Bearce v. Fossett

Appleton, J. A warrant for a town meeting, duly issued by the competent authorities, and a return showing that the inhabitants have been notified in conformity with the provisions of law, by one duly authorized, are essential preliminaries to a legal town meeting. They are to be returned and preserved among the archives of the town. It is the duty of the town clerk to record the doings of the town at its regular meetings, and proof of these prerequisites is indispensable to the validity of its proceedings. Their removal would be inconvenient, and they would seem to fall within the rule, that every document of a public nature, which there would [579] be an inconvenience in removing, and which the party has a right to inspect, may be proved by a duly authenticated copy.” 1 Greenl. Ev. <§. 484. The clerk is made by statute a certifying officer. But however that may be, the defendants claiming to act as officers of the town, were bound to show the legality of the meeting at which they were elected, as. if that was not a legal meeting, they hold no official position. If then the warrant and return were not in the case, no authority whatever would appear for holding the meeting. The record being received, shows the notice which was given. The defendants therefore Avere chosen at a meeting either not notified, or it was notified in the manner proved. If there was no notice, there could have been no legal choice. If there was such notice as is shown to have been given, then it is decided in Bearce v. Fossett, 29 Maine, 523, that the meeting at rvhich the alleged choice of the defendants was made, was not legally notified. The defendants could then in no way have been injured by the admission of the copy of the officer’s return. The defendants consequently are to be regarded only as citizens of Bristol, and can have no greater rights than the other inhabitants of that town, and their justification must entirely depend upon their rights as such. It is insisted in the defence that the dam for an injury to which, this action is brought, is a nuisance by the provisions of the Provincial statute, 8 Anne, c. 4, and that the defendants might rightfully abate it. The abatement of public nuisances by individuals is not to be encouraged. The rights of citizens are best protected and those of the public best preserved through the ordinary action of judicial tribunals and that of the constituted authorities. In Commonwealth v. Buggies, 10 Mass. 391, this statute of Anne is said to be in force. But the offence in that case Avas committed in the county of Middle-sex. The authority of that case cannot apply. The special Act of March 1, 1798, is entitled “ an Act for the preservation of the fish called salmon, &c. within the counties of Lincoln and Cumberland and for repealing all other laws heretofore [580] made for that purpose so far as respects their operation in said counties.” By <§> 14 of the same Act, it is enacted “ that all laws heretofore made for the preservation of said fish, so far as respects the counties of Lincoln and Cumberland, be and hereby are repealed.” It is immaterial to consider the effect of the statute of Anne, as in those counties its operation has long since ceased. A more material question is, whether the Act of March 1, 1798, is still in force, or whether it has been repealed by the Act of March 4, 1826, entitled “ an Act to regulate the ale-wive fishery in the town of Bristol.” The Act of 1798 was more extensive in its territorial jurisdiction than that of 1826. The general object of both was for the preservation of fish, but the penalties attached to violations of these statutes and the modes of procedure to enforce obedience, differ most essentially. The penalty in the first Act was from fifty to two hundred dollars. It is provided that “ the dam or obstruction shall be considered and adjudged a nuisance and be abated as such.” The fishwardens are to have no active agency except as prosecuting officers. They can only examine, inspect and give information of such breaches of the Act as may occur, and enforce the statute requirements by information or action of debt. The statute of 1826 limits the penalty to fifty dollars, gives no authority for the abatement of the dam or obstruction, and provides for the appointment of a committee, whose duty it shall be “ to cause to be kept open” good and sufficient sluice-ways for the passage of fish through the same. By the eighth section of the latter Act “ all Acts or parts of Acts .inconsistent with the provisions of this Act” are repealed. Both Acts relate to the same subject matter, and the latter must be regarded as a repeal of all prior legislation inconsistent with its provisions. The town of Bristol is withdrawn from the operation of the Act of 1798. The rights of the parties depend upon the general laws of the State as to mills and the special Act of. 1826. The rights of mill owners are to be regarded, and the fisheries are to be protected. Existing laws are to be so construed, if possible, [581] that the rights of both may coexist, without giving precedence to either. The rights given to mill owners, are not to be considered as repealed by construction, unless such construction be necessary and unavoidable. Indeed, by necessary implication, the special Act of 1826 authorizes the erection of mills. In determining the construction of this Act, a comparison of its provisions with preceding Acts may be of importance so far as, by its omissions or additions, it may afford indications of legislative purpose. In 1798 the fisheries were a paramount interest. Not merely were heavy penalties imposed, but the right to abate was specially given. No power to act upon the premises by any change or alteration is granted. In the latter Act individuals are appointed whose duty it is to cause to be kept open proper and sufficient sluice-ways. A quasi judicial power is giveii to the committee appointed under the Act to determine when the sluice-ways are insufficient, and if not sufficient, executive power is conferred to cause them to be kept open, and for that purpose they may pass over the lands of any individuals in any part of said town without being deemed trespassers. “ The whole subject is entrusted to their judgment and discretion, excepting where the town by a corporate vote limit or restrain their exercise. It is for them to determine whether the sluice-ways are good and sufficient. The statute does not contemplate that the question of their goodness and sufficiency shall be settled by any other.” Fossett v. Bearce, 27 Maine, 117. The dam was to remain, but the public had the power of enforcing good and sufficient sluice-ways by the punitive force of penal suits or through the action of the committee, if the desired object could in no other way be obtained. All this is entirely inconsistent with the right set up, that individuals may with a strong hand, and without the intervention of the committee, abate all such erections as may in any way interfere with the free passage of fish, regardless of the rights of their owners. “ It is plain,” says Parker, C. J., in Commonwealth v. [582] Chapin, 5 Pick. 199, “ that the mere erecting or continiting a dam whereby fish may be obstructed, is no longer an offence, for that would be committed by any erection however necessary for the profitable use of the fishery. The offence consists only in having a dam without providing a convenient passage for the fish during two or three months in the year, and the remedy, when this requisition is not observed, is totally different from that which exists at common law for a nuisance. Instead of abating a dam, which is found to be deficient, the statute provides a pecuniary mulct and gives power to certain municipal officers to supervise the public interests and see to the execution of the law. It follows, we think, clearly, that an indictment as at common law for a nuisance cannot be maintained.” Exceptions overruled and judgment on the verdict. Tenney, Howard and Rice, J. J., concurred.