City of Bangor v. Lansil

The opinion of a majority of the Court was drawn up by Davis, J. By our statute of 1821, c. 121, copied from the Massachusetts Act of 1797, a person needing a drain "for his cellar,” or for other purposes, could construct it, upon his own premises, to the street; and then, " by the consent and under the direction of the selectmen,” he, either alone, or with others, might extend it across or along the street, to some suitable place of discharge. If there were several owners, it was a " common sewer.” But, whether owned by one or more, it was a private drain. Such drains were entirely different and distinct from gutters, made as part of streets, to drain off the surface water. Such gutters had always been made, under the general power and duty to open the streets and keep them in repair. Unless by some city charters or by-laws, no public sewers, for the accommodation of the inhabitants, wore authorized by law, until 1844. All such sewers, though constructed under and along the streets, were private property. And no change has ever been made in the law, making such drains [524] other than private property. Many such may be found in all our cities and large towns. By c. 94 of the laws of 1844, the municipal authorities were, for the first time, empowered to locate and construct public drains, for the common use of such adjacent proprietors as, for a stipulated price, desired to connect private drains therewith. These public sewers were to be located, either under the streets, or, if necessary, through the lands of any person, who was to be compensated therefor. The proceedings of the location are, in many respects, like the proceedings in locating streets. As cities and towns were only authorized, and not required, to construct public drains, the sewerage of our cities has been, and still is, to a large extent, by private drains. These have, many of them, been máde across or along the streets. As they were liable to get out of repair, there had always been a provision by which any owner could repair a "common” sewer, at the expense of all. But it was found that, in some cases, none of the owners would repair such drains; and that, by their want of repair, the streets across or along which they were constructed, were thereby made unsafe for the public travel. And therefore, by c. 77, § 9, of the laws of 1854, the street commissioner of the city of Portland was authorized, in any such case, to repair the defective "private drain;” and the owners were made liable to the city for the expense of such repairs. This special statute was made general, by R. S., c. 16, § 12. The action before us was brought under this provision of the statute. Was the drain repaired by the city in this case such a drain as is contemplated by the statute ? It is quite obvious that it was not a public drain, or sewer, within the meaning of the statute. It was neither located, nor constructed, as such. None of the provisions relating to sewerage by public drains, to be made and owned by the city, for the use of the abuttors on the streets, are applicable to it. [525] In discussing the question whether it was a "private drain,” it is contended, in behalf of the city, that the defendant, in 1852, had no right to fill up his house lot, which was at the lowest point of a swale crossed by Lincoln street, so as to prevent the water flowing down the gutters either way, during a storm, from passing ofF over his lot, as before it was filled up. TIis right to fill up his lot, depended on the question whether there had been a natural watercourse across the lot before Lincoln street was made. That street was made in 1834. No right to flow water across it had therefore been acquired, by prescription or otherwise, in 1852, unless there had been a watercourse there before 1834. If there had not been a watercourse there, though it was low, swampy land, and, with the adjacent lots, had been overflowed at certain seasons of the year, he had the right to fill it up.' A natural watercourse "consists of bed, banks, and water ; yet the water need not flow continuously; and there are many watercourses that are sometimes dry. There is, however, a distinction to be taken in law, between a regular flowing stream of water, which at certain seasons is dried up, and those occasional bursts of water, which in times of freshet, or melting of ice and snow, descend from the hills, and inundate the country.” Angelí on Watercourses, 5th ed., § 1. In accordance with this definition, it has been held, that, "when there is no watercourse, or stream of water, one cannot claim a right of drainage, or flow of water, from off his land, upon and through the land of another, merely because his land is higher than that of the other, and slopes towards it, so that the water which falls in rain upon it would naturally run over the surface in that direction.” Luther v. Winnissimet Co., 9 Cush., 171. Whether there had been a watercourse was a question for the jury. If there had not been, then the defendant had the right to fill up his lot; and he was under no obligation to make any drain, or permit the city to make one. [526] But, if there had been a watercourse, though the defendant had no right to fill it up, still this action could not be maintained. The statute applies only to a " private drain,” made strictly for private use, which the owners may keep open, or fill up, at their option, leaving the street in good repair. But a watercourse is private property only in a restricted sense. The owner of the land through which it flows has no right to fill it up, to divért the water from the land below, nor to turn it back upon the land above. For so doing, he is liable to indictment, or to an action on the case at common law, for the damage caused by the detention or flowáge of the water. Calais v. Dyer, 7 Maine, 155. But the action given by the statute, for the expense of repairing, cannot be applied to a watercourse, even if it is used for a drain. The language is clearly applicable only to draifis arid sewers which are strictly private property. The city can havó no right to use such drains. The owners cannot be under obligation to keep such drains open for the benefit of the city. If the street gutters were opened into them, they would no longer be private, but public. It is clear that the drain in this case is not such as the statute refers to, as a "private drain.” If it was a watercourse, and the defendant was bound to keep it open, the remedy must be sought in a different action, not for the expense of repairing, but for the damage caused by obstructing it. The verdict must be set aside, and a new trial granted. Appleton, C. J., Kent, Walton and Barrows, JJ., concurred. Cutting, Dickerson and Daneorth, JJ., dissented. Cutting, J. There are only two kinds of drains known to the law — one a public and the other a private drain. Public drains are those constructed by the municipal officers'of a town under R. S., c. 16, § 2. All other drains are private drains, and embrace two classes. The first such as connect with a public drain by permission of the munici [527] pal officers, and the second without such connection; of which latter class the defendant’s drain was one. It appears that Lincoln street was established and built in 1834, running through a low swale, extending from abov and below the sides of the road down and across the lo subsequently purchased and filled up by the defendant; tha* a culvert was built across the street above the lot, below which culvert a drain extended down and through the defendant’s lot to a public drain below. As to the construction of this drain, thus passing through the defendant’s land, by whom and for what purposes built, there was controversy, but none whatever as to its actual existence. It was not a public drain, for it was not constructed by the municipal officers, and, if the street commissioner assisted in its construction, it was without authority and consequently a gratuitous act. It is true the defendant swears " that it is not a private drain nor any use to his lot, nor of any private advantage to him.” The existence of the drain being admitted, it became a question of law as to its character. He may perhaps, now, in a certain sense truly say, after having filled up his lot, dammed up the road, and caused an overflow of water, that the drain is of no use to him so long as he is high and dry, and suffered so to remain in consequence of this drain. But the more important question now is, whether that drain is of any use. to the public. When a road is legally laid out, and constructed, no owner of adjoining lands has lawful right by embankments to create an overflow of water; otherwise highways instead of being a public benefit would be a public nuisance, and such would be the situation of Lincoln street, if the defendant should prevail in this suit. Against such an act even the common law would afford a remedy, which is also found in § 12 of the Act before cited. The instructions were in harmony with this construction of the law, except they were too favorable for the defendant, by which the damages were reduced as found by the jury. .Dickerson and Daneobtii, J'J., concurred.