Ross v. Philbrick

Cutting, J. — In the six carpenters’ case, 8 Coke, 290, “it was resolved when entry, authority or license is given to any one by the law, and he doth abuse it, he shall bo a trespasser ab initio.1’ Or in other words, “ where the law has given an authority, it is reasonable, that it should make void every thing done by an abuse of that authority, and leave the abuser, as if he had done every thing without authority.” Bacon’s Abr. Trespass, B. This rule of the common law applies to all subordinate executive officers, and serves to confine them within the limits of their legal duties; and when we consider the constitutional protection given to property, the rule appears to be not an unjust one. In this case, it has not been pretend [32] ed by bis counsel, that tbe defendant, after satisfying tbe execution in favor of Rangely out of tbe property seized on that, and subsequently returned on mesne process, bad legal right to sell tbe balance at auction without tbe consent of tbe creditor and debtor, or otherwise than by tbe mode pointed out in R. S., c. 114, § 53. Here then, was an abuse of authority, and tbe defendant, according to tbe rule, was a trespasser ab initio. This position is fully sustained b'y tbe authorities cited by tbe plaintiff’s counsel. But it is contended, that so long as the process, upon which tbe property in controversy was attached, is pending-in Court, tbe plaintiff cannot sustain this action, because otherwise tbe defendant might be compelled to pay twice for the same property; to tbe plaintiff in tbe first instance, and subsequently to the attaching creditor. If it be so, it is not the only case where the tort-feasor is made liable to pay double or even treble damages. Consequences may be more properly the subject of consideration by tbe party before the fact, than by the Court subsequently in determining the law. An officer, who has been guilty of a trespass from the beginning, cannot invoke to his aid the process which he has abused; he places himself in the same situation he would have occupied, had he seized the property without any process, and taken it from the owner’s possession ; and what consequence is it to the officer or the attaching creditor, that the suit is pending, when the attachment is dissolved, and can no longer be made available to satisfy a subsequent execution ? In Purrington v. Loring, 1 Mass. 388, a deputy sheriff was declared to be a trespasser ab initio, and liable to the amount of the articles taken; because in his return, it appeared he sold them, after having advertised the time and place of sale twenty-four hours instead of four days, notwithstanding he had applied the proceeds of the sale on the wax-rant of distress against the plaintiff. So, in Wallis v. Truesdell, 6 Pick. 455, an officer was •held to be a trespasser ab initio, for selling property on [33] mesne process, without the consent of the debtor, and the termination of the original suit was considered for no other reason than to dispense with the necessity of a demand. In Smith v. Gates, 21 Pick. 55, the Court conclude their opinion by saying, “ The defendant, having failed to conform to the requisitions of the statute, has clearly made himself a trespasser ab initio, and the plaintiff is entitled to recover the value of the horse so taken and sold.” In Allen v. Hall, 5 Met. 263, it appeared, that previous to the trustee process, Hall had commenced a suit against one Tufts, attached his property and caused the same to be sold at auction, on mesne process, by the officer, under circumstances, similar to the case at bar, and Hall became the purchaser, and took the property into his possession, for which the Court held him to be the trustee of Tufts. Hall was not allowed to, or he did not, invoke the pendency of his suit; or that, the sale being illegal, the attached property was still in the custody of the law, or that the funds were held to be applied to his anticipated execution. In Blanchard v. Dow, 32 Maine, 557, the defendant, being a collector of, taxes, held a legal assessment against the plaintiff for §44,15, for payment of which, defendant seized and sold his horse for $65, but failing to show a compliance with the requirements of the statute, the defendant was held to be a trespasser ab initio, and the plaintiff recovered judgment for the value of his horse, without any deduction for the taxes. Authorities might be multiplied to almost any extent, both to show what constitutes a trespass ab initio and its consequences as affecting the rights of the parties; but it is unnecessary to consider the rule as to damages in this case, inasmuch as there can be no legal appropriation of the funds derived from the illegal sale, towards satisfying the creditor’s judgment, if he ever recovers one; it is not the case, that comes within some of the authorities, of an appropriation already made, and a debt or execution already discharged, but where funds are said to be held to be appropri [34] ated upon a contingency. Tbe statute authorizing a sale on mesne process under certain circumstances, admits of no such evasion. It is true, that in Kaley v. Shed, 10 Met. 311, tbe defendant was permitted to show, that tbe property by him unlawfully taken, bad been subsequently attached and taken from him by another officer, and being rightfully in the custody of the law, the plaintiff had suffered damages only for the intermediate detention. But in the case at bar no such subsequent attachment has been made, whereby to place the property in the custody of the law, and the two cases are wholly dissimilar. So in Perry v. Chandler, 2 Cush. 237, and Squire v. Hollenbeck, 9 Pick. 551, where it was held that it might be shown in reduction of damages, that a third person had a paramount title; but in neither case did the person having the superior title claim under an officer who had abused his precept. The case of Bailey v. Hall, 16 Maine, 408, cited by defendant’s counsel, as an authority against the maintenance of the present action, does not sustain his proposition. It was proved in that case that crockery ware had been attached by the officer and deposited by him in a barn, and within three weeks it was destroyed by some person unknown. This did not make the officer a trespasser ab initio, as was decided on very similar facts in Ferrin v. Symons, 11 N. H. 363. A mere non-feasance will not make a man a trespasser ab initio, Gardner v. Campbell, 15 Johns. 401, consequently the attachment was not dissolved, and the Court very properly held, that until that time “ the creditor’s claim was paramount to that of the debtor.” But another answer to the creditor’s claim on the defendant is the fact, that what was done, was by his procurement and bond of indemnity. Whether the bond be a valid security to the officer for doing an illegal act is not now under consideration, but it shows enough, or rather the act of giving such a papei*, to release the officer from any further [35] claims of tlio creditor; and it shows further, that the creditor conspired with the officer to violate the law, and this creditor cannot complain, that his too great haste to handle the money, has discharged his legal security. Wo, therefore, do not perceive any valid objection to the Judge’s in-strnctions or refusals to instruct, and the exceptions must be overruled. Shepley, C. J., and Howard and Hathaway, J. J., concurred.