Brookings v. White

Rice, J. This is a process of forcible entry and detain-er. The defendant justifies under the title of Nancy White, and the case must be determined on the validity of that title. Both parties derive their title from one John Brookings, who, on the 31st day of October, 1857, executed a deed of the premises to said Nancy White, who is the wife of the defendant. In payment for the estate thus conveyed she gave her promissory notes for six hundred dollars, which sum — 481 — was secured by mortgage on the premises; and also conveyed another parcel of real estate, which, she held in her own right, to Sarah Brookings, wife of said John, by deed dated November 5, 1857. It is admitted that the above named deeds, notes, and mortgage, were all delivered at one time and constituted one transaction. The complainant derives his title from the same John Brookings, by deed dated April 13, 1860. The ground assumed by the complainant, is, that the transaction between John Brookings and the said Nancy was wholly invalid, from want of capacity on her part to convey real estate, which she held in her own right, or to execute a mortgage thereof, by which her title should pass, without the concurrence of her husband. To what extent the acts of married women, with reference to their separate estate, real or personal, will bo deemed obligatory, in equity, is not very clearly defined in the adjudged cases. Nor does it become material to determine under what circumstances courts of equity will enforce the contracts or uphold the deeds of such persons. At common law a married woman could neither bind her person by contract, nor her estate by deed. Has she acquired such power by force of existing statutes? It was decided by this Court, in the case of Swift v. Luce, 27 Maine, 285, that although she could, under statutes then existing, hold and possess estate both real and personal in her own right and as her separate property, exempt from any liability for the debts or contracts of the husband, yet she could not sell or convey the same without the consent of the husband. It was also decided, in the case of Howe v. Wildes & ux., 34 Maine, 566, that the promissory notes of a married woman were void. This decision has been affirmed by several subsequent decisions of this Court. In Newbegin v. Langley, 39 Maine, 200, it was decided that the deeds of married women were void. Such was the — 482 — condition of the law in this State prior to the year 1852. Before that time, the Legislature had passed several Acts designed to secure to married women, more fully than at common law, their rights in their property. These Acts, however, being in derogation of the rules and principles of the common law, had been strictly construed by the Court. In 1852, a most important step was taken by the Legislature towards the absolute enfranchisement of married women. By c. 227 of the laws of that year, it was provided that any married woman who is or may be seized and possessed of property, real or personal, as provided for in the Acts to which this is additional, shall have power to lease, sell, convey and dispose of the same, and to execute all papers necessary thereto, in her own name as if she wex’e unmarried. This provision is in substance reenacted in the Revised Statutes, c. 61, § 1. The power thus conferred upon married women to control, sell and convey their estate, x*eal and personal, is full and absolute. It cannot be made more complete. They may, under its provisions, bind their estates as effectually as any other citizen. Thus far the law extends the rights of women uixder coverture. But they still x’emain under the common law disabilities as to persoxxal contx’acts. ■ Being personally subject to the control of their husbands, under the general law, they are not pex’mitted to enter into contracts of a personal character, by which that control may be interrupted. She may execute a lease or deed by which her estate may be bound; but she cannot make a promissory note by which she will be personally bouxxd. . This is the general xmle, the exceptions to which,’ if any, do not apply in this case. In the transaction under Consideration, it follows from the principles already stated, that the promissory notes of Nancy White were invalid, as personal security, against her. This, then, presents the question, whether personal security is'essential as a basis for a valid mortgage of x’eal estate. The law on this point is well settled. — 483 — The deed (mortgage) only contains a proviso, that if the money be paid at such a day, then the deed, as also the obligation describing it, shall both be void. Sometimes, however, no separate security is taken, and, of course, none mentioned in the deed; but the proviso is merely, that if such a sum is paid by such a day, the deed shall be void. It is .clear that the absence of the bond, or other express obligation to pay the money, will not make the instrument less effectual as a mortgage, if the mortgagee have the money. 2 Greenl. Cruise, 82, and cases cited. A mortgage is a conditional conveyance of land, designed as security for the payment of money, or performance of some other act, and to be void upon payment or performance. 1 Hill, on Mort., 2. A mortgage is a conditional sale. The absence of any bond or covenant to pay the money will not make the instrument less effectual as a mortgage. 4 Kent’s Com., 145-147. It is not the less a mortgage because there was no collateral personal security for the debt taken at the time. Rice v. Rice, 4 Pick., 349 ; Smith v. People’s Hank, 24 Maine, 185. But it has been suggested, by way of argument, that no case can be found in which a mortgage has been upheld when the notes it was given to secure were void; and, therefore, such a mortgage must be invalid. No case, probably, can be found where a mortgage has been upheld which was given to secure the payment of a note which was invalid for want of consideration. But, as we have seen, cases are numerous in which mortgages have been held valid without the existence of personal security, or where the mortgager whose estate is pledged is not a party to the personal contract thereby secured. The office of a mortgage is to furnish security for the payment of the money loaned, or the performance of some other act. Notes ordinarily afford evidence of the amount of money loaned and the times of payment, and also give the additional personal security of the makers, but are not necessary to the validity of the mortgage itself. — 484 — A married 'woman may, at common law, by joining with her husband, make a valid mortgage of her separate estate -to secure his debt, or that of a third person. Dumerest v. Winkoop, 3 Johns. Ch. R., 127; Fowler v. Sherman, 7 Mass., 14. Now it is not denied, that under our statute a feme covert may actually sell and convey real estate held in her own right, on sufficient consideration, without joining with her husband, by deed absolute and irrevocable. Such being the law, it would be illogical, not to say absurd, to determine that she may not, on like consideration, make a conditional sale and conveyance of the same estate, reserving for her own benefit the right to defeat such sale by the re-payment of the consideration, or the- performance of a stipulated act within a given time. The fact that she has by the statute the right to convey absolutely all her interest in her estate, carries with it, by necessary implication, the right to make a conditional sale. The one is the logical sequence of the other. That Nancy White received a valuable and full consideration for the mortgage executed by her is not denied. The case of Dunning v. Pike, 46 Maine, 461, is supposed to be in conflict with' the views herein expressed. This may be so. That case was decided upon a state of facts which transpired subsequent to the Act of 1852, c. 227. That Act, however, was not alluded to by counsel at the argument, nor by the Court in their opinion. It undoubtedly escaped the attention of both Court and counsel, and was decided upon the law as it existed prior to 1852, and following former decisions of the Court. Having thus been decided upon a misapprehension as to the existence of the Act of 1852, it cannot be deemed an authority in this case. As the law now stands, the transaction between John Brookings and Nancy White must be deemed valid and obligatory upon the parties thereto, so far as the deeds and mortgage then executed are concerned. . . The only efiect of the deed, from John Brookings to the complainant, was to assign to the latter the mortgage which — 485 — he had received from Nancy White. But thus standing in the place of the original mortgagee will not enable him to maintain this process. Reed v. Elwell, 46 Maine, 270. According to the agreement there must bo judgment for the defendant. Tenney, C. J., May and Goodenow, JJ., concurred. Davis, J. The defendant claims to hold possession of the premises in controversy by virtue of the title of his wife, Nancy White.' She purchased the property during her coverture, and paid therefor, in part, by her own promissory notes, secured by a mortgage, dated Nov. 5, 1857. It is contended that her notes were void, and that consequently the deed to her, and her mortgage, were also void. Several cases are relied upon as decisive of the question. Howe v. Wildes, 34 Maine, 566; Langley v. Newbegin, 39 Maine, 200 ; Roach v. Randall, 45 Maine, 438 ; Dunning v. Pike, 46 Maine, 461. How far the contracts of a feme covert are valid, is a question upon which there has always been much difference of opinion. Though regarded void, in the sense that there could be no remedy upon them at law, many of them have always been held valid in equity. But what contracts should be held absolutely void, and what should be sustained in equity, cannot be easily determined from the decisions. Nor has the special legislation of the last twenty years tended to remove the difficulty. A partial enfranchisement of the wife, while the common law relations between her and the husband remain unchanged, is an innovation that unsettles the past without settling the future. The status of the feme covert, instead of being fixed by such legislation, becomes a difficult question for the judiciary. It imposes the task of adjusting new rights and powers to old and still existing disabilities. It is not strange that there should be, for a time, some oscillation of opinion, resulting in conflicting decisions. Was the mortgage given by Nancy White, to secure her own promissory notes, valid? — 486 — If there had been no evidence of the debt but the mort- • gage itself, the question would have been the same. If the promissory note of a feme covert is void, it is not because of the form of the contract, but because any promise to pay money, whether, written or verbal, is not binding upon her. Bates v. Enright, 42 Maine, 105. A mortgage may contain an admission of a debt, on which a personal action will lie against the mortgager, when no promissory note or other collateral promise is given. Elder v. Rouse, 15 Wend., 218. But, if there is no such admission, and no collateral promise, the mortgagee has no claim upon the person of the mortgager. Weed v. Covill, 14 Barb., 242. His only remedy is against the property itself. Rice v. Rice, 4 Pick., 349; Russel v. Southard, 12 How. U. S., 139, 152. The case at bar involves several questions. Is a valid debt essential to the validity of a mortgage ? Can a married woman contract such a debt ? Has she the legal capacity to make such a conveyance ? 1. A debt or obligation is necessary to sustain a mortgage. There may be no promise, either collateral or in the mortgage ; but there must be an obligation of some kind, to secure the performance of which the mortgage is given. "A mortgage,” says Hilliard, "is a conditional conveyance, designed as security for the payment of money, or the performance of some other act, and to be void upon such payment or performance.” Mitchell v. Burnham, 44 Maine, 286. The obligation, though not always for the payment of money, is usually called the "debt;” and this, being the foundation of the mortgage, " is the principal thing.” In the language of Chancellor Kent, in equity, "the mortgage is merely security for the debt;” — " a mere incident attached to the debt.” 1 Hilliard, 163 ; Smith v. People’s Bank, 24 Maine, 185. The debt or obligation must therefore be a valid one, or the mortgage will be void. Thus, in those States in which a usurious note is valid, for any part, a mortgage to secure such a note will be upheld. Turner v. Calvert, 12 S. & R., — 487 — 46. But, where such a note is wholly void, as formerly in this State, a mortgage to secure such a note is also void. I Hilliard, 370; Richardson v. Field, 6 Maine, 35 ; Miller v. Hull, 4 Dcnio, 104. So is the mortgage void if the note is void for any other reason. Ellsworth v. Mitchell, 31 Maine, 237. It is not essential that the debt should be that of the mortgager. One may mortgage his property to secure the debt of another. So a feme covert may mortgage her estate to secure the debt of her husband. Gahn v. Heimcewicz, 11 Wend., 312 ; S. C., 3 Paige, 614; Hawley v. Bradford, 9 Paige, 200 ; Van Horn v. Emerson, 13 Barb., 526 ; Swan v. Wiswall, 15 Pick., 125; Hash v. Spofford, 10 Met., 198. But it is assumed in all these cases, and numerous others that might be cited, that a valid obligation, for which the mortgage is merely security, is essential to the validity of the mortgage. Bartlett v. Bartlett & ux., 4 Allen, 440. 2. Can a married woman, in this State, give such an obligation ? At common law, a feme covert was not personally liable upon her contract, even for necessaries, though living separately from her husband, and having property in her own right. Shaw v. Thompson, 16 Pick., 198. In many of the States, she is now enabled, by statute, to trade in her own name, upon her own account. In most of the States she can own property in her own right, for her separate use, and make contracts respecting it. In such case, she may purchase real estate, and is bound personally upon her promissory notes given therefor. Ames v. Foster, 3 Allen, 541. But in this State, with some exceptions not applicable to the case before us, her power to make contracts remains as at common law. The statute giving her power to take and hold property, to her separate use, gave her no power to convey it. Swift v. Luce, 27 Maine, 285. Nor has any subsequent statute given her general power to make contracts, even respecting her property. So that the validity of the — 488 — notes, given by tbe defendant’s wife, is to be determined without regard to any statute. Some contracts of married women, though 'not binding upon their persons, have always been valid against their property. "Her separate estate,” says Judge Story, "will, in equity, be held liable for all the debts, charges and incumbrances which she does expressly, or by implication, charge thereon.” 2 Story’s Eq., § 1399. The English cases on this subject are very numerous. Contracts of married women, of great variety, have been enforced against their separate property. The reasons given are various, and inconsistent with each other. Though no Court would hold that the property of one not under coverture could be specifically charged, except by an express contract therefor, the property of married women has been subjected to such charges without any contract therefor, upon proof aliunde of an " implied intention.” Sometimes it has been held necessary that the contract should be in writing; and in other cases this doctrine has been denied. Sometimes every contract of a feme covert, made for the benefit of herself, or of her separate estate, has been held an implied "appointment” of enough of such estate to secure its performance. But as this would make successive charges, with priority of right, after her decease, this doctrine was repudiated; and all such creditors were made to share alike. The original doctrine seemed to be, that a married woman, so far as she had the power to dispose of her separate property, was to be deemed a feme sole in regard to it; and that her contracts, though not binding upon her person, could be enforced in equity against such property. Hulme v. Tenant, 1 Bro. C. C., 16. And to this, very nearly, the English courts have now returned. In Owens v. Dickenson, 1 Craig & Phillips, 48, it is said, — "Inasmuch as her creditors have not the means at law, of compelling payment of her debts, a court of equity takes upon itself to give effect to them, not as personal liabilities, but by laying hold of the separate property, as the only means by which they can — 489 — be satisfied.” And, in a later case, it is said, that a court of equity " gives execution against her property, just as a court of law gives execution against the property of other debtors.” Johnson v. Gallagher, London Jur. Mar., 1861. In this country, the courts have not gone so far. The earlier cases are collected in Leading Cases in Equity, 330, Hare & Wallace’s Am. notes. Many of the later cases are based upon the statutes enlarging the rights and powers of married women. There is a considerable diversity, if not actual conflict of opinion. Their power, irrespective of any statute, to create incumbrances upon their separate property, is conceded by all the courts. And though, in some States, this has been carried nearly to the extent of the English doctrine, in others the rule is essentially modified. But the most cautious go at least to this extent, — that a feme covert, in any way by which she has the legal capacity to act, may bind her separate property hy any express contract therefor, made for her own benefit, or for the benefit of her estate. Conway v. Smith, 13 Wis.; Am. Coal Co. v. Dyett, 7 Paige, 9 ; Yale v. Dederer, 18 N. Y., 265 ; S. C., 22 N. Y., 540; Willard v. Eastham, 15 Gray; Pentz v. Simonton, 2 Beasley, N. J.; Glass v. Warwick, 39 Penn., (4 Wright.) If the doctrine were carried no further, it would cover the case at bar. The notes were given by Nancy White for her own benefit, for property deeded to her in her own right. Though not binding upon her person, they were so far valid that she could make them a charge upon her property, by any expi’ess contract therefor which she had the legal capacity to enter into. 4. Had she power to make the mortgage which she gave to secure the notes ? ' Courts of equity often hold that to be done which is agreed to be done. Therefore, though the deed of a feme covert was void at common law, her agreement to make a debt a charge upon her separate estate, has been treated, in equity, as an actual incumbrance. But this rule was applied to estates in which she had only an equitable interest, the legal — 490 — title being in some other person, in trust for her. When the power was conferred upon her, by statute, to hold the legaí tille, in her own name, she was still incapable of conveying, or making a legal charge upon it, until empowered to do that also by statute. Yale v. Dederer, before cited. By chapter 227, of the laws of 1852, it was provided "that any married woman who is or may be seized and possessed of property, real or personal, shall have power to lease, sell, convey and dispose of the same, and to execute all papers necessary thereto, in her own name, as if she were unmarried.” This clearly gives her the power to mortgage her property to secure any valid debt or obligation. And, as she could formerly make her own debt, though not personally bound by it, a charge upon her estate in equity, now she may make it a charge, in law, by giving a mortgage of specific property as security for its payment. I am aware that the views here expressed are not in harmony with the decision in Dunning v. Pike, 46 Maine, 461. The previous cases, except that of Howe v. Wildes, were decided on the' ground that the deeds were void because the notes were void. As the statute of 1852 did not confer any power upon married women to give promissory notes, its bearing upon the case was overlooked. It was assumed that the notes had no validity whatever; and the invalidity of the mortgage was a logical deduction. The power of a feme covert to create an incumbrance upon her separate estate has seldom been discussed before the ■Courts of this State. The exercise of this power has become frequent, since the statutes have enabled married women to purchase and hold property in their own right, and to convey it, as if unmarried. And it cannot be doubted that now, in law, as well as in equity, such incumbrances can be sustained according to the intention of the parties. Judgment for the defendant. Kent, J., concurred.