Bryant v. Inhabitants of Biddeford

AppletON, J. — The instructions “that there did not appear to be any testimony to prove that Chesnut street had been legally laid out as a town or as a highway, and if the town had not expended any money upon it, it would be under no obligation to keep it in repair; that if satisfied the Saco Water Power Company had laid out and dedicated it to the public use, the town would not thereby become liable to repair it, unless it had in some way accepted or adopted it as a way; that the burden of the town and its liabilities could not be varied by the acts of the Water Power Company without its consent;” were in all respects as favorable to the defendants in any aspect of the cause, as they had any right to claim, and therefore furnish no just ground of complaint. It was held in Smith v. Wendell, 7 Cush. 498, that towns are not liable for such obstructions on portions of the highway not constituting the traveled path, and not so connected with it that they affect the security or convenience for travel of those using it. It is for the jury to determine whether the alleged obstructions or defects do in fact render the highway unsafe. The width of the road is a matter especially for the determination of the constituted authorities to whose charge this matter is entrusted. Baldwin v. Bangor, 36 Maine, 518. Where the existence of a road is proved by its user alone, the width of the road, whether co-extensive only with the actual travel, or extending to the fences on each side, is a matter for the jury. Lawrence v. Mt. Vernon, 35 Maine, 100. Whatever may be the width of the road, it is for the jury to determine whether at a given time and place [197] it is safe and convenient. The town is liable for injuries occasioned by obstructions in a highway, though not on the traveled path, whether placed there by the owner of the soil or by others. Snow v. Adams, 1 Cush. 442; Coggswell v. Lexington, 4 Cush. 308; Cobb v. Standish, 14 Maine, 198. So the width of the part prepared for travel is a most essential element in determining its safety and convenience. A width, which under some circumstances would meet all the exigencies of the public, might under a change of circumstances be entirely insufficient for that purpose. , The jury were directed to find “ whether the culvert was within the limits of Main street and whether, if within its limits, the street was made sufficiently wide and smooth to be safe and convenient for travel, being regarded as unaffected by the opening of Chesnut street; that there might be places in our towns and villages, where it might be the duty of towns to make a street or road safe and convenient for travel over the whole width laid out, as where one or more streets cross or in public places; whether the one now under consideration was such a place, they would judge.” These instructions are in entire conformity with the law as established in Smith v. Wendell, 7 Cush. 498, and in Shepardson v. Colerain, 13 Met. 55, which have been cited in the defence. They are clear and precise and accurately define the legal liabilities of the defendants. If the defendants are held liable, it is because, under such instructions, the jury have found that the road was not “ safe and convenient” at the place where the injury of which the plaintiff complains, was occasioned. It was held in Bosworth v. Swansey, 10 Met. 363, that a person who travels on the Lord’s day, neither from necessity nor charity, could not maintain an action against a town for an injury received by him while so traveling, by reason of a defect in a highway which the town was by law obliged to keep in good repair. By R. S., c. 160, § 28, the Lord’s day, so far as relates to the prohibition “ to travel or do any work, labor, or business on that day, works [198] of necessity or charity excepted/’ includes “ the time between the midnight preceding and the sun’s setting of the same day.” In the case of Bosworth v. Swansey, the plaintiff was traveling in the forenoon of the Lord’s day, in direct and open violation of the laws of the State. In the present case, the bailee of the plaintiff was not traveling on the Lord’s day as defined by law, nor was he, at the time when the injury occurred, traveling in contravention of the laws of this State. The verdict of the jury must be regarded as having established the following facts: that the plaintiff’s horse was injured while passing over a road which the defendants were bound to keep in repair, in consequence of its defective and unsafe condition, and without fault or neglect of the person driving; that the horse was driven with ordinary and common care, and that the injury was done at a time when all might lawfully travel over the road in question. It is immaterial to the defendants whether the horse when injured, was driven by the ¡daintiff or some one else. It only concerns them that it should be driven by a careful and prudent driver. The time when the injury happened was not on the legal Sabbath, it being no more against the law to travel after the sunset of that day than on any day in the week. The defence is that the plaintiff, having loaned his horse on the Lord’s day as established by law, cannot recover for any injury to the same during that bailment, because the contract of bailment, having been made on the Lord’s day, was illegal and void. The proposition relied upon, is, that when property is bailed on the Sabbath, the owner cannot claim the protection of the law for any injury it may receive on the following Monday, or any other day during the continuance of the bailment, because the property bailed was originally taken under a contract, which the law declares null. The defendants have by their neglect occasioned a loss to the plaintiff, at a time and under circumstances which would render them liable to respond in damages to any other citizen of the State, who might have [199] been traveling there at the time. To an injury arising solely from their neglect, they interpose as a bar an antecedent void contract with which they have no connection whatsoever. When the injury happened no law was being violated. Nor is the plaintiff to be placed without the protection of the law because he may at some previous time have made a contract which it refuses to lend its aid in enforcing. If the contract of bailment was void, no rights could be acquired under it. To set it up in defence, is to rely upon it as a valid contract, which the law declares it is not. A void contract is to be so far regarded as subsisting, that its very invalidity is to be made to constitute a valid defence to parties in the wrong. Such a proposition is as devoid of law as it is destitute of logical consistency. The learned counsel for the defence places great reliance upon the case of Gregg v. Wyman, 4 Cush. 322, where it was held that if the owner of a horse knowingly lets him on the Lord’s day, to be driven to a particular place, but not for purposes of necessity or charity, and the hirer injures the horse by immoderate driving, in consequence of which he afterwards dies, the owner could not maintain an action against the hirer for such injury, though it was occasioned in going to a different place and beyond the limits specified in the contract. The authority of this case has been denied by Mr. Justice Perley, in a learned and elaborate opinion in Woodman v. Hubbard, 5 Foster, 67, where the directly contrary doctrine was held to be law. In the present case however, it does not become necessary, in this judicial conflict of authorities, to determine what, upon the particular point in those cases, may be the law in this State, inasmuch as the principles there decided are not perceived to have any important bearing upon the rights of the parties now before us. In the case of Gregg v. Wyman, the suit was between the parties to a contract which the law declared void. Such is not the case here. It is argued that “ the plaintiff’s own illegal act forms one [200] lint in bis chain of title; that is a defective link, which cannot hold the chain together, and the whole must fail.” But the bailment, whether valid or invalid, constitutes no link in 'the chain of facts upon which his right to recover must depend. His right to recover is in no way connected with the inquiry whether the driver was bailee or not. It equally exists in either event, if the horse was prudently driven and the other facts necessary to establish his cause are satisfactorily proved. The instruction therefore, that “ if satisfied the injury was occasioned on Sunday after sunset, the fact that the plaintiff had let the horse and chaise and it had been used during an earlier part of that day, would not prevent a recovery, if otherwise entitled,” was in entire conformity with the law as applicable to the facts of the case. This cause was submitted to a jury with clear and accurate instructions as to the law. The facts were peculiarly for their consideration. There is nothing indicating intentional misconduct or such gross error on their part as seems imperatively to call for our interference. Exceptions and motion overruled.