Wise v. Hilton

Weston J. at the ensuing term in Cumberland, delivered the opinion of the court. The plairiSff had a cause of action against the defendant,which still exists, unless it has been discharged or extinguished. It is contended that it has been so, as between these parties, by the order given in January, 1826, and what took place afterwards’. At common law, one simple contract is not discharged by another. But an exception to this rule has been established in Massachusetts, and in this State ; it being held that the giving of a negotiable note, in consideration of an existing simple contract, discharged the contract for which it was substituted. The reason upon which this exception is founded, is, that otherwise the party might be twice charged ; upon the original debt, and upon the note, In the hands of an indorsee. A note or other engagement, which may be enforced at law, whether negotiable or not, given to a third person, by the appointment and direction of the original creditor, ought, for the same reason, to have the same effect. £1 is an assignment of the debt, with an express promise by the debtor to pay to the assignee, to whom alone he ought subsequently to be chargeable ; that he may not be subject to two tiuits, and a double liability. If therefore the debt, for which this action is brought, has been assigned to John Wise, and the [438] defendant is, or was, legally obliged to pay the debt to him, he cannot be holden to the plaintiff. But we do not find this fact sufficiently proved, from any evidence in the case. The plaintiff received from the defendant an order for certain goods, payable to John Wise ; but whether for his benefit, or for the use of the plaintiff, does not appear, if the order had been given by the defendant, by the plaintiff’s direction, to the payee therein named, and he had been beneficially interested in it, and the party on whom it was drawn had failed to pay it, upon notice given, a cause of action would have accrued to the payee against the defendant, upon a promise implied by law, the obligation of which would not have been increased by the express promise, proved to have been made by the defendant. But the order, although made payable to John Wise, was given to the plaintiff, the defendant promising at the time, if it was not accepted and paid, he would immediately pay the money, not to the payee, but to the plaintiff. These facts seem to render it probable that John Wise was merely the agent of the plaintiff in the business, and that the latier continued the real creditor. Thf?' subsequent possession of the order by John, is not inconsistent with this assumption ; as that possession might be in the character of agent. If not accepted and paid, the defendant had promised to pay the plaintiff the amount of his debt, and he is not discharged from his liability, unless he entered into a legal obligation to pay the money to John, by the plaintiff’s direction. But whether this is, by just inference, negatived or not by the facts in the case ; there is no sufficient proof that the defendant had ceased to be the debtor of the plaintiff, and had become the debtor of John Wise. On a further trial this fact may be established, and the defence thereupon sustained. The proceedings in the case, in which the defendant was summoned as the trustee of John Wise, at the suit of one of his creditors, cannot affect the rights of the plaintiff; he being no party to that suit. A trustee judgment satisfied, protects the trustee from being held answerable to the party, whose trustee he has been adjudged to be ; that party being the principal defendant in the suit, in which such judgment is rendered. But [439] the plaintiff'was a stranger to the process, exhibited in evidence by the defendant. The disclosure there made, might have beer, used in another cause as evidence against him ; but could not be adduced for him. They are his own declarations, verified indeed by his oath, but not from that circumstance entitled to be received as evidence in his favor. It would be making the defendant a witness in his own cause. The judge instructed the jury that the drawing the order, and the facts connected with it, and the disclosure of the defendant, and the proceedings in the trustee process, were a bar to the plaintiff’s action. We are very clear, that the disclosure, and the trustee judgment, did not bar the plaintiff. Whether the drawing of the order, and what followed thereupon, will legally have this effect, will depend upon the fact, whether the party, to whom it was directed to be paid, was beneficially interested therein, or the mere agent of the plaintiff'; and this fact was not left to the consideration of the jury. For these reasons, the judgment is reversed ; and a new trial ordered at the bar of this court.