, and it having been given for a good consideration, it was a chose in action surviving to the wife, and that she might bring an action upon it against either of the other makers, at any time within sis years after the death of her husband, and recover interest from the date of the note. The case, also, of Bradford v. Williams, 4 Howard S. C. R., 587, can be quoted as having a bearing upon the case at bar. The present suit, however, is not upon the note itself, and the party had a right to bring indebitatus assumpsit, though there was a special contract. “ Though it is a rule, that when there was an express contract, the plaintiff cannot resort to an implied one, yet he may, in many cases, recover on the common counts, though there was a special agreement, provided it has been executed or completely performed.” 1 Chitty Plead., 372, 7th Amer. Ed. So indebitatus as-sumpsit will lie to recover the stipulated price due on a special contract, not under seal, where the contract has been completely executed. 7 Cranch, 299. 9 Pet., 541. If the case be such, that, supposing there had been no special contract, a party could recover for money paid, or for work and labor done, then indebitatus assumpsit will lie. Cook v. Munston, 1 New Reports, 355. 4 Cowen Rep., 288. 1 Cowen, 378. 1 Archbold N. P., 63, 64. 2 Starkie on Ev., 92. B & P., 129. It is admitted in the bill of exceptions, that the services were performed by the servants of the plaintiff, and this is evidence sufficient to support the general count; for the consideration was executed, and nothing remained to be done, except the payment of the consideration money on the part of the defendants. To enforce this payment, this action is brought, and we think correctly so. The note was brought into court, ready at any time to be cancel-led on motion, and ceased to be operative as a promissory note. It was introduced to rebut the plea of payment, and to account for it as plaintiff was bound to do, ere he could recover upon the common counts, and as a piece of evidence, shewing the value of the services of the negroes. We regard it as legitimate evidence for that in* tent, and its effect was to be judged of by the jury. — 631 — It is admitted on the record and proven by evidence, that Lanier and West were partners, and after that fact is established, the act or declaration of either, relating to the subject-matter of partnership, is evidence as to the other. 2 Starkie on Ev., 44-5—1074. Gow on Part., 63. There is nothing upon the record to show that Lanier had not authority to bind the firm by his written admissions, or that there was any fraud practised by Lanier in making these admissions. There is no new contract attempted to be set up by the plaintiff, and virtually it is the same as the written one. In any event, there was a legal obligation on the part of the appellants to pay, arising from, the consideration received, and to enforce this obligation, this suit is properly brought. We do not think the Court erred in sustaining the demurrer of the appellee to the appellant’s rejoinder to the replication to the plea of the statute of limitations. We do not conceive that the plea of the statute of limitations is to operate against plaintiff, on account of the facts set forth in the rejoinder, viz : that Lanier was guardian at the time of the accruing of the action, and continued to act as such guardian, long after said action accrued to him. The remedy was suspended, as to action upon the note, so long as his character of guardian remained ; but beside that, the suit is not brought upon the note — he certainly was not guardian at the time of bringing the action. Although an infant may sue by prochein amie it is not a consequence that he must do so necessarily to save the statute. The right to sue and the privilege of availing himself of the statute are not incompatible. The law gives both. Besides, to say, that inasmuch as the infant could at any time sue, and not having sued therefore the statute cannot avail him, independent of depriving him of a positive right, it strikes us as a doctrine replete with the rankest injustice to a class of persons, whose interests the Courts will go far to protect. Look at the results to grow out of such a doctrine. Suppose the guardian through negligence or dishonesty will not sue, oí-as in this case could not sue, then, after the lapse of five years the debt would be barred according to this view. Such a doctrine we cannot countenance. In the case cited from Saunders, “ It was said that the infant should have waited until his-full age, because the six years had elapsed during his infancy, and therefore he could only — 632 — pursue his action according to the words of the saving clause of the statute, which is in six years (English act) after his full age, but this was not regarded by the Court; and it seems to Saunders, that he may well pursue his action at any time within age, although the six years are elapsed. See for this case, the case of non clarius in finis, 2 Inst. 519, Cotton’s case.” 182 Ballantine on Limitations. Our •statute of limitations as to its proviso, or saving clause preventing its ■.operation, is almost verbatim similar to that of 21 Jac. 1, c. 16, the ■only real difference between them being that our statute leaves out the clause “ actions upon the case for words.” The same point taken here, that the word “ trespass” in the saving ■ clause of the statute did not embrace actions of assumpsit or upon the case, has been repeatedly decided that they were so embraced, as being within the equity of the statute. In Chandler vs. Villet, Sid. 453, it was expressly adjudicated. Aji infant by his guardian brought action upon the case upon assumpsit; the defendant pleaded statute of limitations, and plaintiff demurred, and the question was upon this proviso, which saves to infants actions of trespass, &c., and it was urged, that trespass, upon the case ■is not mentioned in this saving. But the Court were of opinion, ■that this saving extends to actions upon the case (as no doubt it was intended) for there is a saving of trespass.generally, and all actions •upon the case are trespasses'(scilicet) trespass upon the case, and it shall be mischievous, if other construction shall be made.” Same point also decided in 242, sec. 15 Viner Ab. 104. The case of Chandler v. Villet is reported at large in 2 Saunders’ Rep. 120, where there is a citation of the case of Crosier v. Tomlinson, 2 Moad. Rep. 71. In the latter case the Court said “that upon the whole frame of the act it was strong against the defendant, for it would be strange that the plaintiff might bring an action of debt and not of indebitatus assumpsit. Where the scope of the act appears to be in a general sense, the law looks to the meaning, and it is to be extended to particular cases within the same reason, and therefore they were of opinion, that actions of trespass mentioned in the statute are comprehensive of this action because it is a trespass .■upon the case, and the words of the proviso save the infant’s right in actions oftrespass.” Fitz. 81, Ballantine on Limitations, 83, 185-6-7. The judgment of the Court below is affirmed.. Per curiam. — 633 — Douglas, Ch. Justice, remarked: That Judge Lancaster and himself, in order that their views, in regard to the first proposition discussed in the opinion pronounced in this case, may not be misapprehended or misunderstood, deem it proper to say, that they have reconsidered the doctrine of extinguishment as laid down by Judge Lancaster in the opinion delivered by him at the last term of this Court, in the case of Williams v. Moseley, 2 Florida Reps. 351 to 357, and find no cause to doubt its correctness, and therefore adhere to it; but that they do not consider the principles there asserted, as at all applicable to the facts of this case, which are very clearly, they think, distinguishable from those presented in the case of Williams v. Moseley. We have no doubt, continued the Chief Justice, of the plaintiff’s right to recover in this case upon the second ground assumed. And indeed, we can see no good reason why she might not have maintained an action of indeb-itatus assumpsit at any time after the first of January A. D. 1842. On that day it appears that there was three hundred and thirty-five dollars due from the Quincy Steam Saw Mill Company for the hire of her tw.o negroes. The contract was then fully executed. The authorities cited abundantly shew that, in such a case, indebitatus as-sumpsit will lie. And in Thomas v. Dyke 11 Vermont Reps. 273 it was held that “ an infant may sue by prochein amie notwithstanding he has a guardian, if the guardian does not dissentand in' Isaac v. Boyd, 5 Porter’s Reps. 388, it was said, that a prochein amie is one admitted by the Court to prosecute for an infant, because otherwise the infant might be prejudiced by the refusal or neglect of his guardian. The Court may control him as well as a guardian ad litem, and should permit or direct what is most for the interest of the infant.” Longnecker vs. Greenwade, 6 Dana Reps. 516, 2 United States Digest 162, No. 111-163, Nos. 132, 142. The trust of a prochein amie (it is said, 10 Petersdorf 579) was first created by statute, though by long practice it may now be considered as one of the rights of an infant, and was intended to provide for those cases where the lawful guardian omitted to protect the- rights and interests of his ward or was unable or unwilling to commence a suit in his behalf. 5 Porters’ R., 394.