Thurston v. Lowder

The opinion of the Court was drawn up by Rice, J. This is an appeal from a decree of the Judge of Probate, ordering the appellant to pay a claim upon the estate .which he represents, to the appellee. The legal question in issue between the parties is, whether that claim at the date of the decree was barred by the statute of limitations. Administrators, before entering upon the execution of their trust, are required to give bond, conditioned as provided in c. 106, § 3, R. S. By § 40 of same chapter he is required to render his accounts agreeably to the condition of his bond; and the Judge of Probate may require him to account whenever he may deem it necessary, either with or without a spe — 75 — cial application from the parties interested. By § 30, c. 109, if the administrator shall neglect to exhibit and settle his account within six months after the report of the commissioners shall have been made, or within such further time as the Judge of Probate shall think proper to allow therefor, such neglect shall be deemed a breach of the administration bond. And § 5 of c. 113 gives any person interested, either personally or in any official capacity, in any probate bond, or in any judgment that may have been rendered on such bond, the right to originate a suit on the bond, or to sue out a scire facias on such judgment, without application to the Judge of Probate. By these several provisions, the liabilities of administrators are determined, and the rights and remedies of those interested in the estates represented by such administrators defined. These remedies are plain and complete. The policy of the law, however, requires that parties should not sleep over their rights, and that creditors shall pursue their remedies within a reasonable time, or they will be deemed to have waived or abandoned their rights. Hence, it is provided, in § 23 of c. 120, that no executor or administrator, who has given bond and notice of his appointment, according to law, shall be held to answer to the suit of any creditor of the deceased, unless it shall be commenced within four years from the time of his giving bond. This is • the general rule. A similar provision is found in § 29 of c. 146. To this general' statute of limitation there is, however, this exception, found in § 24, c. 120. When assets shall come to the hands of the executor or administrator, after the expiration of the said four years, he shall account for and apply the same, in like manner as if they had been received within said four years; and he shall be answerable at law, or to any process in the Probate Court, on account of such new assets, for the benefit of any creditor, in like manner as if received within four years; provided such action or process be commenced within one year after the creditor shall have notice of the receipt of such new assets, — 76 — and not more than four years after the same shall actually be received. It will be observed that these limitation statutes all apply to creditors only. Where there’ has been no new assets received after th'e expiration of four years from the time of giving the bond, the right to commence any suit- against any administrator becomes absolutely barred as to creditors. McLellan v. Lunt, 11 Maine, 150; Same parties, 14 Maine, 254. But if new assets come into the hands of the administrator, after the expiration of said four years, the general limitation bar is removed, and the estate re-opened so that any creditor may come in and assert his claim to such new assets. Holland v. Cruft, 20 Pick., 321. As to such new assets, the administrator is to apply them in like manner as if they had been received within said four years; and he is answerable at law, or to any process in the Probate Court, on account of such assets, in the same manner as if they had been received within said four years. R. S., c. 120, § 24. Creditors, also, have the same practical remedies, by the provisions of the 24th section, to enforce their rights to such new assets, as they originally had to enforce rights to the assets which come into the hands of the administrator within the four years from the time of filing his bond. So far as prosecuting claims to the new assets are concerned, it is substantially a new administration. The question then arises, within what time must these claims be enforced ? Or when is the administrator protected by the statute of limitations against the claims of creditors to such new assets ? The statute answers, at the end of four years from the time when such new assets actually come into his hands. But the appellee contends that when a claim has once been proved before commissioners, and entered upon the records of the Probate Court, this limitation statute does not apply; that the case then being under the jurisdiction of the Court, — 77 — the Judge may decree the payment of such claims without regard to the statute of limitations. The cases cited by the appellee do not sustain this position. Walker v. Bradbury, 15 Maine, 207, was a case of new assets of which the Judge ordered distribution. But when the decree was made, the money had not been in the hands of the administrator a single year. White v. Swain, 3 Pick., 365, was also a case of new assets, which were received in Sept., 1824, and proceedings were commenced in the Probate Court the same September. In Williams v. American Bank, 4 Met., 317, the question was whether, in competition between the creditors of the deceased debtor and his widow and heirs, the creditors were entitled to have interest computed on their claims, before the widow and heirs could claim any thing under the general statute of distribution. In Pierce v. Nichols, 15 Mass., 264, it was decided that after a creditor had filed his claim before commissioners, on a supposed insolvent estate, an action at law could not be maintained against the administrator, if the estate should afterwards prove to be solvent, but he must pursue the remedy provided in the case of insolvent estates. The case of Odee v. McCrate, 7 Maine, 473, was an application in behalf of an heir at law, and not of a creditor. The limitation Acts, cited above, do not apply to heirs nor legatees but to creditors only. The case of Green v. Dyer, 32 Maine, 460, would seem, at first sight, to support the doctrine contended for by the appellee. The authority of that case, however, will be found, on examination, not to sustain that position, but, rather, the reverse. The question in that case was not one of new assets, but arose under the 23d section of c. 120. The Judge of Probate, after the expiration of four years from the filing of the administration bond, revised the list of debts proved before commissioners, and decreed payment of the claim of the appellee. The administratrix interposed the statute of limitations, and, being overruled, brought the case into this Court on appeal. The Court, in their • opinion, say, the four — 78 — years limitation, relied on in the first reason for the appeal, applies only to suits brought, and not to proceedings in the Probate Court. The cases of McLellan v. Lunt, cited by counsel from the 11th and 14th of Maine, were such suits. The 23d § of c. 120, on which that proceeding depended, refers only to suits at law, and not to proceedings in the Probate Court; whereas the 24th section applies as well to any process in the Probate Court, as to suits at law, both being placed upon the same ground. The implication is therefore very strong, if not conclusive, that if the case cited had depended upon the provisions of the 24th section, the decision would have been different. The opinion in that case was delivered orally, and evidently did not receive much consideration. We have no occasion, however, at this time, to question its authority. It is the policy of the law, in all cases, to require creditors to pursue their rights with diligence; especially is this the case where they have claims against the estates of deceased persons, and that such estates should be closed at as early a day as practicable, having due regard to the substantial rights of claimants. There are good reasons why this should be so. The rights, and frequently ■ the subsistence of widows and orphans, are involved in the settlement of the estates of their deceased relatives. Such parties are generally dependent, and but ill qualified to protect their interests and maintain their rights by protracted litigation. Hence, the law has wisely interposed statutes of limitation for their protection, which take effect at comparatively early periods, leaving, however, ample time within which creditors may, by the exercise of ordinary diligence, enforce their own rights. An examination of the provisions of the statute, and the authorities cited, leave no doubt in the minds of the Court that the 24th section of c. 120, interposes a conclusive bar against the commencement of any process by creditors, in case of new assets at the end of four years from the time such assets actually come into the hands of the administrator, and that this bar applies as well to any process in the Probate — 79 — Court as to suits at law. The Judge of Probate, therefore, erred in decreeing the payment of the' specific claim presented by the appellee, and so far his proceedings are reversed. The case is to be remanded to the Probate Court, the assets to be distributed according to the provisions of law. The appellant is entitled to his costs in this Court. Cutting, Appleton and Goodenow, JJ., concurred.